Rels 114 Final China

Front 1

Boxer Rebellion

Back 1

an unsuccessful rebellion in China in 1900, the objective of which was to drive out all foreigners, remove all foreign influence, and compel Chinese Christians to give up their religion

Front 2

collectivization

Back 2

policy adopted by the Soviet government, pursued most intensively between 1929 and 1933, to transform traditional agriculture in the Soviet Union and to reduce the economic power of the kulaks (prosperous peasants). Under collectivization the peasantry were forced to give up their individual farms and join large collective farms (kolkhozy

Front 3

Chen Duxiu

Back 3

played many different roles in Chinese history. He was a leading figure in the anti-imperial Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement for Science and Democracy. Along with Li Dazhao, Chen was a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. He was its first General Secretary. Chen was an educator, philosopher, and politician. His ancestral home was in Anqing (安慶), Anhui, where he established the influential vernacular Chinese periodical La Jeunesse.

Front 4

Chiang Kai-shek

Back 4

political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin.

Chiang was an influential member of the Nationalist Party,

Front 5

Cixi (Empress Dowager)

Back 5

owerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.

Historians from both Kuomintang and Communist backgrounds have generally portrayed her as a despot and villain responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, but in recent years other historians have suggested that she was a scapegoat for problems beyond her control, a leader no more ruthless than others, and even an effective if reluctant reformer in the last years of her life.[1]

Front 6

Chinese Communist Party

Back 6

the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although nominally it exists alongside the United Front,[1] in practice, the CPC is also the only party of the PRC,[2] maintaining a unitary government centralising the state, military, and media.[3] The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRC constitution.[3]

Front 7

Cultural Revolution

Back 7

a political and cultural reform movement in the People's Republic of China from 1965 to 1968 that was intended to revolutionize political opinion and behavior. It was characterized by social upheaval. The Red Guard played a prominent role in the movement, which was aimed at restoring principles associated with Mao Zedong.

Front 8

Deng Xiaoping

Back 8

general responsible for antirightist campaugne

Front 9

Extraterritoriality

Back 9

outside of, subject to laws of own country

Front 10

Gang of Four

Back 10

the name given to a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials:
Jiang Qing, (Mao Zedong's last wife)
Zhang Chunqiao
Yao Wenyuan
Wang Hongwen.

Front 11

Great Leap Forward

Back 11

the attempt by the People's Republic of China from 1958 to 1960 to modernize agriculture by labor-intensive methods

Front 12

Guomindang

Back 12

Chinese National People's Party formed in 1912 after the overthrow of the Manchu Empire, and led by Sun Zhong Shan (Sun Yat-sen). The Guomindang was an amalgamation of small political groups, including Sun's Hsin Chung Hui (‘New China Party’), founded in 1894. During the Chinese revolution (1927–49) the right wing, led by Jiang Jie Shi, was in conflict with the left, led by Mao Zedong (though the sides united during the Japanese invasion of 1937–45). Zedong emerged victorious in 1949

Front 13

Hong Xiuquan

Back 13

early part of history(imperial breakdown)
a Hakka Chinese who led the Taiping Rebellion against the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom over varying portions of southern China, with himself as the "Heavenly King" and self-proclaimed brother of Jesus Christ.

Front 14

Hundred Flowers Movement

Back 14

refers mainly to a brief six weeks in the People's Republic of China in the early summer of 1957 [1] during which the Communist Party of China (CPC) encouraged a variety of views and solutions to national policy issues, launched under the slogan: "Letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend is the policy for promoting progress in the arts and the sciences and a flourishing socialist culture in our land."

Front 15

Kang Youwei

Back 15

a Chinese scholar, noted calligrapher and prominent political thinker and reformer of the late Qing Dynasty. He led movements to establish a constitutional monarchy and was an ardent Chinese nationalist.

Front 16

Li Hongzhang

Back 16

a Chinese civilian official who ended several major rebellions, and a leading statesman of the late Qing Empire. He served in important positions of the Imperial Court, once holding the office of the Viceroy of Zhili.

Front 17

Mao Zedong

Back 17

a Chinese revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, poet, political theorist, and leader of the Chinese Revolution. He was the architect and founding father of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949, and held authoritarian control over the nation until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, along with his military strategies and brand of political policies, are now collectively known as Maoism.

Front 18

May 4th Demonstrations

Back 18

an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elites.

Front 19

Nationalist Party

Back 19

called Kuomintang, Wade-Giles romanization Kuo-min Tang (KMT; “National People’s Party”), political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time since then.

Originally a revolutionary league working for the overthrow of the Chinese monarchy, the Nationalists became a political party in the first year of the Chinese republic (1912).

Front 20

New Youth

Back 20

an influential Chinese revolutionary magazine in the 1920s that played an important role during the May Fourth Movement.

Front 21

Opium Wars

Back 21

also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839 to 1842 and the Second Opium War from 1856 to 1860, were the climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire

Front 22

reeducation (communist)

Back 22

Mao also wanted to transform Chinese culture through the CR, including bridging the gap between the country and the city, and the educated and the illiterate. To do so he sent millions of Chinese high school graduates to the countryside in the name of reeducation

Front 23

Republican Revolution

Back 23

1911 revolution-republican against monarchy-nationalist party

Front 24

Self-strengthening movement

Back 24

19 century movement
1861–1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers

Front 25

Special Economic Zones

Back 25

non-Special Economic Zones (SEZs) located in mainland China. The government of the People's Republic of China gives SEZs special economic policies and flexible governmental measures. This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China.

Front 26

Sun Yat-sen

Back 26

a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the Founding Father of Republican China, a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China[2] and the Republic of China (Taiwan).[3] Sun played an instrumental role in inspiring the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China

Front 27

Taiping Rebellion

Back 27

a widespread civil war in southern China from 1850 to 1864, led by heterodox Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, against the ruling Qing Dynasty. About 20 million people died, mainly civilians, in one of the deadliest military conflicts in history.[1]

Front 28

Tiananmen Square incident

Back 28

were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China (PRC) beginning on 15 April 1989. The movement used mainly non-violent methods and can be considered a case of civil resistance.[2] Led mainly by students and intellectuals, the protests occurred in the year that was to see the collapse of a number of communist governments in eastern Europe.

Front 29

ti-yong (t’i-yung)

Back 29

a concept formed around the reform era at the end of the Qing dynasty's rule in China. The concept is formed around two Chinese words: tĭ - meaning "essence", and yòng - meaning "practical use". The concept came to describe the method of self-strengthening envisioned by Confucian reformers of the late nineteenth century. The belief was that China should maintain its own style of learning to keep the "essence" of society, while at the same time using Western learning for "practical application" in developing its infrastructure and economy.[1]

Front 30

Treaty of Nanjing

Back 30

was signed on 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China. It was the first of what the Chinese called the unequal treaties because Britain had no obligations in return.[1]

Front 31

unequal treaties

Back 31

any of a series of treaties in which China was forced to concede many of its territorial and sovereignty rights. They were negotiated during the 19th and early 20th centuries between China and foreign imperialist powers, especially Great Britain, France, Germany, the United States, Russia, and Japan

Front 32

Yuan Shikai

Back 32

an important Chinese general and politician famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second (right after Sun Yatsen) President of the Republic of China, and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese monarchy, with himself as the "Great Emperor of China."

Front 33

Zeng Guofan

Back 33

an eminent Han Chinese official, military general, and devout Confucian scholar of the late Qing Dynasty in China.

Zeng raised the Xiang Army to fight effectively against the Taiping Rebellion and restored the stability of Qing Dynasty along with other prominent figures, including Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, setting the scene for the era later known as the "Tongzhi Restoration"（同治中兴）. He was known for his strategic perception, administrative skill and noble personality on Confucianist practice, but also sometimes for his ruthlessness on the execution of his policies. Zeng also exemplified loyalty in an era of chaos, but is also regarded as a pre-cursor to the rise of warlordism.

Front 34

Zhao Ziyang

Back 34

a high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China (PRC). He was the third Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.

As a senior government official, Zhao was critical of Maoist policies and instrumental in implementing free-market reforms, first in Sichuan, subsequently nationwide.

Front 35

Zhou Enlai

Back 35

leading figure in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and premier (1949–76) and foreign minister (1949–58) of the People’s Republic of China, who played a major role in the Chinese Revolution and later in the conduct of China’s foreign relations