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70 Cards in this Set
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Ordinary/Extraordinary Religion
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Ordinary: how to behave everyday life, culture, holiday customs, etc
Extraordinary: transcends into other dimension, past culture. Context: Customs re: shaving/kosher VS prayer at sabbath. Hunting technique vs blessing food (breathing upon it). |
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Time and Space (Time v. Space)
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How a culture interprets history chronological VS spatial.
Context: Europeans emphaseze time over space, NA emphasize space over time (Navajo's know mountains where creation occurred, but not when, Christians consider bible record of events with moral teachings from each) |
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Sacred Canopy
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(Concept by Berger)Highlights who the insiders/outsiders (orthodox vs heterodox) of American religion are - Catholics were not covered by the sacred canopy, moved in
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Orthodoxy
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Keeping to original norms of a religion (usually) - not changing too much
Context: Some people stayed true and orthodox to their religion (Yazierska's father 1922 grasps to ideals of Eastern European Judaism) |
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Heterodoxy
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Changes from accepted beliefs/culture (orthodoxy) - Some changed their views and adapted their culture to America (Sonderling allowing women to worship alongside men, Cahan shaving 1905-1920)
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Subaltern
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After colonialism, the groups which were discluded from the ruling power structure
Context: Aztecs and native americans enslaved by Spanish catholics (CDV - 1520-30s) |
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Contact Zone
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social spaces where cultures meet, clash, and grapple with each other, often in contexts of highly asymmetrical relations of power, such as colonialism, slavery, or their aftermaths as they are lived out in many parts of the world today.
Context: Native Americans and Spanish catholics re: how to heal people (1520s) (also, protestants and catholics, jews and protestants, etc). |
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Hybridity
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The mixing of cultures, ethnicities, religious practices, etc (ex: NA healing practice CDV)
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Public/Hidden transcripts
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Liturgy
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Any form of religious public worship/service
Context: Judaic, Catholic, ethnich parishes and evolvement of catholic liturgy (Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, 1963) short, easy to understand, priest no longer faces away, etc |
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Evangalization by enchantment
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Evangelization by enchantment
Art/music – flute, Healing, Written texts vs pictographs, etc. Context: one method spanish catholics converted or influenced natives, CDV heals native americans |
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Cult of saints
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The devotion towards a particular saint, communication with those beyond death (in Catholicism - st mary/ st James)
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Inkotmi the spider
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A trickster figure present in many Native American forms of religion, a shapeshifter (constantly reminded Native americans of transformation, etc). Lakota-ex
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Cabeza de vaca
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wrote his account of shipwreck and experience in gulf of mexico region (1527-1537)
Context: provides account of NA religious life, examples of incommesurability, hybridity, contact zone between two religions. |
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La Reconquista
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Granada, 1492, the defeat of Muslim moors meant the reconquest of Iberia for Christendom after seceral centuries. The old political pattern of coexistence between ththree Abrahamic faiths was eliminated as Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or face expulstion from the real. Many sephardic Jews fled to northern Africa, Turkey, and more hospitable Christian realms such as Holland. Others, especially new converts (conversos) boarded ships to the Americas
Context: Reason for America being attractive, immigration |
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Inter Caetera
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Papal bull issued by Pope Alexander, 1493, granting Spain all lands west and south 100 leauges of islands of Azores/ Cape Verde Islands. Conquistadors took this as meaning it was ok to have full political sovereignty.
Context: Gave spain the right to colonize other cultures, religions, catholicism enters America |
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Requirimento
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(1513) Declaration from Spanish monarchy to be read to natives in Spanish about Spanish right to conquest – no conversion, no servitude. Those that opposed - considered evil (going against God’s plan), their lands, wives, children would be taken, that any deaths would not be their fault, war may ensue. Spiritual salvation /evangalization more important than civil rights.
Context: Incommensurability, |
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Bartolome de las Casas
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De las casas maintained a vigorous correspondence with crown - negative points about spanish conquest, Brief accound of the destruction of the indies (1542) - anti catholicism,
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Black Legend
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The anti-catholic view of tyrannical, exploitative spanish conquistadors spurred by De las casas' brief account of destruction of the Indes (1542)
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Spanish Inquisition
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(1480-1550s approx) - effort by the Spanish crown to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in the Spanish empire (mostly spain), non catholics/conversos executed, books like talmud banned.
Context: Jews/Conversos flee to Americas |
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Enlightenment
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1650-1700, using reason and logic to reform society
Context: reformed religion - purer religion, shorn of superstition, priestcraft, legends, miracles, and one that pirzed ethics of ritual, reason as a final arbriter of truth |
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Immanuel Kant
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1724-1804, German enlightenment lecturer, writer, philosopher
Context: Kant urged a purer religion, shorn of superstition, priestcraft, legends, miracles, ritual. Reformed Christianity in america. |
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Fredrich Schleiermacher
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1768-1834 German philosopher, attempted to respond to Enlightenment criticisms with Protestant orthodoxy
Context: reformed Christianity |
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Pittsburgh platform
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1885 - document important to american judaism reform movement, called Jews to adopt a more modern approach (rejects zionism, jews at home in america, rejects rituals like kosher)
Context: Identity, reform of Judaism, etc |
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Reform Judaism
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1885 - English, deemphasis on ritual, emphasis on ethics, assimilation, non kosher covenant of justice universal to nation to domination
Context: immigrants adapt to America, started by pittsburgh platform |
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Orthodox Judaism
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Hebrew, emphasis on ritual, segregation,kosher unique peoplehood, Keeping european practices
Context: Yezierska's father, immigrants keep roots, opposed reform (1920s) |
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Conservative Judaism
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1900-1940s, reaction to reform - keeping/conserving traditions of Judaism, but strive for more practical path
Context: response to reform |
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Reclamation Movement
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Founded by Kaplan (1934), movement to make Judaism more a civilization, not a religion - rituals/ceremonies a sign of jewishness
context: response to reform, identity of immigrants |
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Kol Nidre
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prayer said at Yom kippur
context: dropped by reform judaism movement in 1850s+, met orthodox opponents |
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Triple Melting Pot
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Concept suggested by Herberg, melting pot of 3 great faiths Protestant,
Catholic, and Jewish. Context: Others cannot assimilate, not under sacred canopy of american religions |
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Kosher Laws
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Laws restricting diet of orthodox Jews
Context: Rejected in america, reform movement, Pittsburgh platform (1885) |
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Fox's Book of Martyrs
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about protestant martyrs in england under catholic queen mary (Bloody Mary), 1555-1558
Context: Spurred anticatholicism sentiment |
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Sacraments of catholicism
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A sacred, holy sign/action/thing - baptism, eucharist, reconciliation, confirmation, matrimony, extreme unction, penance.
Context: way for catholics to see extraordinary religion in ordinary objects |
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Catholic humanism
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Cardinal Francisco Ximénez de Cisneros
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Spain's greatest humanist (1436-1517)
Context: Inspired humanism in Americas |
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Cardinal Sadoleto
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1539 - in a debate with calvin, urged people to return to catholicism from protestantism, argued church was in bad shape
Context: highlighted reforms occuring |
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Holy Trinity
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Catholic concept of the father, son, and holy ghost while maintaining monotheism
Context: rejected in American catholic reform movements, by Unitarians/Socinians/non-Trinitarians |
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Council of Trent
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1545-1463 – Catholic response to corruption - reform of roman catholic church practice
Bishop must live in diocese, seminary training for clergy, renewed celibacy The council prohibited vernacular translations of the Bible, strict |
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Sola Scriptura vs. Tradition/Authority
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1520 - Belief bible is all you need VS scripture (bible) + tradition, authority of the pope
Context: spurred reform towards Lutheran church's view against authority, Protestantism |
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Maryland Act of Toleration
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April 1649 - religious toleration for christians
Context: first general act for tolerance, but was repealed 1954 (anti-catholicism) |
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Trustee System
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Laity nominates candidates for pastor, bishop appoints, bishop cannot easily dismiss pastors, disputes settled in arbitation committees.
Context: orthodox method which entered america, authority of church. |
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19th Century Immigration of Catholics
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Immigration of first Irish/German, then Irish/English, then Italians and E. Europeans 1820-1920.
Context: more daises opened, leads to ethnic parishes. |
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Maria Monk
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Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk (1836)
Context: Spurred anti-catholic sentiment |
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John Ireland and Isaac Hecker
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1860s - progressives who were against ethnic parishes, but for an american church
Context: promoted unity and assimilation between ethnic groups, contact |
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Testem benevolentiae nostrae
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1899 Letter by Pope Leo XIII against americanism, imcompatible with catholic ideals
Context: Highlights gap between american and vatican church |
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Al Smith
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1928 Catholic defeated by hoover - embarassement,
context: separate educational, political, social societies for catholics, more separating from protestants |
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Rerum Novarum
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1891 - catholic progressive response to Marxism, capitalism (excuse for wolves to eat sheep)
context: Roman church separating from American church |
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Bishop's program for Social Reconstruction
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1919 - written by Monsignor John Ryan Socially conservative, economically progressive movement (equal pay for women, child labor laws, stricter BC/AA)
Context:reformed and shaped catholicism, impacted american society |
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Catholic Worker Movement
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Based on St Francis of Asisi, advocate for poor and homeless, Dorothy Day (1960s)
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Edgardo Mortara
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1912 - removed from Jewish parents by the Pope, for having emergency baptism
Context: caused much controversy, anti-catholic propaganda |
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The protocols of the Elders of Zion
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1903-1920s Satire about anti-semites (Jews want global domination), republished as a true story (anti-semitism spread)
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The Friends of Israel
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1926 - initiative of the church to include Jews more (Anthony van Asseldonk) - still wanted to convert Jews
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Charles Coughlin
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1891-1979 Priest from RO MI, Radio broadcasts on anti-semitism, praised hitler, attacked FDR
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Mit Brennender Sorge
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1937 - Pope Pius' XI statement towards Nazis - condemned them, but not specifically by name - lack of action = controversial, anti-catholicism/anti-semitism
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We Remember: A Reflection on the Shoah
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1998 - Addresses how church exhibited Judeophobia but never anti-semitic - those who killed Jews wer enot catholic
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New York City Draft Riots
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1863 5 days of rioting, 105 people killed - catholics thought civil war was wasteful, war profiteering, catholics dying
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James Healy and Augustus Tolton
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First AA catholic priests - half irish, half AA/ full AA (1854, 1886)
Ethnicities have impact on religion, ethnic parish infulence on catholicism |
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St Peter Claver
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Riacial parish with white priests, african americans. 1930s movements to oppose segregation, most accept it
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Norman Dukette
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1890-1980 1st black priest of archdiacese of detroit
Racial segregation in religion/catholicism - whites restricted/limited rights |
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Divini Redemptoris
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1949 - those that worked with/joined communists were all excommunicated by catholic church
Context: separates America from communism more |
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Don Camillo e Peppone
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1950s, Guareschi, Film/book illustrating catholicism vs communism in Italy, tried to unify them as people
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Joseph McCarthy
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1905-1957, highlighted anti-communism, catholics generally more anti-communist
1960 Kennedy triumph |
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Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy
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Dec 1963 Pope Paul VI Altered ritual of mass - short, easy to understand, priest faces towards assembly
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The People of God
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Concept of power located in diases, not in rome, not hierarchial, democratic (1963)
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Pastoral constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Guadium et Spes)
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1965 Church's shift from focus of afterlife to everyday concerns (science, materialism, equal rights, politics)
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Sacerdotalis Caelibatus
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1967 Priests to remain celibate
Context: attempt for catholic church to remain orthodox, no outer influences/property to remain in church |
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Humane Vitae
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1963-1966 Birth control council accepts, most catholics accept it 1968 - Pope Paul's response - rejects except for rhythm method.
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Preferential Option for the Poor
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1950s-60(68)s based on Liberation theology, catholic responsibility for welfare (spritual, social) of the poor, popular in latin america
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Camilo Torres
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Born in Columbia, part of liberation guerillas, (1929-1966), for preferntial option
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St. Cecilia
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Parish with black christ
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