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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genes |
direct the making of each body cells machinery, including enzymes, provide instructions for all structural components |
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Cells |
Need nutrients, have different replenishing rates |
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Specialized cells |
Group together to form tissues and organs (i.e. fat cells -> fat tissue) Red blood cells as an indicator of malnutrition |
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Body Fluids and the Cardiovascular system |
fluid intake aids circulation of fluid to cells |
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Blood and Lymph |
Deliver oxygen and nutrients to body cells, carry carbon dioxide and waste away |
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Lymphatic Vessels |
pick up most fats from intestines and transport to blood -> circulates fluid |
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Extracellular fluids |
Surrounds cells, allows exchange of material |
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Intracellular fluids |
provides medium for cell reactions |
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Extra organs in cardiovascular system |
Intestines, liver, kidneys
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Hormonal and Nervous System |
Communicator within body, co-ordinates and regulates processes
Respond to need for food, govern act of eating, regulate digestion and call for stress response |
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Hormones |
Chemical messengers -> are released directly into blood by glands Regulate reaction to stress, affect hunger and appetite, menstrual cycle/pregnancy |
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Hormones of the Pancreas |
Insulin (takes glucose from blood - when eating) Glucagon (releases glucose - in between meals) |
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Nervous system with hormones... |
regulate hunger and appetite |
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Cortex |
Consciousness i.e. hunger |
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Hypothalamus |
Physiological reaction to hunger (i.e. gurgling stomach) Consciousness can override this |
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Fight or flight reaction |
Stress response for survival, neurotransmitters epinephrine/norepinephrine released Pupils widen, breathing quickens, heart pumps oxygen to muscles, blood pressure rises |
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Effect of flight or fight on digestive system |
Metabolism speeds up, liver releases glucose, fat cells release fat, digestive system shuts down |
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IBS |
(Irritable bowel syndrome) -> high stress shuts down digestive system - constant stress upsets nutritional uptake |
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Components of the Immune System |
Skin (physical barrier), lungs and digestive tract lined with membranes to prevent microbes penetrating (sensitive to vitamin and nutrient deficiencies) Antigen - microbe/substance foreign to body |
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White Blood Cells |
Phagocytes, Killer T-Cells, Helper T-Cells, B-Cells |
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Phagocytes |
Scavenger cells first to defense -> ingest invaders send messages |
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Killer T-Cells |
Read and remember invades from phagocyte's messages, defend body |
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Helper T-Cells |
Read and remember invaders, do not attack but help the other immune cells |
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B-Cells |
Release antibodies (kill invaders and remember them) |
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Ghrelin |
"Hunger hormone" secreted by stomach |
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Chemical tastes |
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty "umami"/savory |
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Aroma, texture, temperature |
Other flavor elements - affect food intake |
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Balance variety, moderation and adequacy |
Promotes optimal utilization offoods |
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Healthy gastrointestinal tract (GIT) |
Help promote proper functioning; malnutrition impairs digestion, impaired digestion worsens malnutrition |
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Gastrointestinal tract |
Flexible muscular tube, digestive tract and alimentary canal (mouth->anus) and pancreas, liver, gallblader |
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GIT functions |
Regulated by endocrine and nervous systems |
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Digestive tract |
breaks down complex food into smaller, absorbable nutrients and undigested wastes by mechanical/chemical means |
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Organs that participate in mechanical digestion |
Mouth (chewing, saliva moistens), esophagus (food passes through esophageal sphincter), stomach (mixing, churning, grinding, peristalsis moves food along through pyloric sphincter) |
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Organs that participate in chemical digestoin |
Mouth (amylase works on starch, lingual lipase -> milk fats) stomach (gastric juice, starts protein digestion (pepsin)) pancreas (pancreatic juice with bicarbonate neutralizes stomach acid, digests CHO, proteins, fats) Small intestine (proteases) gall bladder (bile to emulsify fats and oils for enzymes) liver (metabolize CHO, protein and fats to simplest elements) large intestine (digest some fibre) |
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Problems with digestion |
Food allergy/aversion/intolerance (lack of enzymes)/poisoning Ulcers Do not eat enough -> too much acid produced + harms stomach Surgical complications Diarrhea Constipation IBS (alternating diarrhea/constipation) Food and drug interactions heart burn GERD |
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GERD Causes |
Overweight, choices of food, carbonated foods |
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GERD Relief |
Antacids, acid reduces, acid controllers (too much can make it worse) Eat small, frequent meals and eat slowly Limit caffeine, alcohol, smoking, trigger foods (certain herbs/spices, vegetables, sugar replacers) Wait 2-3 hours after eating before laying down Wear loose fitting garments |
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Storage of macro/micronutrients in body |
Fat (fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K) Liver and muscles (glycogen and starch) Muscles (protein) Bones (Ca, Na, other minerals) |
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Excretion of macro/micronutrients in body |
Kidneys - adjust blood composition in response to removal of water, wastes/toxins Lungs - exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, excrete some alcohol Liver - processes other wastes in blood stream for removal through digestive tract and kidneys |
