Renaissance And Protestant Reformation

Front 1

patron

Back 1

financial supporter of the arts

Front 2

humanism

Back 2

intellectual movement
focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues

Front 3

perspective

Back 3

artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three dimensional effect

Front 4

The Book of the Courtier
by Baldassare Castiglione

Back 4

described the manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have

Front 5

The Prince
by Niccolo Machiavelli

Back 5

combined his personal experience of politics with his knowledge of the past to offer a guide to rulers on how to gain and maintain power

Front 6

The Praise of Folly
by Desiderus Erasmus

Back 6

used humor to expose the ignorant and immoral behavior of many people of his day

Front 7

Utopia
by Thomas More

Back 7

describes and ideal society in which men and women live in peace and harmony

Front 8

Don Quixote
by Miguel de Cerbantes

Back 8

an entertaining tale that mocks romantic notions of medieval chivalry

Front 9

Johann Gutenberg

Back 9

printed the first complete edition of the Bible using the first printing press and printing inks in the West

Front 10

Vernacular

Back 10

everday language of ordinary people

Front 11

William Shakespeare

Back 11

English poet and playwright
wrote 37 plays (comedies, love, tragedies, history)
more than 1,700 words were used for the first time in his works

Front 12

Martin Luther

Back 12

95 theses
indulgences = breaking point
faith = salvation
bible = religious truth
simplified mass
emphasized sermon

Front 13

John Calvin

Back 13

similar beliefs to Luther
predestination and theocracy

Front 14

Indulgence

Back 14

in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

Front 15

Recant

Back 15

give up one's views or beliefs

Front 16

Sacraments

Back 16

sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church

Front 17

Peace of Augsburg

Back 17

allowed each prince to decide which religion would be followed in his lands

Front 18

Predestination

Back 18

idea that God long ago determined who will gain salvation

Front 19

Theocracy

Back 19

government run by religious leaders

Front 20

Charles V

Back 20

diet of worms - council, martin Luther, wanted him to recant his theses
HRE
catholic
failed to stop Reformation

Front 21

Annul

Back 21

cancel or invalidate

Front 22

Canonized

Back 22

recognize one as a saint

Front 23

Scapegoat

Back 23

person, group, or thing forced to take the blame for the crimes or mistakes of others

Front 24

Ghetto

Back 24

separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live

Front 25

Frederick of Saxony

Back 25

saved Luther from the fury of the Catholic Church
founded Wittenberg University
took Luther to Wartburg after Diet of Worms
protected Luther from the Pope and HRE

Front 26

Diet of Worms

Back 26

HRE summoned Luther to the diet (assembly of German princes) at Worms to get Luther to recant his theses

Front 27

Inquistion

Back 27

used secret testimony, torture, and execution to root out heresy.
prepared the Index of Forbidden Books ( a list of works considered too immoral or irreligious for Catholics to read. Included books by Calvin and Luther

Front 28

Huguenot

Back 28

people living in France that were Calvinists were Huguenots

Front 29

John Knox

Back 29

Calvinist preacher who led a religious rebellion.
under Knox, Scottish protestants overthrew their Catholic queen and set up teh Scottish Presbyterian Church

Front 30

Johann Tetzel

Back 30

priest who set up a puplit on the outskirts of Wittenberg.
Offered indulgences to any Christian who contributed money for the rebuilding of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome.
Claimed that purchase of the these indulgences would assure entry into heaven.

Front 31

Hypothesis

Back 31

possible explanation

Front 32

Nicolaus Copernicus

Back 32

published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.
proposed a heliocentric model of the universe
the sun stands at the center of the universe. the Earth was just one of several planets that revolved around the sun

Front 33

Johannes Kepler

Back 33

German astronomer and mathematician
used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
supported Copernicus's heliocentric view

Front 34

Galileo Galilei

Back 34

assembled an astronomical telescope
observed the four moons of Jupiter moving slowly around Jupiter.
Church condemned him b/c his ideas challenged the Christian teachings

Front 35

Francis Bacon

Back 35

stressed experimentation and observation
wanted science to make life better for people by leading to pratical technologies

Front 36

Rene Descarte

Back 36

emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.
Discourse on Method explained how he decided to discard all traditionaly authorities and search for provable knowledge

Front 37

Isaac Newton

Back 37

used mathematics to show that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun.
published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy which explained the law of gravity and other workings of the universe
helped develope calculus

Front 38

Robert Boyle

Back 38

distinguished between individual elements and chemicl compounds
explained the effect of temperature and pressure on gases
his work opened the way to modern chemical analysis of composition of matter.

Front 39

heliocentric

Back 39

the belief that the universe is centered on the sun not Earth

Front 40

King Henry VIII

Back 40

pope wouldnt annul his marriage
took over the English church
acting through Parliament, he took the English church from the pope's rule and place dit under Henry's rule.