Renaissance Test Flash Cards

Front 1

Plato

Back 1

The teacher of Aristotle
Advocator of Humanism

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Aristotle

Back 2

Student of Plato
- have to have evidence
- can prove it through logic
- advocator of scholasticism

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Ptolemy

Back 3

- mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer and a poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology
- lived in Egypt under the Roman Empire
-author of several scientific treatises, three of which would be of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science

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Petrarch

Back 4

" Father of Humanism"
"Modern view"
- modeled writing of ancient greek and roman texts
-Wrote- Letters to the Ancient Dead and Lives of Illustrious Men
-Wrote highly introspective love sonnets to a certain laura- a married woman he admired from a distance
- "who he is as an individual"

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Dante Alighieri

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"old view"
- wrote the divine comedy in the vernacular
-made fun of church hierarchy, placing many of them in hell in the book

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Giovanni Boccaccio

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- wrote The Decameron, 100 bawdy tales told by three men and seven women fleeing the plague in florence.
- sting social commentary, exposed misconduct among the ruling families.

Front 7

John Huss

Back 7

Crusades-Encyclopedia
Return to Crusades-Encyclopedia Return to Table of Contents Return to Hussite Crusades

John Huss (Jan Hus)
John Huss (b.1371-d.1415) was a Bohemian priest (Bohemia is now part of the Czech Republic) who sought to reform the Church to allow for greater participation by the laity. His efforts brought about his excommunication for insubordination in 1412 (from the Catholic Church), followed by his trial and execution for heresy in 1415 during the Council of Constance
Followers: Hussites

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John Wyciffe

Back 8

In 1382 he translated an English Bible—the first complete European translation done in nearly 1,000 years. The Lollards, itinerant preachers he sent throughout England, inspired a spiritual revolution.

But the Lollardy movement was short-lived. The Church expelled Wycliffe from his teaching position at Oxford, and 44 years after he died, the Pope ordered his bones exhumed and burned.

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Baldassare Castiglione

Back 9

italian humanist, diplomat and courtier, famous for his IL LIBRO DEL CORTEGIANO (The Book of the Courtier, 1528)

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Lorenzo Valla

Back 10

Valla proved that the long suspect Donation of Constantine (see Constantine, Donation of ) was a forgery because the Latin text was written four centuries after Constantine's death.

Front 11

Leonardo Bruni

Back 11

was a leading humanist, historian and a chancellor of Florence. He has been called the first modern historian

star student of manuel chrysolaras

Front 12

John Huss

Back 12

Crusades-Encyclopedia
Return to Crusades-Encyclopedia Return to Table of Contents Return to Hussite Crusades

John Huss (Jan Hus)
John Huss (b.1371-d.1415) was a Bohemian priest (Bohemia is now part of the Czech Republic) who sought to reform the Church to allow for greater participation by the laity. His efforts brought about his excommunication for insubordination in 1412 (from the Catholic Church), followed by his trial and execution for heresy in 1415 during the Council of Constance
Followers: Hussites

Front 13

John Wyciffe

Back 13

In 1382 he translated an English Bible—the first complete European translation done in nearly 1,000 years. The Lollards, itinerant preachers he sent throughout England, inspired a spiritual revolution.

But the Lollardy movement was short-lived. The Church expelled Wycliffe from his teaching position at Oxford, and 44 years after he died, the Pope ordered his bones exhumed and burned.

Front 14

Baldassare Castiglione

Back 14

italian humanist, diplomat and courtier, famous for his IL LIBRO DEL CORTEGIANO (The Book of the Courtier, 1528)

Front 15

Lorenzo Valla

Back 15

Valla proved that the long suspect Donation of Constantine (see Constantine, Donation of ) was a forgery because the Latin text was written four centuries after Constantine's death.

Front 16

Leonardo Bruni

Back 16

was a leading humanist, historian and a chancellor of Florence. He has been called the first modern historian

star student of manuel chrysolaras

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manuel chrysolaras

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was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages.

Front 18

Isabella d'Este

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One of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance, Isabella d'Este (18 May 1474 - 13 February 1539) was a major cultural and political figure.

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Christine de Pizan

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Christine de Pizan (also seen as de Pisan) (1363–c.1434) was a Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts. As a poet, she was well-known and highly regarded in her own day.

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Laura Cereta

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Laura Cereta (1469 – 1499) was a Renaissance humanist and feminist. Most of her writing was in the form of letters to other intellectuals.
wrote pistolae familiares.

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Dowry

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A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher or, in Latin, dos) is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her husband in marriage.

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manuel chrysolaras

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was a pioneer in the introduction of Greek literature to Western Europe during the late middle ages.

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Isabella d'Este

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One of the leading women of the Italian Renaissance, Isabella d'Este (18 May 1474 - 13 February 1539) was a major cultural and political figure.

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Christine de Pizan

Back 24

Christine de Pizan (also seen as de Pisan) (1363–c.1434) was a Venetian-born woman of the medieval era who strongly challenged misogyny and stereotypes prevalent in the male-dominated realm of the arts. As a poet, she was well-known and highly regarded in her own day.

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Laura Cereta

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Laura Cereta (1469 – 1499) was a Renaissance humanist and feminist. Most of her writing was in the form of letters to other intellectuals.
wrote pistolae familiares.

Front 26

Dowry

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A dowry (also known as trousseau or tocher or, in Latin, dos) is the money, goods, or estate that a woman brings to her husband in marriage.

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signori

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Italian title of respect, used before the name

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City States

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A city-state is an independent country whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as part of another local government.

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oligarchy

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An Oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military, or religious hegemony.

Front 30

Bill of Exchange

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a document ordering the payment of money; drawn by one person or bank on another

Front 31

Ducat/Florentine

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Coins/ currency of the renaissance

Front 32

Individualism

Back 32

emphasized the capabilities and rights of the individual.
instead of the church community

Front 33

Humanism

Back 33

Renaissance humanism is the
name for an intellectual movement that developed in
Italy from the middle of the fourteenth century to the
end of the fifteenth, and which had as its aim a new
evaluation of man, of his place in nature and in history,
and of the disciplines which concern him
The humanist movement developed from the rediscovery by European scholars of Latin literary and Greek literary texts. humanists were often opposed to philosophers of the preceding movement of Scholasticism,

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scholasticism

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the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers

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Secularism

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Religious skepticism or indifference.
The view that religious considerations should be excluded from civil affairs or public education.

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platonic forms

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sserts that Forms (or Ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. The Forms are the only true objects of study that can provide us with genuine knowledge

Front 37

Individualism

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emphasized the capabilities and rights of the individual.
instead of the church community

Front 38

Humanism

Back 38

Renaissance humanism is the
name for an intellectual movement that developed in
Italy from the middle of the fourteenth century to the
end of the fifteenth, and which had as its aim a new
evaluation of man, of his place in nature and in history,
and of the disciplines which concern him
The humanist movement developed from the rediscovery by European scholars of Latin literary and Greek literary texts. humanists were often opposed to philosophers of the preceding movement of Scholasticism,

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scholasticism

Back 39

the system of philosophy dominant in medieval Europe; based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers

Front 40

Secularism

Back 40

Religious skepticism or indifference.
The view that religious considerations should be excluded from civil affairs or public education.

Front 41

platonic forms

Back 41

sserts that Forms (or Ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. The Forms are the only true objects of study that can provide us with genuine knowledge

Front 42

civic humanism

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the idea that enlightened individuals lead to an enlightened society

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l'uomo universale

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Renaissance man

Front 44

Condottieri

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Condottieri were the mercenary soldier leaders of the professional, military Free companies contracted by the Italian city-states and the Papacy

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madrigal

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madrigal is a type of secular vocal music composition, written during the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. Throughout most of its history it was polyphonic and unaccompanied by instruments, with the number of voices varying from two to eight, but most frequently three to six

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a capella

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vocal music or singing without instrumental accompaniment

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chiaroscuro

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a monochrome picture made by using several different shades of the same color

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sfumato

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the Italian term for a painting technique which overlays translucent layers of colour to create perceptions of depth, volume and form. ...

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triptych

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art consisting of a painting or carving (especially an altarpiece) on three panels (usually hinged together)

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linear perspective

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the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer

Front 51

signoria

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A Signoria (from Signore or Lord) was an abstract noun meaning (roughly) 'government; governing authority; de facto sovereignty; lordship in many of the Italian city states during the medieval and renaissance periods.

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quattrocentro

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The 15th-century period of Italian art and literature.

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quinticentro

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The 16th-century period of Italian art and literature.

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crime of anagni

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PopeBoniface issued the bull Unam SanciamPhilip captured the pope and later set him free

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Bonfire of the Vanities

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Bonfire of the Vanities (Italian: Falò delle vanità) refers to the burning of objects that are deemed to be occasions of sin. The most famous one took place on 7 February 1497, when supporters of the Dominican priest Girolamo Savonarola collected and publicly burned thousands of objects like cosmetics, art, and books in Florence, Italy, on the Shrove Tuesday festival.[1]

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pazzi conspiracy

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The murder of Lorenzo de' Medici and Giuliano de' Medici on April 26, 1478 by the Pazzi family

Front 57

The Platonic Academy

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a group of scholars in mid-15th-century Florence who met under the leadership of the outstanding translator and promulgator of Platonic philosophy Marsilio Ficino, to study and discuss philosophy and the classics.
Cosimo de Medici= patron
-looked for a synthesis of humanism and ancient pagan thought.

Front 58

Fall of Constantinople

Back 58

The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire which occurred after a siege laid by the Ottoman Empire, under the command of Sultan Mehmed II.

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humanitas studias

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The study of the humanities

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Trivium

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classical educational curriculum, the three part curriculum: grammar, logic, rhetoric

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quadrivium

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classical educational curriculum
-the "four part curriculum": geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music

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Double Entry Bookkeeping

Back 62

Ensures the integrity of the financial values recorded in a financial accounting system. It does this by ensuring that each individual transaction is recorded in at least two different nominal ledgers (sections) of the financial accounting system and so implementing a double checking system for every transaction.

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Fresco

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The art of painting on fresh, moist plaster with pigments dissolved in water

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Mosaic

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art consisting of a design made of small pieces of colored stone or glass

Front 65

Tempera

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pigment mixed with water-soluble glutinous materials such as size and egg yolk

Front 66

doctrine of the affections

Back 66

Aesthetic theory of music in the Baroque period. Under the influence of Classical rhetoric, late Baroque theorists and composers held that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions in the listener, and that, by employing the proper musical procedure or device, the composer could produce a particular involuntary emotional response in his audience.

Front 67

Ciompi Revolt

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insurrection of the lower classes of Florence that briefly brought to power one of the most democratic governments in Florentine history.

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Rise of the Modern Nation State

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-Centralization of power
-strong monarchs
-rising sense of nationalism
- Birth of large free standing armys etc..

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The jacquerie

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a popular revolt in late medieval Europe by peasants that took place in northern France in the summer of 1358, during the Hundred Years' War

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The Taille

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a direct land tax on the French peasantry and non-nobles in Ancien Régime France. The tax was imposed on each household and based on how much land it held.

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Scutage

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allowed a knight to "buy out" of the military service due to the Crown from the holder of a knight's fee.

Front 72

Estates- General

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assembly of the estates of all France; last meeting in 1789

Front 73

Neo- Platonism

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The more you do to become your greatest potential the more you honor god.
Neoplatonism was revived in the Italian Renaissance by figures such as Nicholas Cusanus, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Marsilio Ficino, the Medici, Michelangelo, Sandro Botticelli and later Giordano Bruno. Platonism in the Renaissance was a major force in European cultural life.

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Flemish School

Back 74

A renaissance school for painting

Front 75

Reuchlin affair

Back 75

You must understand Hebrew if you truly wanted to understand the bible
Pfefferkorf- attecked Reuchlin in a series of essays

Front 76

New Monarchies

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15th century European rulers who unified their respective nations, creating stable and centralized governments. This centralization allowed for an era of worldwide colonization and conquest in the 16th century, and paved the way for rapid economic growth in Europe.

Front 77

Hundred Years War

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a prolonged conflict lasting from 1337 to 1453 between two royal houses for the French throne, which was vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings
- one of the factors that led to the renaissance along w the plague and the breakdown o the church

Front 78

Conciliar Movement

Back 78

In Roman Catholicism, an effort to strengthen the authority of church councils over that of the papacy. Originally aimed at ending the Western Schism, the Conciliar Movement had its roots in legal and intellectual circles in the 13th century but emerged as a force at the Council of Pisa (1409), which elected a third pope in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the parties of the existing pope and antipope

Front 79

Babylonian Captivity

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For a time, the popes were based in Avignon, France, commonly known as the ‘Babylonian Captivity’ of the papacy.

Front 80

Sack of Rome

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a military event carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, then part of the Papal States. It marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between Charles I of Spain Holy Roman Emperor, and the League of Cognac (1526–1529) — the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy.

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Star Chamber

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instituted by Henry the 7th

was a supplement to common-law courts in England. The Star Chamber drew its authority from the king's sovereign power and privileges and was not bound by the common law

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Unam Sanctum

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Papal bull which affirmed the vatican belief that the Pope had final authority over secular rulers.

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Clericos Laicos

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Papal bull that prohibited secular rulers from taxing the clergy.

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Great Schism

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The transfer of the papacy to the french city of avignon.

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The Inquisition

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an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain

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War of the Roses

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struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII)

Front 87

Unam Sanctum

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Papal bull which affirmed the vatican belief that the Pope had final authority over secular rulers.

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Clericos Laicos

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Papal bull that prohibited secular rulers from taxing the clergy.

Front 89

Great Schism

Back 89

The transfer of the papacy to the french city of avignon.

Front 90

The Inquisition

Back 90

an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain

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War of the Roses

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struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII)

Front 92

Northern Humanism

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Northern Europeans did not identify as strongly with ancient Rome and often approached the Middle Ages with more sympathy. Northern society retained stronger ties to Christianity than Italy did, and the northern humanists were less hostile to scholasticism.

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Peasent Revolt of 1381

Back 93

A widespread rebellion in 1381 against poll taxes and other inequities that oppressed the poorer people of England; suppressed by Richard II
Led by Wat Tyler and John Ball

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Donatism

Back 94

followers of a belief considered a schism by the broader churches of the Catholic tradition, and most particularly within the context of the religious milieu of the provinces of Roman North Africa in Late Antiquity.

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Manorialism

Back 95

the organizing principle of rural economy and society widely practiced in medieval western and parts of central Europe. Manorialism was characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a lord, supported economically from his own direct landholding and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under his jurisdiction.

Front 96

Golden Bull

Back 96

a decree issued by a Reichstag in Nuremberg headed by Emperor Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (see Diet of Nuremberg) that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. It was named the Golden Bull for the golden seal it carried.

Front 97

The Four Humors

Back 97

the traditional four elements form the basis for a theory of medicine and later psychological typology known as the four humours. They constituted the western equivalent of the Chionese five states of change. Each of the humours were associated with various correspondences and particular physical and mental characteristics, and could, moreover, be combined for more complex personality types: (e.g. choleric-sanguine, etc). The result is a system that provides a quite elaborate classification of types of personality.

Front 98

Hanseatic League

Back 98

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669

Front 99

Reconquista

Back 99

"Reconquoring." The Muslims had conquored Spain, and in the reconquista the Christians took it back and kicked out the Muslims.

Front 100

gabelle

Back 100

The gabelle was a very unpopular tax on salt in France before 1790. The term gabelle derives from the Latin term gabulum (a tax).

Front 101

Hermeticism

Back 101

Hermeticism is a historiographical phrase describing the work that attempts to reconstruct the mode of thought held by 17th century scientists. It primarily traces out the connections of Renaissance (16th century) modes of thought with those of the Scientific Revolution (17th century).

Front 102

The Four Humors

Back 102

the traditional four elements form the basis for a theory of medicine and later psychological typology known as the four humours. They constituted the western equivalent of the Chionese five states of change. Each of the humours were associated with various correspondences and particular physical and mental characteristics, and could, moreover, be combined for more complex personality types: (e.g. choleric-sanguine, etc). The result is a system that provides a quite elaborate classification of types of personality.

Front 103

Hanseatic League

Back 103

a commercial and defensive confederation of free cities in northern Germany and surrounding areas; formed in 1241 and most influential in the 14th century when it included over 100 towns and functioned as an independent political power; the last official assembly was held in 1669

Front 104

Reconquista

Back 104

"Reconquoring." The Muslims had conquored Spain, and in the reconquista the Christians took it back and kicked out the Muslims.

Front 105

gabelle

Back 105

The gabelle was a very unpopular tax on salt in France before 1790. The term gabelle derives from the Latin term gabulum (a tax).

Front 106

Hermeticism

Back 106

Hermeticism is a historiographical phrase describing the work that attempts to reconstruct the mode of thought held by 17th century scientists. It primarily traces out the connections of Renaissance (16th century) modes of thought with those of the Scientific Revolution (17th century).

Front 107

The Decameron

Back 107

a collection of 100 novellas by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, probably begun in 1350 and finished in 1353. It is a medieval allegorical work best known for its bawdy tales of love, appearing in all its possibilities from the erotic to the tragic.

Front 108

The Divine Comedy

Back 108

a narrative epic poem written by Dante

Front 109

On the False Donation of Constantine

Back 109

a thorough textual investigation of the forgery written by LORENZO VALLA and influenced many subsequent scholars.

Front 110

Book of The Courtier

Back 110

written by Baldassare Castiglione over the course of many years beginning in 1508 and published in 1528 just before his death. The Courtier addresses the subject of what constitutes a perfect courtier, and in its last installment, a perfect lady.

Front 111

Latin Vulgate

Back 111

The Latin edition of the Bible translated from Hebrew and Greek mainly by St. Jerome at the end of the 4th century

Front 112

Oration on the Dignity of Man

Back 112

Mirandola's writing and thoughts on the Divine and man.

Front 113

The Lives of the Artists

Back 113

written by Giorgio Vasari

Front 114

in praise of folly

Back 114

written by Erasmus
an essay written in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam and first printed in 1512. Erasmus revised and extended the work, which he originally wrote in the space of a week while sojourning with Sir Thomas More at More's estate in Bucklersbury. In Praise of Folly is considered one of the most notable works of the Renaissance and one of the catalysts of the Protestant Reformation.

Front 115

Utopia

Back 115

written by Thomas More anout the "perfect world"

Front 116

Pantagruel and Gargantua

Back 116

written by Francois Rabelais
used satire to poke fun and teach lessons

Front 117

The Treasure of the City of Ladies

Back 117

Written by Christine de Pisan, an account of the great women in history

Front 118

Treaty of Lodi

Back 118

a peace agreement between Milan, Naples, and Florence signed on April 9, 1454 at Lodi in Lombardy, on the banks of the Adda. It put an end to the long struggles between expansive Milan, under Filippo Maria Visconti, and Venice in the terraferma, which had produced a single decisive Venetian victory, at the battle of Maclodio in 1427, in which the Venetian ally was Florence, but had resulted in no lasting peace: see Wars in Lombardy.

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Essays(michael Montaigne)

Back 119

Popularized the essay, wrote brilliant exposes of human nature

Front 120

Statute of Laborers

Back 120

a law enacted by the English parliament under King Edward III in 1351 in response to a labour shortage. It was introduced by John Hale.

Front 121

Canterbury Tales

Back 121

a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in prose, the remaining twenty-two in verse). The tales are contained inside a frame tale and told by a collection of pilgrims on a pilgrimage from Southwark to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.

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The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

Back 122

the most influential interpretation of the Italian Renaissance in the 19th century and is still widely read.
written by Jacob Burckhardt

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History of Italy

Back 123

written by Francesco Guicciardini

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Cosimo de Medici

Back 124

the founder of the Medici dynasty
was the first of the Medici political dynasty, de facto rulers of Florence during most of the Italian Renaissance

Front 125

Lorenzo de Medici

Back 125

n Italian statesman and de facto[1] ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico) by contemporary Florentines, he was a diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists, and poets. His life coincided with the high point of the early Italian Renaissance; his death marked the end of the Golden Age of Florence.

Front 126

Girolamo Savaranola

Back 126

an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. He was known for his book burning, destruction of what he considered immoral art, and hostility to the Renaissance. He vehemently preached against the moral corruption of much of the clergy at the time, and his main opponent was Rodrigo Borgia (1431 – 1503), when he served as Pope Alexander VI from 1492 to 1503.

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Marsilio Ficino

Back 127

one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. His Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's school, had enormous influence on the direction and tenor of the Italian Renaissance and the development of European philosophy.

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Pico della Mirandola

Back 128

an Italian Renaissance philosopher.[1] He is famed for the events of 1486, when at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance",[2] and a key text of Renaissance humanism.

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Giorgio Vasari

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n Italian painter and architect, who is today famous for his biographies of Italian artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.

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Pope Alexander 6

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the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance, and his surname (Italianized as Borgia) became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. He was famously a syphilitic.

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Pope Julius 2

Back 131

Pope from 1503 to 1513. His reign was marked by an aggressive foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts.

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Marsilio Ficino

Back 132

one of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian Renaissance, an astrologer, a reviver of Neoplatonism who was in touch with every major academic thinker and writer of his day, and the first translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. His Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's school, had enormous influence on the direction and tenor of the Italian Renaissance and the development of European philosophy.

Front 133

Pico della Mirandola

Back 133

an Italian Renaissance philosopher.[1] He is famed for the events of 1486, when at the age of 23, he proposed to defend 900 theses on religion, philosophy, natural philosophy and magic against all comers, for which he wrote the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance",[2] and a key text of Renaissance humanism.

Front 134

Giorgio Vasari

Back 134

n Italian painter and architect, who is today famous for his biographies of Italian artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.

Front 135

Pope Alexander 6

Back 135

the most controversial of the secular popes of the Renaissance, and his surname (Italianized as Borgia) became a byword for the debased standards of the papacy of that era. He was famously a syphilitic.

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Pope Julius 2

Back 136

Pope from 1503 to 1513. His reign was marked by an aggressive foreign policy, ambitious building projects, and patronage for the arts. went to war with venice.
Restored to the papal states most of the territorys of Romanga,Perugia, and Bologna

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Pope Leo X

Back 137

Pope from 1513 to his death. He was the last non-priest to be elected Pope. He is known primarily for the sale of indulgences to reconstruct St. Peter's Basilica and his challenging of Martin Luther's 95 theses. He was the second son of Lorenzo de' Medici, the most famous ruler of the Florentine Republic, and Clarice Orsini. His cousin, Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, would later succeed him as Pope Clement VII (1523–34).

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Cesare Borgia

Back 138

a Spanish-Italian condottiero, lord and cardinal. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI

Front 139

Charles V (HRE)

Back 139

Holy Roman emperor (1519–58) and, as Charles I, king of Spain (1516–56)

Front 140

John Hawkwood

Back 140

an English mercenary or condottiero who was active in 14th century Italy. The French chronicler Jean Froissart knew him as Haccoude and Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Hawkwood served first the Pope and then various factions in Italy for over 30 years.

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Sforza Family

Back 141

a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan.

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Visconti Family

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he family name of two important Italian noble dynasties of the Middle Ages. Two distinct Visconti families are known: the first one (chronologically) in the Republic of Pisa in the mid twelfth century, who achieved prominence first in Pisa, then in Sardinia, where they became rulers of Gallura; the second and most important one rose to power in Milan, where they left a permanent historical mark ruling the city from 1277 to 1447 and leaving several collateral branches still extant.

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Bardi Family

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an influential Florentine family that started the powerful banking company, the Compagnia dei Bardi. Along with the Peruzzi family, the Bardis lent Edward III of England 400,000 Gold Florins, which he never repaid.

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Johannes Gutenberg

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a German goldsmith and printer who is credited with being the first European to use movable type printing c. 1439 and the global inventor of the mechanical printing press. His major work, the Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible), is acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality.

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Giotto di Bondone

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an Italian painter and architect from Florence in the late Middle Ages. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance.

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Filipo Brunelleshi

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one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. All of his principal works are in Florence, Italy.

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Lorenzo Ghiberti

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an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking.
Most Famous Work= Gates of Paradise

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Donatello

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a famous early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence. He is, in part, known for his work in basso rilievo, a form of shallow relief sculpture that, in Donatello's case, incorporated significant 15th-century developments in perspectival illusionism.
Most famous work = David and Goliath

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Botticelli

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an Italian painter of the Florentine school during the Early Renaissance (Quattrocento).
Painted: Primavera, and Birth of Venus

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Da vinci

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an Italian polymath, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man, a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention.[1] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.
- Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Notebooks, Virgin of the Rocks

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Raphael

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an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings. Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period.

-School of Athens

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Michelangelo

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an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.

-David, Moses, Sistine Chapel, Pieta

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Titian

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the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance.

- Venus of Urbino

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El Greco

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a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" (The Greek) was a nickname,[a][b] a reference to his Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek letters, Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος (Doménikos Theotokópoulos).

- Burial of count orgaz

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Erasmus

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a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style and enjoyed the sobriquet "Prince of the Humanists." He has been called "the crowning glory of the Christian humanists."[1] Using humanist techniques for working on texts, he prepared important new Latin and Greek editions of the New Testament. These raised questions that would be influential in the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation. He also wrote The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style, Julius Exclusus, and many other works.

- Erasmus laid the eggs that Luther hatched

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Fransisco Ximenes de Cisneros

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a Spanish cardinal and statesman. Starting from humble beginnings he rose to the heights of power becoming a religious reformer, twice regent of Spain, Cardinal, Grand Inquisitor, missionary of the Moors, promoted the Crusades in North Africa, and founded the Complutense University (currently the largest in Spain). Among his literary works he is best known for funding the Complutensian Polyglot Bible, the first printed polyglot of the entire Bible.

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Miguel de Cervantes

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Spanish author wrote Don Quioxte

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Jan Van Eyck

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an Early Netherlandish painter active in Bruges and considered one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century.

-Arnolfi Wedding

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Hieronymous Bosch

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an Early Netherlandish painter of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The artist's work is well-known for the use of fantastic imagery to illustrate moral and religious concepts and narratives.

- Garden of Earthly delights

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Peter Bueghel, the elder

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a Netherlandish Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (Genre Painting). He is nicknamed "Peasant Bruegel" to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel dynasty

-Netherlands Proverbs
-Hunters in the Snow

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Albrecht Durer

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a German painter, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe ever since.

-Four Horseman of the Apocalypse
-Self-Portrait

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Hans Holbein the Younger

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a German artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

-The Merchant
-Henry 8

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Jakob Fugger

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a German banker and a member of the Fugger family

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Artemesia Genteleschi

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An Italian Early Baroque painter, today considered one of the most accomplished painters in the generation influenced by Caravaggio. In an era when women painters were not easily accepted by the artistic community, she was the first female painter to become a member of the Accademia di Arte del Disegno in Florence.

-Judith
-Self Portrait

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Robert Campin

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now usually identified with the artist known as the Master of Flémalle, is usually considered the first great master of Early Netherlandish painting

- Merode Alterpiece.

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Jacob Burckhardt

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a historian of art and culture, and an influential figure in the historiography of each field. He is known as one of the major progenitors of cultural history[1], albeit in a form very different from how cultural history is conceived and studied in academia today
-Burckhardt's best known work is The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860).

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Louis 6 of France

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called the Prudent (French: le Prudent) and the Universal Spider (Middle French: l'universelle aragne) or the Spider King, was the King of France from 1461 to 1483. He was the son of Charles VII of France and Mary of Anjou, a member of the House of Valois, grandson of Charles VI and Isabeau of Bavaria and one of the most successful kings of France in terms of uniting the country. His 22-year reign was marked by political machinations, spinning a spider's web of plot and conspiracy which earned him his nickname.

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Catherine of Sienna

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a tertiary of the Dominican Order, and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian. She also worked to bring the Papacy back to Rome from its displacement in France, and to establish peace among the Italian city-states. She was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1970.

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Chaucer

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an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Although he wrote many works, he is best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative The Canterbury Tales. Sometimes called the father of English literature, Chaucer is credited by some scholars as the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the vernacular English language, rather than French or Latin.

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Edmund Spenser

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an English poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem celebrating, through fantastical allegory, the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I. He is recognized as one of the premier craftsmen of Modern English verse in its infancy.

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Francesco Guicciardini

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an Italian historian and statesman. A friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli, he is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance. Guicciardini is considered as the Father of Modern History, due to his use of government documents to verify his "History of Italy."

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Giorgio Vasari

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an Italian painter and architect, who is today famous for his biographies of Italian artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing.