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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the 8 elements of religion
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belief system (world view), community, central myths, ritual, ethics, characterisc emotional experiences, material experiences, sacredness
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agnosticism
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"not know" a position asserting that the existence of god cannot be proven
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animisn
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a worldview common among oral religions that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits
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atheism
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a position asserting there is no god or gods
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dualism
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the belief thta reality is made of two different principles , the belief in two gods in conflict
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immanent
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existing and operating within nature
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monotheism
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belief in one god
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omnipotent
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having total power over the universe
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pantheism
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the believe everything in the universe is divine
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polytheism
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the believe in many gods
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transcendant
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beyond time and space
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worldview
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(also known as a belief system) several beliefs fit together into a fairly complete and systematic intepretation of the universe and the human being's place in it
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Anthropologist who believed that religion was rooted in spirit worship
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E.B. Tylor (Intellectualist Perspective)
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Argued that religions emerge when people experience that apect of reality which is essentially mysterious
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Ruldolph Otto (Idealist or Faith Perspective)
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Believed that religion was a noble human response to the depth of reality and to its complexity
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Carl Gustav Jung
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Hindi word from nonharm ,non violence
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ahimsa
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ashram
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a spiritual community
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the spiritual essence of all individual human beings
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Atman
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an earthly embodiment of a deity
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avatar
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Bhagavad Gita
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a religious literary work about Krishna
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devotion to a diety or guru
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bhakti
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the spiritual discipline of devotion to a diety or guru
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bhakti yoga
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God of Creation
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Brahma
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Brahman
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the spiritual essence of the universe
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Brahmin
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member of the priestly caste
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caste
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one of the major social classes sanctioned by Hinduism
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Devi
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"Goddess" the Divine Feminine, also called the Great Mother
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dhyana
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meditation
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Durga
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a mother-goddess, "awe-inspiring" "distant" a form of Devi
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guru
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a spiritual teracher
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the spiritual discipline of postures and bodily exercises
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hatha yoga
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jnana yoga
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the spiritual discipline of knowledge and insight
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Kali
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"Dark" a form of Devi, a goddess associated with destruction and rebirth
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karma
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the moral law of cause and effect that determines the direction of rebirth
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the spiritual discipline of selfless acitons
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karma yoga
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Krishna
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a god associated with divine playfulness a form of Vishnu
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kundalini yoga
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a form of raja yoga that envisions the inidividual's energy as a force that is capable of being raised formt eh center of the body to the head, producting a state of joy
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mantra
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a short sacred phrase, often chanted or used in mediatation
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maya
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what keeps us form seeing reality correctly, the world, view inadequately
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moksha
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"liberation" from personal limitation, egotism, and rebirth
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monism
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the philosophical psition that all apparently separate realtities are ultimately one, the beliefe that god and the universe are the same, that the universe is divine
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puja
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offerings and ritual in honor of a diety
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raja yoga
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the "royal" disciline of meditation
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Rama
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a god and mythical king, a form of Vishnu
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samadhi
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a state of complete inner peace resulting from meditation
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samsara
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the everyday world of change and suffering leading to rebirth
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sannyasin
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a wandering holy man
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Shiva
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a god associated with destruction and rebirth
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Trimurti
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"three forms" of the divine--the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
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Upanishads
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written meditations on the spiritual essence of the universe and self
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Vedas
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four collections of ancient prayers and rituals
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Vishnu
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a god associated with preservation and love
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yoga
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a spiritual discipline, a method for perfecting one's union with the divine
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Deism
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"natural religion" believing that God created the world and has now left natural law.
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How do diests believe behavior is regulated?
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by a moral code given to human beings from God and the promise of an afterlife if you live a good life
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What was the goal of Deism?
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World peace
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What was the result of Deism?
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scholars developed a scientific view of religion open to investigation
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Materialistic Perspective
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humans invented religion, religion was borne of supersitition, it is untrue and only the material world exisits. Religion is the product of neurosis and/or social need
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Who carred belief in the materialistic perspective?
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Ludwig Feuerbach, Sigmund Freud, and Karl Marx
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Who was Ludwig Feuerback and what did he believe?
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German philosopher, God is a projection of peoples fears and desires and religion is alienation from reality
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Who was Sigmund Freud and what did he believe?
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Austrian Psychoanalyst, Religion is the product of neurosis, It is also the product of the repressed sexuality and violence and a replaying of the loving and fearful relationships people have with their parents
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Who was Karl Marx and what did he believe?
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German socialist philosopher, relgion is the product of the mode of production, tool of oppression for the ruling class to use
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Intellectualist Perspective
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matter of belief and form of knowledge, attempt to explain how nature works, Religions will disappear as the world embraces scientific rationalism
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Who was Edward Tylor and what did he believe?
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English Anthropologist, believed that relgion was the result of animism, an effort to explain the mysterious, and that animism evolved to monotheism
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Who was James Frazer and what did he believe?
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Scottish Anthropologist, believed at first people believed in magic but since magic doesnt always work prayers and pleading to a higher being replaced it
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Idealist or Faith Perspective
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Religion is the experience and true reflection of the sacred, it is the source of the universe and its value
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Who was Ruldoph Otto and what did he believe?
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German theologist, believed that religion emerges when people experience "the mystery that causes trembling and facination"
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Who was Mircea Eliade and what did he believe?
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Rumanian scholar of comparitive religion, compared the profane and sacred. He was the first to realized the importance of myth
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Profane
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ordinary, worldy
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sacred
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extraordinary, supernatural
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Functionalist Perspective
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religion is useful
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Who was Emile Durkheim and what did he believe?
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French sociologist.
He proposed that humans cannot live without organized social structures. Humans were always born into groups. Religion is a glue that holds a society together. To Durkheim, religious phenomena were symbols and reinforcers of the social order. Religious rituals are occasions for individuals to renew their commitment to the community. |
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Semiotic Perspective
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Religion is a System of Symbols
this interpretation seeks to understand religion in its own context in a more subjective fashion |
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Who was Clifford Geertz and what did he believe?
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an American anthropologist (b. 1926). Religion is a cultural fact. It is not a mere expression of social needs or economic tensions. Culture is understood as a pattern of meanings or ideas carried in symbols that needs interpretation. Geertz championed what he calls ‘thick description
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What is "thick description"?
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A thick description describes rituals and their exact and varied meaning for practitioners.
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Symbol
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A symbol is fairly concrete, ordinary, and universal that can represent and help human beings experience something of greater complexity. For instance water can represent cleansing.
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What is Bruce Lincoln's definition of religon?
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Religion is:
- a discourse - a set of practices - a community - an institution |
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Myth
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Myths serve to create the basic patterns of order (cosmos) for those who believe them.
Every religion has myths. For Judaism and Christianity, thee first chapters of the Book of Genesis constitute a myth of origins (cosmogonic myth). Eschatological myths deal with the end of times. Myths speak of a time that is eternally present and repeatable. |
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Ethics
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Ethics are rules about human behavior. They have been revealed from a supernatural realm. They can be viewed as socially generated guidelines.
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Ritual
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Rituals are beliefs enacted and made real through ceremonies or festivals. Through participation in rituals or festivals, believers experience the original event or the mythical event as happening now. When Jews celebrate Passover, they experience who they are, a chosen people, called by the God of all creation to live justly and be a light (that is an example) to the nations.
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How was religion viewed in the 16th c.?
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The basis and foundation of life
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What was the goal of Diesm?
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to create world peace though one united religion
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What is the problem with animistic belifs?
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cannot explain the universe
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Contrary to Christianity or Islam, Hinduism DOES NOT
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- have an identifiable founder
- have a single canonical text accepted by all followers - have a religious elite or single priestly group who exert control over the development of its fundamental beliefs and practices - have a strong organizational structure to defend and spread its influence |
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British East India Trading Company
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The British East India Company established trading centers along the coast. It took advantage of the decline of the Mughals and became the principal political power in 1757.
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The foundation of what two organization helped lead to India's independence?
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Hindu Indian National Congress in 1885 and the rival Muslim League in 1906
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What did Mohandas Gandhi do?
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- challenged British rule through a campaign of non-violent resistance
- challenged the traditional caste system - was a mediator between Hindus and Muslims. |
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What is the significance of the Upanishads as compared to the Vedic religions?
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Upanishads emphasis is placed not on outward ritual performances, as in Vedic religion, but on inner experience as the path to realization and immortality
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What is the Code of Manu?
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it is a collection of ethical and religious guidelines for individuals and society as a whole, written by priests between 200 BCE and 200 CE
- in Sanskrit Manu means “a thinking being” or “mankind.” In the Vedas, Manu is the primal human being - this book is still influential today, especially in the countryside - the book claims to provide the pattern for right conduct laid down at the time of origin. Its teachings concerns the dharma (duty) of the four principal castes (already introduced in the Vedas) and the four stages of life for Indian men of the upper classes. |
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Durga, “the unapproachable”
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often represented as a beautiful woman with a gentle face but ten arms holding weapons with which she vanquishes the demons who threaten the dharam. She rides a lion.
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Kali, “the Black”
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is the divine in its fierce form. She is often depicted wearing human skulls around her neck, ripping the flesh of her victims, and drinking blood. The necklace of skulls symbolizes her aspect as the destroyer of evil
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List Experiences in modern devotional life
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daily worship of a deity, worship in temples, festivals,pilgrammage, cow veneration, astrology
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Explain Raja Yoga
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means the Way of Physical Discipline
- the Yoga system of mental discipline was first mentioned in the Upanishads - it became a highly refined technique in the hands of Pantajali, a yogin of the second century CE. Pantajali derived most of his ideas from the Sankhya system. - the goal of Raja Yoga is training the physical body so that the soul can be free. The body is regarded as a microcosm of the universe. All bodily energies are regarded as capable of producing a transformative religious experience if harnessed and focused. - typically, the yoga-aspirant goes through eight steps |
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Mirabai
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a woman born in the middle of the sixteenth century, defied her society’s norms of female dharma. She renounced her husband and migrated to Brindavan, Krishna’s city, where she led an ascetic life at the service of Krishna. Legend recounts her merging at death with her beloved icon of Krishna.
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Chaitanya
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(1486-1533). He renounced the world at the age of 24 and founded a devotional community in the town of Puri. Most innovative was his method of chanting songs and chanting the names of Krishna in public processions. The goal is to push the devotee to empty ego and nothing else but Krishna and his consort Rama (or Radha) were in the consciousness. A new twist in avatara theology is associated with Chaitanya as well. Chaitanya became the incarnation of both Rama/Radha and Krishna. The International Society of Krishna Consciousness, popularly known as Hare Krishna, traces its spiritual lineage to Chaitanya.
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The International Society of Krishna Consciousness
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popularly known as Hare Krishna, traces its spiritual lineage to Chaitanya.
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Ram Mohan Roy
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was a Brahmin. He knew Sanskrit and Persian. Was familiar with Islam.
- was impressed by the value of British education and the value of British religious critique - founded the Brahmo Samaj (Brahmanist Society or Society of God) in Calcutta in 1828 - argued that true Hinduism was non-idolatrous, rationalistic, and monotheistic. He denounced polytheism, abandoned the belief in reincarnation, and emphasized the power of the human intellect to bring about better living conditions for all humans. - in all religions he found a similar spiritual core - called for the reform of caste discrimination and joined the British to oppose child marriage, female infanticide, and the practice of sati, the custom of a widow placing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband to be consumed with him . . |
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Ramakrishna Mission
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first great global Hindu organization with a vision of ecumenical Hinduism as the savior of the world, not merely of India.
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Vishna Hindu Parishad (The Council of All Hindus) (VHP)
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- organizes religio-political festivals
- send missionaries to “reconvert” some back from Christianity and Islam - opposes secularism and emphasizes cow veneration. The secular state allows the slaughter of cows. Muslims often work as butchers and eat beef. - plans to destroy mosques. In 1992, VHP and RSS militant Hindus destroyed a mosque in Ayodhya in the belief that it had been built by the Mughals on the site of an ancient temple to Lord Rama, the putative birthplace of Rama. |
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India faces a number of challenges:
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- caste problems
- gender issues - population problems - ecological problems |
