Religious Studies

Front 1

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Arius?

Back 1

1)Priest
2)Alexandria, Egypt
3)3rd
4)Christ divine but not like God "There was a time when he was not"
5)regarded as heretical by Church.

Front 2

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Athanasius?

Back 2

1) Bishop
2) Alexandria, Egypt
3) 4th
4) major opponent of Arius, Jesus is "one in being with the Father", Son equal to father, eternal, and suffered "in the flesh".
5)excommunicated many times

Front 3

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Council of Nicea?

Back 3

1) Constantine
2) Modern-day Turkey
3) 325
4) First "ecumenical" council ordered to force all the bishops to agree on a uniform set of beliefs (the church was divided into those who believed Christ and God were the same, and those who believed Christ was not God, but similar)
5) Created first unified Christian doctrine

Front 4

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Stark chapter 4 epidemics, networks, and conversion?

Back 4

1) Writer
2) Roman Empire
3) 2nd and 3rd
4) More people would have died without Christians because Christians showed each other and pagans.
5) Reasoned that Christianity increased because of epidemics.

Front 5

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Augustine of Hippo?

Back 5

1) Wrote City of God
2) North Africa
3) 5th century
4) Response to the pagan critique of Christianity after Rome was sacked.
5) Reasoned that even if the earthly rule of the empire was imperilled the City of God would still ultimately triumph.

Front 6

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Basil, Longer Rule?

Back 6

1) Bishop
2) Caesarea, Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey)
3) 4th
4) Influential Christian theologian and monastic. Basil supported the Nicene faction of the church, in opposition to the Arians on one side and the Apollinarians on the other.
5) His ability to balance his theological convictions with his political connections made him a powerful advocate for the Nicene position.

Front 7

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Gregory of Nyssa, Life of Macrina?

Back 7

1) Bishop, wrote Life of Macrina
2) Nyssa
3) 4th
4) Life of Macrina is Gregory's account of his sister's life.
5) Attempted to establish Christian philosophy as superior to Greek philosophy.

Front 8

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Cyril and Nestorius?

Back 8

1) Archbishop
2) Constantinople
3) 5th
4) He objected to the popular practice of calling the Virgin Mary the theotokos "Mother of God", instead he preached that Mary be called "Mother of Christ"
5) He was accused by his political enemy Cyril of Alexandria of heresy
1b) Pope
2b) Alexandria
3b) 4th-5th
4b) Defends theotokos (Mary as the God-Bearer)
5b) Deposed Nestorius because of alternate view points, wanted to assert Alexandria's authority over Constantinople.

Front 9

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Pope Leo and the Council of Chalcedon

Back 9

1) Pope
2) Chalcedon
3) 451
4) The fourth ecumenical council issued disciplinary canons governing church administration and authority.
5) The Council was the fourth of the first seven Ecumenical Councils, so it is recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Church.

Front 10

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Chinese Christian Sutras?

Back 10

1) Alopen, Nestorian bishop of the Assyrian Church of the East.
2) Nestorian
3) 7th
4) These manuscripts of Christian teachings were brought to China.
5) These Jesus Sutras do not carry canon status but they do comingle Christian philosophy with Buddhist and Taoist thought.

Front 11

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Christianization of Russia?

Back 11

1) Rus'
2) Russia
3) 9th century
4) The Rus' took to Christianity with particular enthusiasm after baptism.
5) The Christianization seemed to have failed since the Primary Chronicle describes the tenth-century Rus' as firmly pagan.
1b) Vladamir the Great
2b) Russia
3b) 10th
4b) Vladimir the Great, his family, and his people were baptized.
5b) Final Christianization

Front 12

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was John of Damascus?

Back 12

1) Monk and Preist
2) Damascus
3) 7th-8th
4) Chief Administrator to the ruler of Damascus, wrote works expounding the Christian faith, and composed hymns still in use in Eastern Christian monasteries.
5) The Catholic Church regards him as a Doctor of the Church.

Front 13

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Guibert of Nogent?

Back 13

1) Wrote The Deeds of God through the Franks
2) France
3) 11th-12th
4) His first major work of this period is his history of the First Crusade
5) His book provides invaluable information about the reception of the crusade in France, for the general public and his own personal reactions.

Front 14

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Pope Gregory VII?

Back 14

1) Pope
2) Roman Empire
3) 11th
4) Wrote Letter to Hermann of Metz which emphisized Spiritual authority over secular authority because secular authority is dirty and spiritual authority is divinely given. Also, started the Gregorian reforms of Lay investiture, Simony, and Nepotism.
5) Massive standoff between Gregory VII and Henry IV, in which Gregory excommunicated Henry several times, and Henry attempts to depose Gregory.

Front 15

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Life of Saint Francis?

Back 15

1) Founder of Franciscans
2) Assisi, Italy
3) 12th-13th
4) He gave up his life as a knight to found a new religious group, the Franciscans
5) Known as the patron saint of animals, the environment and Italy, and it is customary for Catholic churches to hold ceremonies honoring animals around his feast day of 4 October.

Front 16

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Anselm, Cur Deus Homo?

Back 16

1) Archbishop of Canterbury
2) Canterbury
3) 11th
4) He was an archbishop openly opposed the Crusades, and the originator of the ontological argument. He wrote about the existence of God in his book Cur Deus Homo.
5) He is called the founder of scholasticism.

Front 17

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Saint Thomas Aquinas?

Back 17

1) Italian Catholic priest in the Dominican order
2) Italy
3) 13th
4) Wrote several works, the most influential being the Summa Theologica and the Summa Contra Gentiles.
5) Much of modern Western philosophy conceived as a reaction against, or in agreement with his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law and political theory.

Front 18

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Julian of Norwich?

Back 18

1) Religious female writer
2) Norwich, England
3) 14th
4) Wrote about the motherhood of God. She emphisized the metaphor of being married to Christ, focused on feeding, care giving, and connecting with Christ through suffering.
5) Growth in religious orders for women and Lay women found ways of dedicating themselves to religion and celibacy.

Front 19

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
was Councils of Constance and Florence?

Back 19

1) Christian Bishops
2) Constance
3) 15th
4) The 16th ecumenical council, resolving the Western Schism, in which three men simultaneously claimed to be pope.
5) This council promoted supreme authority of councils, even over the pope.
1b) Christian Bishops
2b) Basel then Florence
3b) 15th
4b) An Ecumenical Council that was transferred because of danger of plague and a financial boost.
5b) There was desire to meet outside the territories of the Papacy, the Holy Roman Empire, or the kings of Aragon and France, whose influences the council hoped to avoid.

Front 20

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
of Homo-ousios

Back 20

1) Bishop Athanasius
2) Council of Nicea
3) 325
4) Believed that Christ was of the same "essence" or substance as God.
5) Resolved dichotomy between bishops

Front 21

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
of Homo-I-ousios

Back 21

1) A group of bishops headed by Bishop Arius
2) Alexandria, Egypt
3) 3rd
4) believed Christ was a creation of the Father because the Father had to preexist the Son
5) Christ was of a "similar substance" to that of God, but not the same.

Front 22

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
of Christology

Back 22

1) Christians
2) Roman Empire
3) 4th-9th
4) Concerned with how the human and divine parts of Christ co-exist in one person.
5) The Christological views of various groups led to accusations of heresy which led to religious persecution.

Front 23

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
of Incarnation

Back 23

1) Bishops
2) Roman Empire
3) 3rd-5th
4) The belief that Jesus was both fully God (begotten from the Father), and fully man (taking His human nature from the Virgin Mary)
5) The most widely-accepted definitions of Incarnation were made by the early Catholic Church at the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Front 24

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
Nature and Substance:

Back 24

1) Christians
2) Roman Empire
3) 3rd-9th
4) The divinity of Christ, Christ as one person: Son and father as one in the same person.
5) What all beings share can only exist instantiated in a person.

Front 25

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Person, hypostasis

Back 25

1) All Christians
2) Greek and Latin
3) 3rd-9th
4) A hypostasis union is two natures united in one person. Nature and person are never apart. A person must have a nature because nature only exists as instantiated in persons.
5) The essential person of Jesus is his human and divine natures united.

Front 26

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Formula of Chalcedon

Back 26

1) Pope Leo
2) Chalcedon
3) 5th
4) Created in the Council of Chalcedon, it is the ultimate creedal formulation for determining the orthodoxy of one's Christianity.
5) It attempted to unite competing christological interpretations of Antioch and Alexandria, who failed before to resolve their disagreements.

Front 27

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Iconoclast/Icon

Back 27

1) Christians
2) Roman Empire
3) 8th
4) Greek for "image-breaking", it is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments.
5) Iconoclasm condemned the making of any lifeless image that was intended to represent Jesus or one of the saints.

Front 28

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Veneration and adoration

Back 28

1) Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxy
2) Nicea
3) 8th
4) Veneration is a proper attitude toward saints, whereas adoration is applicable only in connection with God.
5) During the Second Council of Nicea in 787, Catholic theologians distinguished the worship paid to God from the veneration addressed to Mary and the saints.

Front 29

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Lay investiture

Back 29

1) Pope Gregory VII
2) Roman Empire
3) 11th
4) The appointment of bishops,abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.
5) Pope Gregory VII condemned lay investiture as an unjustified assertion of secular authority over the church. Then, King Henry I of England renounced lay investiture in return for the guarantee that homage would be paid to the king before consecration.

Front 30

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
Crusades

Back 30

1) Pope Urban II
2) England to Jerusalem
3) 1096
4) A series of military campaigns against the Turks after they captured Jerusalem.
5) Pope Urban II declared a Holy War and the crusaders captured Jerusalem.

Front 31

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Counsels of perfections; evangelical poverty

Back 31

1) Francis of Assisi and other Christians
2) Italy and other countries
3) 12th-13th
4) The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty, and obedience.
5) Some Christians made a public profession live their lives by the evangelical counsels and confirmed it by a public religious vow before church authority.These vows were first made by Francis of Assisi.

Front 32

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Scholastic Theology

Back 32

1) Thomas Aquinas and others
2) Roman Empire
3) 12-14th
4) An intellectual way of approaching God, trying to logically understand the Revelation of God, and conform to philosophical methodology.
5) The most famous theologian is Thomas Aquinas.

Front 33

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Mysticism

Back 33

1) Christian women (men too)
2) England
3) 14th
4) The pursuit of identity with an ultimate reality or God through direct experience or insight. Christian mysticism aspires to apprehend spiritual truths inaccessible through intellectual means. Mysticism is a direct, unmediated experience of God. It emphasizes personal revelations: visions, dreams, and hearing voices.
5) It was important in the medieval church, because it was a time of growing structures and academic theology. Also, Religious women (lay and consecrated) and male monks did not always have clergy around.

Front 34

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is Conciliarism

Back 34

1) Popes
2) Rome and Avignon
3) 14th-15th
4) A theory that a general council of the church has greater authority than the pope and may, if necessary, depose him.
5) Limited power of papacy

Front 35

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
is 325

Back 35

1) Constantine
2) Modern-day Turkey
3) ???
4) First "ecumenical" council ordered to force all the bishops to agree on a uniform set of beliefs (the church was divided into those who believed Christ and God were the same, and those who believed Christ was not God, but similar)
5) Created first unified Christian doctrine

Front 36

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
in 451

Back 36

1) Pope
2) Chalcedon
3) ???
4) The fourth ecumenical council issued disciplinary canons governing church administration and authority.
5) The Council was the fourth of the first seven Ecumenical Councils, so it is recognized as infallible in its dogmatic definitions by the Church.

Front 37

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
in 1096

Back 37

1) Pope Urban II
2) England to Jerusalem
3) ???
4) A series of military campaigns against the Turks after they captured Jerusalem.
5) Pope Urban II declared a Holy War and the crusaders captured Jerusalem.

Front 38

1) Who
2) Where
3) When
4) Why
5) What(significance)
in 1453

Back 38

1) Sultan Mehmed II
2) ???
3) Constantinople
4) A siege by the Ottoman Empire on Constantinople, defended by the army of Emperor Constantine XI. The city eventually fell to the Ottomans.
5) Seen by some scholars as being a key event in leading to the end of the Middle Ages.