Rels 114 Midterm 1

Front 1

Agni

Back 1

vedic: Terrestrial agni (fire)

in Hinduism, the god of fire

Front 2

Akbar

Back 2

the third Mughal Emperor (china)

Front 3

Analects

Back 3

also known as the Analects of Confucius, are considered a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

Front 4

Anitya

Back 4

Impermenence

Front 5

Arthashastra

Back 5

refers to a tradition of political statecraft that arose in India, which is epitomized by the treatise on rulership, economic policy and military strategy written by Kautilya (c. 350-283 B.C.E.)

Front 6

Aryans

Back 6

Hindu/Indian people

Front 7

Ashoka

Back 7

popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC

Front 8

atman

Back 8

a Sanskrit word that means 'self'. In Hindu philosophy, especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism it refers to one's true self beyond identification with phenomena

Front 9

avatar

Back 9

a deliberate descent of a deity from heaven to earth

Front 10

bhakti

Back 10

in Hinduism, the practice of loving devotion to God as the means of salvation

Front 11

Book of Changes

Back 11

i ching: the most widely read of the five Chinese Classic

Front 12

Brahman

Back 12

first caste: in Hinduism, the ultimate impersonal reality underlying everything in the universe, from which everything comes and to which it returns

Front 13

Cantonese

Back 13

the Chinese language of Guangzhou (Canton) and the province of Guangdong, China, also widely spoken elsewhere in the world.

Front 14

Chamars

Back 14

lowest caste: considered unpure, untouchables, used to make leather (dealing w/ death)

Front 15

Deccan

Back 15

is a large plateau in India, making up the majority of the southern part of the country

Front 16

dharma

Back 16

in Hinduism, somebody's duty to behave according to strict religious and social codes, or the righteousness earned by performing religious and social duties

Front 17

duhkha

Back 17

Dis-ease: duhkha (3 marks): duhkha, anityata, anatman

suffering, pain, discontent, unsatisfactoriness, unhappiness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration.

Front 18

Five Pillars

Back 18

five basic acts in Islam, considered obligatory for all Muslims.

(1) the shahada (creed)
(2) daily prayers (salat)
(3) fasting during Ramadan (sawm), (4) almsgiving (zakat)
(5) the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) at least once in a lifetime

Front 19

Ganges

Back 19

second largest river on the Indian subcontinent by discharge

Front 20

Grand Canal

Back 20

also known as the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (simplified Chinese: 京杭大运河; traditional Chinese: 京杭大運河; pinyin: Jīng Háng Dà Yùnhé) is the longest canal or artificial river in the world.[1] Starting at Beijing, it passes through Tianjin and the provinces of Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou. The oldest parts of the canal date back to the 5th century BC, although the various sections were finally combined during the Sui Dynasty (581–618 CE).

Front 21

Guanyin

Back 21

the bodhisattva associated with compassion as venerated by East Asian Buddhists, usually as a female

Front 22

Han (people)

Back 22

the majority ethnic group of China.

Front 23

Harappa

Back 23

an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35 km (22 mi) west of Sahiwal

Front 24

Himalayas

Back 24

the highest mountain range in the world, extend along the northern frontiers of Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Burma

Front 25

Hindi

Back 25

an Indic official language of India that developed from a literary form of Hindustani and is widely used as a lingua franca in many parts of the world.

Front 26

Indra

Back 26

in Vedic mythology, a powerful warrior god and the ruler of the sky and weather. He became a subordinate god in later Hindu mythology

Front 27

Indus

Back 27

a major river which flows through Pakista

Front 28

jajmani system

Back 28

Jajmani system interrelates families: wealthy families as Jajmans (patrons), Poor ones as Kamins (clients).

Front 29

karma

Back 29

in Indian religions is the concept of "action" or "deed", understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effect

Front 30

Kashmir

Back 30

the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent.

Front 31

Kautilya

Back 31

Hindu statesman and philosopher who wrote a classic treatise on polity, Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a compilation of almost everything that had been written in India up to his time regarding artha (property, economics, or material success).

Front 32

kshyatriyas

Back 32

kings of india

Front 33

Laozi

Back 33

a mystic philosopher of ancient China, and best known as the author of the Tao Te Ching. His association with the Tao Te Ching has led him to be traditionally considered the founder of Taoism (also spelled "Daoism").

Front 34

Laws of Manu

Back 34

the most important and earliest metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of Hinduism

Front 35

Mahabharata

Back 35

one of India's two great national epic poems, with nearly 100,000 verses, written in Sanskrit from about 300 bc. It tells of the great war in northern India between the Pandava and Kaurava families. The "Bhagavad-Gita" is the most celebrated section of the Mahabharata.

Front 36

Mahayana Buddhism

Back 36

Mahāyāna" also refers to the path of seeking complete enlightenment for the benefit of all sentient beings, also called "Bodhisattvayāna", or the "Bodhisattva Vehicle."[1][2]

Front 37

Mandarin

Back 37

an influential member of an elite group, especially a literary or intellectual group

Front 38

Mauryan Empire

Back 38

a geographically extensive and powerful empire in ancient India, ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185 BC. Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the Indo-Gangetic plains (modern Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bengal) in the eastern side of the Indian subcontinent, the empire had its capital city at Pataliputra (modern Patna).[

Front 39

Mohenjo-Daro

Back 39

situated in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, was one of the largest city-settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Front 40

Mughal Empire

Back 40

a member of a Muslim dynasty of Mongol origin that ruled large parts of India from 1526 to 1857

Front 41

li (ceremony, propriety)

Back 41

the Confucian concept of ritual

Front 42

macroregions

Back 42

a geopolitical subdivision that encompasses several traditionally or politically defined regions.

Front 43

Mahabharata

Back 43

one of India's two great national epic poems, with nearly 100,000 verses, written in Sanskrit from about 300 bc. It tells of the great war in northern India between the Pandava and Kaurava families. The "Bhagavad-Gita" is the most celebrated section of the Mahabharata.

Front 44

Mandate of Heaven

Back 44

a traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rulers.

Front 45

Master Kong

Back 45

Confucius

Front 46

(Confucius)

Back 46

a Chinese thinker and social philosopher of the Spring and Autumn Period.

The philosophy of Confucius emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity

Front 47

Master Meng (Mencius)

Back 47

was a Chinese philosopher who was arguably the most famous Confucian after Confucius himself.

Front 48

nirvana

Back 48

in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, the attainment of enlightenment and freeing of the spiritual self from attachment to worldly things, ending the cycle of birth and rebirth

Front 49

Panjabi

Back 49

an Indo-Aryan language spoken by inhabitants of the historical Punjab region

Front 50

patriarchy

Back 50

a social system in which the role of the male as the primary authority figure is central to social organization

Front 51

Purusha

Back 51

is the "self" which pervades the universe. The Vedic divinities are considered to be the human mind's interpretation of the many facets of Purusha.

Front 52

qi (ch'i; life force)

Back 52

energy

Front 53

Qin Shihuang

Back 53

a dynasty in ancient China that ruled from 221 until 206 bc, during which the first unified Chinese empire emerged and much of the Great Wall of China was built

Front 54

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

Back 54

the last of the Chinese dynasties, founded by the conquering Manchu who ruled from 1644 until 1912, when the nationalist revolutionaries overthrew it

Front 55

Qur’an

Back 55

the religious text of Islam, also sometimes transliterated as Quran, Kuran, Koran, Qur'ān, Coran or al-Qur'ān.

Front 56

raja

Back 56

india king or emperor

Front 57

Rama

Back 57

in Hinduism, an incarnation avatar of the god Vishnu

Front 58

Ramayana

Back 58

a great epic of the Hindu religion and of classical Sanskrit literature that tells of the adventures of Rama, an incarnation avatar of the god Vishnu

Front 59

ren (jen; benevolence)

Back 59

The one essential virtue, ren (jen, benevolence, humanity) manifested itself variously in human relationships, becoming filial piety towards parents, respect towards elder siblings, and benevolence towards those less fortunate.

Front 60

sangha

Back 60

the monastic order or community in the Buddhist religion

Front 61

Sanskrit

Back 61

an Indo-European language that is the ancestor of most of the languages of northern South Asia and of Sri Lanka. The language of the Vedas and other Hindu scriptures, classical literature, and a vast body of scientific, philosophical, and religious scholarship, it is now used by a tiny minority, but its cultural influence far outstrips its tiny base of speakers

Front 62

shudras

Back 62

the lowest of the four Hindu castes, the members of which were segregated as ritually unclean by the other castes because they performed tasks that were regarded as polluting. There is a wide range of subgroups within the Sudra caste, some being landowners.

Front 63

Sufism

Back 63

a Muslim mystic

Front 64

Tao (Dao)

Back 64

in Taoist philosophy, the order and wisdom of individual life, and the way that this harmonizes with the universe as a whole

Front 65

Theravada Buddhism

Back 65

the doctrines of the Hinayana Buddhists

Front 66

Three Jewels

Back 66

the Buddha, the Dharma, the Sangh

Front 67

Vaishyas

Back 67

age of retirement for another 25 years ("anchorite life")

Front 68

Vedas

Back 68

one of the ancient pieces of writing that are an important part of the Hindu religion

Front 69

samsara

Back 69

in Hinduism, the endless cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth

Front 70

Shiva

Back 70

in Hinduism, an important deity, worshipped as the god of destruction

Front 71

Silk Road

Back 71

an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe.

Front 72

Tamil

Back 72

a member of a Dravidian people who live in southern India and northern Sri Lanka

Front 73

Upanishads

Back 73

a sacred Sanskrit text belonging to a set that forms the basis for Hindu philosophy and doctrine. They date from 400 bc and represent the last stage in the tradition of the Vedas, the most ancient of Hindu

Front 74

Vindhyas

Back 74

a range of older rounded mountains and hills in the west-central Indian subcontinent, which geographically separates the Indian subcontinent into northern India (the Indo-Gangetic plain) and Southern India.

Front 75

wet rice agriculture

Back 75

Southern india and china, coastal india.

Front 76

xiao (filial devotion)

Back 76

a very ancient Chinese instrument usually thought to have developed from a simple end-blown flute used by the Qiang people of Southwest China. The modern six-hole form of the instrument goes back to the Ming Dynasty.

Front 77

Yangtze River

Back 77

the longest river in Asia, and the third-longest in the world. It flows for 6,418 kilometres (3,988 mi) from the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai.

Front 78

Yellow River

Back 78

second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi)

Front 79

yin-yang

Back 79

he principle of darkness, negativity, and femininity in Chinese philosophy that is the counterpart of yang. The dual, opposite, and complementary principles of yin and yang are thought to exist in varying proportions in all things.

Front 80

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty

Back 80

a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas,[2] lasting officially from 1271[3] to 1368

Front 81

Zhou Dynasty

Back 81

The Zhou Dynasty originated from the Zhou clan whose existence stretches back into history. By the 11th Century BC, the Zhou Clan had become increasingly powerful and had extended throughout the present Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces. The Zhou Clan's mightiness increasingly menaced the Shang Dynasty and the conflict between the two groups intensified