Renaissance Europe Midterm

Front 1

Francesco Petrarch

Back 1

--Father of Humanism
--First to study Cicero and break away from the medieval thought
--1341 named poet laurate of Rome
--Wrote biography of Scipio Africanus (Africa)
--Stayed within the frames of Christianity

Front 2

Coluccio Salutati

Back 2

--Follower of Petrarch and Cicero
--Named chancellor of the Signoria of Florence
--Collected and translated Latin texts
--Brought Chrysoloras to Florence to teach Greek
--Promoted the education of Florence

Front 3

Manuel Chrysoloras

Back 3

--Taught Greek to the humanists in Florence
--1397-1403

Front 4

Vittorino da Feltre

Back 4

--One of the greatest teachers of the Renaissance
--Opened his own school in Venice
--Taught for the Gonzaga family in Mantua
--Combined humanist and medieval views
--1378-1403

Front 5

Poggio Bracciolini

Back 5

--From Florence
--Wrote "On Avarice" which did not condemn avarice but said that it must be present for a successful economic city

Front 6

Leonardo Bruni

Back 6

--Studied under Chrysolras' students
--Also served as a chancellor of the Signoria of Florence
--Tutor in the Medici house
--Secretary to Pope Innocent VII
--Wrote "The History of the Florentine People" which is seen as a pursuit of liberty
--saw liberty as essential to a republican state

Front 7

Leon Battista Alberti

Back 7

--Wrote "On Painting" in Latin (1435) and then in Italian (1436)
--In the book he proclaimed the New Rome to be Florence and the new artistic developments in Florence
--Linear experiment
--Space to represent time

Front 8

Lorenzo Valla

Back 8

--Extrodinary linguistic ability
--worked at the court of Naples
--Wrote a piece that denies the fundamental document of the medieval church that the Pope's power was based on in 1439

Front 9

Marsilio Ficino

Back 9

--Led a school of humanists studying Plato in Florence
--Most respected Platonist of the age
--Translated Plato from Greek to Latin to Italian
--1433 to 1499

Front 10

Pico de Mirandola

Back 10

--Studied under Ficino at the Platonic Academy
--1486 he went to Rome where he wrote 900 theses on philosphical and theological matters
--Wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man"--1486
--Got in trouble with the Pope and never got back on the good side
--Died at 31

Front 11

Johannes Reuchlin

Back 11

--Meets Mirandola
--Becomes interested in the Cabala and Hebrew scriptures as a way to convert Jews to Christianity
--Translates the Hebrew Bible into a Polygot bible that has hebrew in it
--Protected by Pope Leo III
--Promotes the study of Hebrew at Paris

Front 12

Konrad Celtis

Back 12

--Wrote Oration at Ingolstadt in 1492
--Opposed the Pope's statement that Germany was made civil by the popes
--Used the Germania in the opposite way from Pius
--his travels were used in the Nuremberg Chronicle
--Named poet lauret of Germany in the late 15th century
--seperated German history from Roman history
--Religion was not a main priority

Front 13

Desiderius Erasmus

Back 13

--Dutch Scholar
--Spent a lot of time in England teaching at Cambridge
--Started a Platonic academy
--wanted to emulate and better Jerome in the production of the Vulgate Bible
--wrote Jerome's biography focusing on his scholarly work not his church life

Front 14

Pope Pius II

Back 14

--Moved from Italy to Germany and stayed at the Imperial Court
--Persuaded the emperor to start picking up the literature of the humanists
--Tried to strengthen the papacy as pope
--Used Germania to say that Germany was only civil because of the Popes

Front 15

Pope Nicholas V

Back 15

--persuaded the Italian City states to sign a treaty that would unite them against outside conquests in 1454

Front 16

Council of Constance

Back 16

--1415-18
--Kind of Pointless
--Only reformed the College of Cardinals

Front 17

Council of Ferrara-Florence

Back 17

--1439
--Called by Eugenius V, who ends up fleeing it
--The Medici family bought the council and brought it to Florence
--United the East and West Church under one Pope
--Brought Greek learning (esp. Plato) to Italy because all of the travelors from Greece were there

Front 18

Peace of Lodi

Back 18

--The Italian States were bound by this peace against eachother and outsied conquests
--Bridged the gap between Milan and Venice
--Women became the language of the courts because they were traded back and forth to seal the peace deal

Front 19

Reuchlin Affair

Back 19

--Controversy about Hebrew texts being used in Christiandom
--Used to convert the Jews to Christianity.

Front 20

Invention of the Printing Press

Back 20

--1440
--Guttenburg was a metal worker
--Schoeffer was a copyist and a calligrapher
--Fust was a metal worker and the money
--12000 books in 2 months
--By 1470 all throughout Rome
--By 1492 every country in Europe had one
--Aldine Press--opened in venice by a very well learned Greek and Rhetoric humanist
--Many Greeks in Venice aided with the print and translation of Greek texts

Front 21

Plato

Back 21

--Ancient Greek philosopher
--Wrote dialogues from Socrates

Front 22

Cicero

Back 22

--council of Rome in 63
--Great at rhetoric and a lawyer in Rome
--Spoke against Antony and was eventually killed for it

Front 23

Quintilian

Back 23

--Roman rhetorcian
--35 AD
--Wrote a 12 volume text book

Front 24

Tacitus

Back 24

--Roman Historian
--Wrote Germania
--Annals and Histores

Front 25

Jerome

Back 25

--Early Father of the Church
--First person to translate the bible into Latin
--First Polygot Bible

Front 26

Vitruvius

Back 26

--1st century BC
--Roman architect and engineer
--Wrote the "10 books of architecture"

Front 27

Medici

Back 27

--Exiled from Florence until 1434
--When they came back they need to establish power so they adorned the city of Florence
--Cosimo was the richest person in Italy
--Rebuilt the Church of San Lorenzo and the San Marco monestary
--Wanted to make Florence the new Rome
--Bought the Council of Ferrara in 1439
--Lorenzo was the ruler after Cosimo
--A natural Florentine
--1434-1527

Front 28

Visconti of Milan

Back 28

--ruled w/n the context of Milan
--last one died in 1447
--1378-1447
--after them Milan wanted the Golden Ambrosian Republic, which only lasted 3 years

Front 29

Sforza of Milan

Back 29

--Fransesco Sforza was hired to defend the Ambrosian Republic
--by 1450 he took Milan for his own
--to win over the hearts of the ruling class he built churches and hospitals
--ruled from a fortified space
--very detached from Milan
--1450-1499

Front 30

Cola di Rienzo

Back 30

--Ruler of Rome

Front 31

Este of Ferrara

Back 31

--No Nobility
--Niccolo III had a lot of illegitimate children so he could pick the next ruler
--picked on ability and genius instead of right
--married into legitimacy
--developed the studiolo
--1393-1534

Front 32

Montefeltro of Urbino

Back 32

--Federigo da Montefeltro made Urbino a cultural center
--wisest and most just ruler of the time
--the light of Italy
--Married Battista Sforza
--His son Guidobaldo married a Gonzaga daughter
--Professional soldier as well as a very learned man

Front 33

Gonzaga of Mantua

Back 33

--Professional soldiers as well as very learned men
--Married into the Este family
--1360-1540
--Placed emphasis on literature and learning almost as much as arms and war

Front 34

Pope Eugenius V

Back 34

--Called the Council of Ferrara in 1939
--Fled the council because he is afraid they are going to over throw him
--Previals as Pope

Front 35

Brunelleschi

Back 35

--1371-1446
--The dome of the cathedral in Florence
--Perspective experiments
--Came from humble begingings

Front 36

Donatello

Back 36

--1386-1466
--statues all around the city of Florence
--Made the statue of St. Mark for the Linen's guild

Front 37

Cellini

Back 37

--French painter

Front 38

Leonardo da Vinci

Back 38

--Born in Florence in 1452 and died in 1519
--advised other artists to become learned
--studied both Italian and Latin works to better his painting
--said that painting was much better than poetry because people adorn paintings

Front 39

Mantegna

Back 39

--1431-1506
--A painter for the Gonzaga family
--a court painter in Mantua
--painted many portraits of the Gonzaga family

Front 40

Michelangelo

Back 40

what can you say

--1475-1564

Front 41

Botticelli

Back 41

--son of a tanner
--his work was sponsored by the Medici elite in Florence
--very attached to Humanism
--asked to paint very tough subjects for the Medici
--painted a painting from an ekphrasis

Front 42

Durer

Back 42

--one of the first artists to take self-image seriously
--came to Italy to learn perspective
--did a lot of self-portraits

Front 43

humanism

Back 43

--liberal arts should be practiced by all levels of wealth

Front 44

Italic vs. Humanistic Script

Back 44

--Humanistic Script-Octavo-a font developed by the Aldine Press especially for humanists
--Italic-modeled after Petrarch's handwriting

Front 45

Ekphrasis

Back 45

--the description in words of a painting

Front 46

Sprezzatura

Back 46

-expression of aristocratic attitude

Front 47

Rhetoric

Back 47

--ability to speak well and eloquently in front of people
--ability to persuade