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223 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abbasid Empire |
- Was formed after they massacred the Umayyad Dyanasty -750-1258CE - Baghdad was the capital and it lead to a cultural shift. There was Persian, Hindu, and Christian influence -They were at their height in the 9th - Islam will spread significantly and it is the height of Muslim culture |
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Abu Bakr |
- He was a close friend of Muhammad and he protected him once he got backlash from the criticisms against the Qurayshi - He is the first Caliph, he was well respected - He will keep the treaties and stability within Arabia - He is caliph from 632-634CE |
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Abu Talib |
-He is the uncle of Muhammad. He raised him after he was 8 yrs old. He was one of his protectors when he received a lot of criticism - He died 619CE |
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Abraham |
- He is the father of Isaac and Ishmael - He is the forefather of all the religions - He, alog with Isaac and Jacob are the patriarchs of Judaism - He impregnated Sarah and Hagar |
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Acculturation |
- It is the process of an individual, or group, merging into another culture after extended contact. - Will be seen with Modern Sectarianism |
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Aisha |
- She was both the wife of Muhammad and the daughter of Abu Bakr. - She helped spread the religion and was intellectual. - She is the orator of 2210 Hadiths |
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Al-Baqir |
- He was in the dispute to be 5th Imam with Zayad - He had a direct bloodline to Muhammad - Some people will support Zayad because he engages the Umayyads. The rest will support Al Baqir ----- Not the fivers |
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Al-Ghazali |
- He revived Islam and is considered increasingly important - He will come with theologies about mysticism in Islam and lead to a combination of that with Sufism |
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Ali |
- He is the cousin and son-in law of Mohammed. He will run to be caliph but will be rejected numerous times, causing controversy, until the fourth time - 656-661 CE - A movement will be lead against him by Muhammad's favorite wife - Battle with Mu'awiyah at Siffin (657CE) ---- M thought that he should have been the next caliph after Uthman because he is the more powerful. There will be ab battle and Ali will agree with arbitration causing controversy among his peers since God is the only one that is supposed to decide the end of the battle - He is killed by Kharjites in 661 CE |
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Anglicans |
- It is the church on England that was started by Henry VIII when he wanted to divorce his wife and he was told no by the protestants and the catholic church - It will start in 1534CE |
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Antiochus Epiphaes IV |
-Notable events during the reign of Antiochus IV include his near-conquest of Egypt, his persecution of the - Jews of Judea and -Samaria, and the rebellion of the - Jewish Maccabees. |
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Apostle of the Gentiles |
- Paul - He is that during the first 50yrs; Christians were spread out. |
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The Archbishop of Canterbury |
-The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion |
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Arius |
- He is from Alexandria - Believed Jesus was eternal but nor t created. That he was human. - Claims that Jesus is homoiousion = similar substance to God - He is a part of the debates of the 4th century and that he will be part of the losing camp |
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Asia Minor |
- Turkey - Islam will spread there with Uthman, the 3rd Caliph - It will also be converted to Islam by the Mongols |
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Ashkenazi |
- A diaspora group of Jews from the 1st C that were found in Rome - They have their own tendencies and spread out - They speak Yiddish - Spread around Central Europe |
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Assyrians |
- Israel will be separated into 2 kingdoms. One in the north and the other one in the south. - Assyria conquers Judah in 721 BCE |
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Athanasius from Alexandria |
- He will in the opposing camp during the 4th Century debates - He believed that Jesus was co-eternal and that he was of the same substance of God. Homoousion - He believes that Jesus is God and his camp wins |
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Augustine |
- He is considered very important for the emergence of Western Christianity - He was a bishop of Hippo Regius - Wrote the city of God that is distinct from the earthly world |
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Ayatollah Khomeini |
- It is an Iranian Muslim religious leader that was prominent in the 20th century - Founder of the Islamic Nation of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iran Revolution` - His followers claimed that he was the Mahdi |
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Benedict XVI |
- He was Pope from 2006 to 2013 |
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Ba;al and Asherah |
- Before Monotheism there was Henotheism Baal was the Israelite God and Ashera was the Canaanite God - They were symbols that will be destroyed - Canaanites will defeat their enemies through God and convert |
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Baal Shem Tov |
- He is the master of good name. He could say God's name though no one else is meant to say it. He was pure enough. - Heclaimed that the most important thing was to be happy. Joyful prayer is thehighest praise of God, even in the context of suffering. It was not good to besad. -Hetaught his followers to deny being upset. They had to be joyful as if they hadeverything that they ever wanted. - Time were Jewish people were down |
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Battle of Badr |
- It was fought in 624 CE in theHejaz region of western Arabia - It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among theQuraish in Mecca. - It was there first large scale battle and they won. It demonstrated that there was a new power in Medina |
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Battle of Karbala |
- 680 CE - Husayn (Ali’s last surviving son) vs Yazid(Mu’awiyah’s son) - Husaynsupporters do not show up to the battle. He is greatly outnumbered and ends upbeing decapitated. - Two forms of Islam will form as a result to this. -Shi’atAli = Party of Ali = Shi’a / Shiite o -- - Quraysh+ Umayyad Dynasty = Sunni |
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Battle of Sifin |
- 657 CE - Ali vs Mu'awiyah since he thought he was the next most powerful and should be the 4th caliph - Ali agrees to arbitration which leads to controversy and him being killed |
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Battle of Uhud |
- 625 CE - The Medinans lose soundly and it is suggestedthat Mohammad is injured, but for some reason the Meccans pulled back |
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Babs |
- For the 12th caliph - Even though he is hiding, the babs/ gates act as a form of communication - It is a lesser form of occultation |
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Babylonians |
- They will destroy Judah in 578 BCE and Jerusalem along with the first temple as well |
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Bar Kochba Revolt |
- A revolt by Jews in the Roman province of Judea led by Simon Kochba from 132 to 136 CE - Decisive Roman win - Last of three Jewish-Roman wars - Roman troops annihilation of Judean population - Suppression of Jewish religious and political autonomy by Hadrian - Jews banned from Jerusalem |
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Caliph |
- When Muhammad dies, there will be a need for a central figure to take role as a spiritual leader - Muhammad successor |
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Calvin/ Calvinish |
- It is one of the ways that Christianity will split into many different groups following Martin Luther's protest - It is the initial one that will start as a reformation. |
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Canaanites |
- Period of henotheism - Worshipped Asherah |
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Chanceldon |
- Council held to answer the question of why Jesus is human is certain aspect but divine in another - Nestorius vs Monophysites - Conclusion: Therewill be a compromise between Rome and Constantinople§ Jesuswas one person (the mono) but with both human and divine natures within him. -Theyclaim that the human mind is not advanced enough to understand everything |
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Christokos |
- Greek term for the mother bearer of Christ aka Mary |
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Circumcision |
- It is the mark of the covenant in the flesh. It is present in all three religions |
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Confessions |
- A book written by St Augustine explaining his life and his conversion to Christianity |
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Conservative Judaism |
- It is born and a meeting in the US where Reformed Jews are served shell fish and decide that certain elements of the religion should be kept while other can be lost. - The Jewish Bible needs to be maintained |
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Constantine |
-Becomes officially a part of Christianity is the 4th century - Will aid in the spread of Christianity. It will change Christian culture, empire with an imperial army - They will take major decisions about Christianity - Army general of the Roman army that gets supporters to become Emperor. He will dream of a symbol the night before the battle, first 2 letters of Jesus in Greek - He will win and assume that it was in Gods favor - Converts and makes all religions legal in 313 |
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Constantinople |
- The bishop will argue that Mary was the mother of Christ and the bearer. Christokos. - Romans have so much power and they will claim that they have the unique valid theology. Bishop will be excommunicated and there will be a split between east and west in 1054 - Creation of Orthodoxy |
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Covenant |
- Two or more parties coming together - Literally, a contract. In the Bible, an agreement between God and his people, in which God makes promises to his people and, usually, requires certain conduct from them. In the Old Testament, God made agreements with Noah, Abraham, and Moses. |
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Crucifixion |
- Jesus went on a mission to Jerusalem. He was arrested and then executed. He came during Passover, men were drunk and angry. - He released animals and created chaos. - esus was killed |
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Crusades |
- Expedition to recover land from Muslims by Europeans -637CE – Fall of Jerusalem to Umar -1010CE – Church of the Holy Sepulcher burned down by Muslim caliph -1071CE – Turkish Muslims persecute Christians in Jerusalem -1095CE – First of many crusades - 1099CE – Crusaders win back Jerusalems |
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Cyrus |
- ThePersians will conquer the Babylonians and they arrive all the way into Greece.King Cyrus of Persia will invite the exiled Babylonian Jews back intoJerusalem. He will help them build their temple. |
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Cyril |
- A part of Nestoforius the claimed that Jesus had 2 persons. Human and divine |
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Damascus |
- It is the capital of Umayyad - It is established by Mu'awiyah in 661 CE |
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Dar al-Harb |
- Territory of war. Denotes the territories bordering on dar al-Islam (territory of Islam), whose leaders are called upon to convert to Islam. - Refers to territory that does not have a treaty of nonaggression or peace with Muslims |
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David |
- Theywill move from the tribal system and will lead to a kingdom/monarchy. Davidwill bring real unity. He is very celebrated and loved. He is known as the kingof kings. -Heestablishes the kingdom of Israel§ Bringspeace and prosperity -Createsa capital that is not in any of those tribal cities and he makes it a capital.It is called Jerusalem. - Messiah |
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Dead Sea |
... |
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Dhikr |
- Remembrance/ True religion exists in the remembrance of God, rather thatluxury goods and opulence |
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Diet of Worms |
- The Diet of Worms in 1521 was an imperial council that was convened to decide the fate of Martin Luther. It was held in Worms, Germany. The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V presided over the diet. - His charges were Excommunication and Politicalsubversion |
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Diaspora Judaism |
- There will be a diaspora of Jews formed when Assyria conquers Israel and the Babylonians take Judah. The temple will be destroyed as well. - Judaism is forced to adapt. |
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Divided Monarchy |
- TheMonarchy will have two separate kingdoms. Judah in the south and Israel in thenorth. This is a consequence of the incompetence of the kings that followedSolomon. Jerusalem is in Judah not Israel. |
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Docetics |
- Gnostics claimed thatJesus only appeared to be human, but he was no part flesh, hence docetic |
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Dome of the Rock |
- 691CE – Dome of the Rock on the temple mount in Jerusalem was built on |
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Ecumenism |
- 20th Century - the principle or aim of promoting unity among the world's Christian churches. |
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Edict of Milan |
- 313 CE - Doctrine that makes all religions legal in Rome - Will aid in the spread of Christianity |
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Elijah Muhammad |
- Black American man that was the leader of the Nation of Islam from 1934 to 1975 |
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Episcopaleans |
-is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. |
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Excommunication |
- o Placingone outside the community of believers |
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Exodus |
- It is the second chapter in the Christian and Hebrew Bible that chronicles the journey to the promised land Israel. - Led by Moses - Hebrews |
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Ezra |
- 515 BCE - Adiaspora Jew will return back to Jerusalem, Ezra will come back. New practicedhave appeared in that region and he will restore order. There will be adivision from the Samaritans to the Jews. - Theywill build their own temple in Samaria. - Ezrawill play a hand in the creation of the Hebrew Bible. There will be scriptures.This is the moment where Judaism hasofficially been created. |
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Fana |
- Annihalation |
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Fatima |
- She is both the daughter of Muhammad and Khadija and the wife of Ali - Ali is the nephew of Abu Talib |
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Filioque |
- § Itwill be a big role in the separation. between the Roman church and Constantinople. “And I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lordand Giver of life, who proceeds from the Father”· OriginalNicea Creed§ - Became “AndI believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord and giver of life, who proceeds from theFather and the Son” for the Catholic church TheBishop of Rome will add to this. There will be controversy with this from theBishop of Constantinople. It had been the original for 600 years. - Rome– Spreads into the north and west - Orthodoxy– Doesn’t much have place to spread beyond Eastern Europe.§ Rejecteverything that came out of Christianity after 1054CE |
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First 4 Shi'a Imams |
- Abu Bakr 632-634CE - Umar 634-644CE - Uthman 644-656CE - Ali 656-661CE |
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First Temple |
- King Solomon(960BCE-921BCE) - Hewill build the first temple in 931 BCE. It will represent centrality and theJewish world will revolve around it. |
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Fivers |
- o 5thImam: Al-Baqir vs Zayad§ AlBaqir has a direct bloodline to Mohammed but Zayad engages Umayyads leading himto get support - Zayadis:Shi’a sect who followed Zayad as 5th Imam -Therest of Shi’as followed Al-Baqir as 5th Imam - Basically those who followed Zayd are fivers |
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Founding of Israel |
- It is founded in 1948 |
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Four Gospels |
- Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John - They were Gnostic and not everything they wrote was approved to be in the bible |
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Galilee |
- Location where Jesus was born. He was born in one of his cities, Nazareth -Peoplefrom the Galilee had the perception of being troublemakers to the Jews |
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Gemarrah |
- the component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah. |
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Genghis Khan |
- Heleads the Mongolians to a huge portion of the population. He does this becausesomeone shaved his beard. - Hewill take over the Muslim empires and will destroy them. Muslims will wonderwhere God is. - Founder and Emperor of the Monghol Empire - Helped spread Islam - They converted Mughal (Incia and East), Safavid Empire (Iran) and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey and Eastern Europe) |
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Golden Age of Islam |
- The Abbasid Empire (750-950 CE) - Height of Muslim culture - 9th Century |
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Greeks |
- Powerful group that influenced the culture of Rome -They were celebrated |
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Hagar |
- Mistress of Abraham that he had an illegitimate child with named Ishmael |
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Hanifs |
- What Jews and Christians were referred to in Arabia before the creation of Islam |
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Hasan |
- He is Ali's first son and he will lose the caliph to Mu'awiyah, since he is powerless - This is following the assassination of Ali |
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Hasayn |
- Husayn is Ali\s last surviving son that loses the battle to Yazid, the son of Mu'ayiwah in 680 since his supporters do not show up |
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Henotheism |
- It is when you worship God to the exclusion of other Gods. |
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Heresy |
- Ignorant, dangerous, illegal version of areligion |
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Hellenism |
- : It is the process of people taking on theirculture. It is the cultural epimerization and the language will be adopted.) - Some Jews will participate in culture while practicing their religion |
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Hijira |
- Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Muslim calendar. - After receiving an Invitation from Yathrib (Medina) do arbitrate between 2 sides. |
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Holocaust |
- Shoah - Burnt Offering - Will change the beliefs of Jews - 1933- Hitler becomes chancellor of Germany - Nov 9/10 1938 - Night of the broken glass where the assassination of the German official causes clashes where Jewish properties are targeted - The Final Solution in 1941 by Hitler |
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Homoousion |
- Jesus is co-eternal and of the same substance of God |
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Homoiousion |
Jesus and God are of similar substances. Jesus is not eternal but created. He was human. |
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Iconoclast |
- Eastern Othodoxs in the 7th century that smash the paintings arguing that theyencourage idolatry. Worshiping icons instead of God - Following contact with Muslims |
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Iconodules |
- Theythink that they are fine. They are merely signs that direct you and your focusto God. - They won the debate between Orthodox in the 7th century |
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Imam |
- It is a prayer leader - a Muslim leader of the line of Ali held by Shiites to be the divinely appointed, sinless, infallible successors of Muhammad. |
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Immaculate Conception |
- 1854 - Claimsthat Mary was born without the taint of original sin. That is how Mary could bethe mother of God. The doctrine was created because people were wondering howshe could be the mother of Jesus when all humans are born sinners. |
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Interior Castle (book) |
- A mystical theology book that explains the seven steps of union with God |
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Irenaus |
- wasBishop of Lugdunum inGaul, and he wrote a theology against gnosticism that was becoming a threat to the church - He was important in the early development of Christianity |
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Isaac |
- He was the son of Sarah and Abraham - One of the patriarchs of Judaism - |
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Ishmael |
- He is the son of Hagar and Abraham - He will have supporters, Ishmaelites, that will head to Arabia. - Themgoing south and getting to Arabia would form the monotheism and this would leadto Mohammed would awaken and bring back the people to the right track. |
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Ishmaelites |
- The descendants of Ishmael |
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Ishmaili Shia |
- It is a branch of Shia - Shi’asect that traces Imamate through Ismail. Theyare also referred to as Seveners - Jafar named Musa the Imam after Ishmail died but his supporters felt that the first choice was the accurate one |
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Israel/Israelites |
- The promise land - Jacob's name becomes Israel after having a dream of him wrestling with God. His descendants are called Israelites. |
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Jacob |
- Jacob is the son of Isaac. - Patriach of Judaism |
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Jahiliyya |
- Time of the Ignorance - Thatis how that period is referred to. Every period before Mohammed is wrong and thatit is through his arrival that light will arrive to this region. |
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Jesus |
The son of God |
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Jewish Christianity |
- the original members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity. |
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Jewish War |
- 66-73 CE - It was a revolt against Roman rule of Judea - It was the result of a long series of clashes in which small groups of Jews offered sporadic resistance to the Romans, who in turn responded with severe countermeasures. |
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Jordan River |
- It is the site where the Israelites walked into the promise land - It is where Jesus was baptized |
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Judah |
- It was the south kingdom when the Monarchy was divided. It contained Jerusalem |
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Judah Halevi |
- 12th century - One of the greatest Jewish poets that was a pioneer in the rise of Jewish Philosophy - He found ways to defend Judaism when it was constantly under attack |
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Joshua |
- He lead the 12 tribes of Israelites |
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- Kabah |
- It is a sit of worship/pilgrimage - It will be cleansed of its idols in 630 CE and rerouted to the purpose of serving one single God |
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Kabbalah |
- Waswritten in the 13th century by Moses ben Shemtov of Leon but it wasclaimed that it was written in the 3rd century by Rabbi SimeonYochai to add credibility - Mysticism in the 13th Century |
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Khadijah |
- Wife of Mohamed that died in 619 CE - Was wealthy and married Mohammed at 40 in 595 CE |
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Kharijites |
- Ali was killed by them following the battle of Safin in 661 CE between him and Mu'awiyah |
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King James |
- It is the translation of the Bible into the English Church version 1604-1611 - English bible |
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Kristallnacht |
- It is the night of Broken Glass in Nov 9/10 1938 - Theassassination of a German official by a Jewish individual will result inGermans going on a rampage against Jewish properties - This triggers thestart of the Holocaust |
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Labarum |
- The sign that was saw in the dream by Constantine before his battle. The symbol/ letter are the beginning of Jesus' name in Greek |
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LXX |
- The Septuagint - § Itis the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. They claim that 72 peopletranslated them in separate rooms but they were transcribed in exactly the sameway making it clear that God must have intervened to a certain degree. |
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Luther |
- MartinLuther (1483-1546CE) - Will become bothered with Corruptionof Rome and he Exploitation of Northern European churches and their Indulgences -95Theses of Luther (1517 CE) - Luther’sRadical Ideas (15th century) -Solafide / Sola gratia § “byfaith alone” / “By grace alone” § Humanscan do nothing to effect salvation –The Catholic Church would excommunicate people to prevent them from grantingthem salvation - Solascriptura “Byscripture alone” Allpractice and belief must be found in scripture or it has no legitimacy ------JewishKaraites ------Christian Lutherans ------MuslimWahhabis
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Marcion |
- Hewas anti-Semite and he believed that there was no validity in the Hebrew bible. - He believed that Demiurges (evil) were behindthe creation, Judaism and the Hebrew Bibleo Heis the first to set a canon of writings. (Canon cannot be added or subtractedfrom). *He was the first to suggest a canon of writings for Christianity. - Herejected Gospel of Matthew from his canon - Wasselected of some of Paul’s letters – did not include the one that put Jewishpeople in a positive light. - |
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Marranos |
- A Jew who converted to the Christian faith to escape persecution but who continued to practice Judaism secretly. It was a term of abuse and also applies to any descendants of Marranos. |
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Martin Luther King Jr |
- An American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement |
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Masada |
- The siege of Masada was one of the final events in the First Jewish–Roman War, occurring from 73 to 74 CE on a large hilltop in current-day Israel. |
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Mecca |
- The capital of Arabia - The religious center of Islam |
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Messiah |
- Theprimary characteristic of the messiah is to lead to Jewish populous topolitical power and autonomy. - A messiah leads a persecuted group to freedomand autonomy |
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Midrash |
- An ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures, attached to the biblical text. The earliest Midrashim come from the 2nd century AD, although much of their content is older. |
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Mishnah |
- It is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions known as the "Oral Torah". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic literature. - By Judah the prince in 3AD |
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Mitzvah |
-Thecommandments will be given to instruct them on how to behave. It is called a mitzvah. |
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Mongols |
- People of Genghis Khan -Will lead them to the powerful Monghol Empire - Will convert the Mughal, Safavid, and Ottoman Empires - Will last from the 13th to 16th AD |
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Monophysites |
-Theyclaimed that Jesus had one nature. They argued that the human nature was allowed by the divine nature. |
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Monotheism |
- They wonder how they can worship the God ofIsrael without being there. Their solution will be monotheism. God is not justthe God of Israel, he’s the God of the world. This also results in seeing allother local Gods as irrelevant. |
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Mordecai Kaplan |
- 1881- 1983 - Co Founder of Restructionnist Judaism - It will start off with Conservative Judaism and then break off |
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Moses |
- Thesepeople have a religion but we can’t say that it’s Judaism. - Faminedrives the Israelites to Egypt. They will be under suspicion by the pharaoh.Later on, there is a mention of every first born son of every Egyptian familybeing killed but he is given away. It’s Moses who discovers that he’s Hebrew.He sees a bush that is on fire but then he realizes that it’s a holy even andtakes off his shoes. - Mosesleads them out and this leads them to Mt Sinai where they will receive theTorah which is the law. |
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Moses Mendelssohn |
- 18th Century - Reformed Judaism/ Modern Sectarianism - Hesees Jewish people leaving Judaism to adapt Christianity. Jews are allowed torise in German society. They are making friends, can’t eat their food, andtheir clothing makes them stand out. - Jewsare assimilating because it is easier. - Hesays that food, dress, etc. is not important He argues that dress and diet isnot what makes people Jewish. - Heargued for the rationalization of certain Jewish laws. |
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Moses Maimonides |
-12th Century - He is the main character during this century and is often referred to as Rambam, - Talks about Divine omnipotence vs free will ----- · Dohumans have the agency to surprise him if God is all knowing? Although, thereis also the belief that we have choices and that God has no knowledge. Theylooked for a balance. |
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- Mt Hira |
- God sends the angel Gabriel to send him inprophecy. This happens during the month of Ramadan which is why it becomesimportant for fasting. It happens on Mount Hira and he gets an invitation torecite |
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Mt Gerazim |
- In Samaritan tradition, Mount Gerizim is held to be the highest, oldest and most central mountain in the world - The mountain is sacred to the Samaritans who regard it, rather than Jerusalem's Temple Mount, as having been the location chosen by Yahweh for a holy temple. - it is additionally considered by them as the location of the near-sacrifice of Isaac |
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Mt Zion |
- The term Mount Zion has been used in the Hebrew Biblefirst for the City of David) and later for the Temple Mount, but its meaning has shifted it is now used as the name of ancient Jerusalem's so-called Western Hill. - In a wider sense, the term is also used for the entire Land of Israel. |
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Mu' ayiwah |
- Battles Ali in 630 CE and then defeats Ali's son Hasan to be Caliph - Mu’awiyah established in Damascus: 661 CE |
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Mughal Empire |
- MughalEmpire in India and east |
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Muhajirun |
- were the first converts to Islam and the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated with him from Mecca to Medina, the event known in Islam as The Hijra. |
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Muhammad |
- He is the messenger of God - He is born in 570 CE in Qurayshi and he gets married in 595 CE to Kadijah - · Godsends the angel Gabriel to send him in prophecy. This happens during the monthof Ramadan which is why it becomes important for fasting. It happens on MountHira and he gets an invitation to recite.o Qu’ran= recitationo Qu’ranis not his personal work but it is merely a written form of what he was told torecite. - Mission in Mecca tackle social norms - Invitation to Yathrib 622 CE - Hijra - Batthle of Uhud in 62F CE were they lose but the Meccans retreat - 630 CE Cleansing of the Kabah - Dies in 632 CE while praying in th Kabah |
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Muhammad Abduh |
- an Egyptian scholar and liberal reformer, regarded as one of the key founding figures of Islamic Modernism - 1849 -1905 |
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Muhammad Iqbal |
- A poet, philosopher, and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is called the "Spiritual father of Pakistan" |
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Mustafa Kemal |
- Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence. |
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- Myth |
- Itis a narrative that people come to believe. People gain something from themsomething that establishes their independent or communal identity whosehistoricity is irrelevant. It is storiesthat groups rally around because it tells them who they are and why they do thethings that they do. |
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Nation of Islam |
- is an African American political and religious movement, founded in Detroit, Michigan, United States, by Wallace D. Fard Muhammad on July 4, 1930. |
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Nebuchadnezzar |
- was a Chaldean king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, who reigned c. 605 BC – c. 562 BC. Both the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the destruction of Jerusalem's temple are ascribed to him. |
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Nestorius |
- Believed that Christ had 2 persons: human and divine - He was driven out of the Christian Empire with the rest of Gnostics |
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Nicea |
- 325 CE - Constantinewill bring all of the bishops together and have them come to a final decisionto which belief is correct. - Athanasiusand his camp will win. It is also here that the trinity will be established.God, Jesus, and Spirit are all 3 identical persons. |
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Nicene Creed |
- Separation of the Roman and Orthodox Church - Change in the scripture - Orthodox don't believe anything that the Catholics do after 1054 CE |
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95 These |
-1517 CE -Written by Martin Luther as a criticism of the Catholic Church - It was nailed to the church -o Solafide / Sola gratia § “byfaith alone” / “By grace alone” -----Humanscan do nothing to effect salvation –The Catholic Church would excommunicate people to prevent them from grantingthem salvation -Solascriptura § “Byscripture alone” ----- Allpractice and belief must be found in scripture or it has no legitimacy |
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Occultation |
- Hiding - There will be lesser and greater occultation with the Twelvers |
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Orthodox Judaism |
- 19th C - · Itis a fight to maintain their culture since that is their way of surviving andremaining distinct. |
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Orthodox Christianity |
- 1054 CE - Roman Church sees itself as more superior and excommunicates Constantinople after criticism - Creation of Orthodoxy |
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Ottoman Empire |
- In Turkey and Eastern Europe that will be converted to Islam |
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Passion |
- the short final period in the life of Jesus covering his entrance visit to Jerusalem and leading to his crucifixion on Mount Calvary, defining the climactic event central to Christian doctrine of Salvation History |
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Persians |
- ThePersians will conquer the Babylonians and they arrive all the way into Greece.King Cyrus of Persia will invite the exiled Babylonian Jews back intoJerusalem. He will help them build their temple. It is Completedin 515 BCE - o Persianculture will have a significant impact on Muslim culture |
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Pesach |
- Passover - is an important, biblically derived Jewish festival. The Jewish people celebrate Passover as a commemoration of their liberation by God from slavery in Egypt and their freedom as a nation under the leadership of Moses. |
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Pharisees |
- One of the Jewish sects created - §Theytended to rise to position of Sadducees. They had different ideologies than theSadducees. For ex: they believed in angels as an intermediate to God, or in theidea of resurrection. They also had additional rules, laws. They are much morein number. -Phariseesare the ones that built this new wave of Judaism. It would have been differentif the Sadducees were the ones that did it. There wouldn’t have been theTalmud. |
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Pope |
- The head of the Roman Catholic Church |
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Priest |
- an ordained minister of the Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican Church having the authority to perform certain rites and administer certain sacraments. |
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Prophet |
- a person who speaks for God or a deity, or by divine inspiration |
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Prophecy |
- One of the functions of the prophet. It has been defined as a "miracle of knowledge, a declaration or description or representation of something future, beyond the power of human sagacity to foresee, discern, or conjecture." |
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Protestants |
- A member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation |
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Qu'Ran |
- Recitation - Qu’ranis not his personal work but it is merely a written form of what Muhammad was told torecite. |
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Quraysh |
-Theyare the most powerful tribe and economic center in Mecca - Muhammad criticized the system |
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Rabbi |
- 1-6TH Century CE –Rabbinic Judaism - TheSecond Temple is built in the 1st century. There was a hierarchythat determined where people would be able to enter - RabbinicJudaism will form between 70-500 BCE |
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Reform Judaism |
-18th century - It's a form of Sectarian Judaism - As Jews people become more immersed in German society. They start to assimilate into their culture because it is easier. - Argumentation for the rationalization of certain laws |
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Roman Catholicism |
- It will me formed from the Nicea Creed - They will become increasingly more powerful and feel that they have the right doctrine |
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Rumi |
- An important figure in Sufi mysticism. He used poetry and literature to educate people about it and helped spread Persian culture in the 13th century |
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Saadia |
- 12th century - Popular figure in Jewish philosophy - Played an important role into the integration of Judeo-Greek philosophy |
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Sabbath |
- A day of religious observance and abstinence from work, kept by Jews from Friday evening to Saturday evening, and by most Christians on Sunday. |
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Sacking of Baghdad |
- From January 29 until February 10, 1258 - The investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops. |
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Sadduccees |
- Sadduccees will be one of the original Jewish sects. - They are the elite. Possess the ability to read and write. For that reason, they tended to rise into prominent positions. They had very different views than Pharisees |
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Safavid Empire |
- Iranian Empire that was converted by the Mongols in 13th C |
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Samaria |
- 515 BCE -After Cyrus of Persia gives the Jews the right to rebuild their temple, Ezra, a diaspora Jew, comes to bring order in Jewish society. - There is division between Jews and Samaritans so they build their own temple in Samaria |
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Samson Raphael Hirsh |
- 19th century - He was a vocal opponent of Modern Sectarianism and was one if the important figures that lead to the creation of Orthodox Judaism |
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Saul |
- He is a Pharisee from Tarsus and he is a diaspora Jew. - He becomes to be known as Paul the Apostle - 40-55 CE - He was culturally Greek but he practice Judaism. Paulwill cause for Christianity to become a gentile religion - Paulwill make this sect more appealing by removing the food restrictions(kashrut)and by cancelling circumcision |
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Second Temple |
- TheSecond Temple is built in the 1st century. There was a hierarchythat determined where people would be able to enter ------Ex:Highest priest – priests – men – etc - Was built in 515 BCE after Cyrus of Persia gave permission following the conquering of Judea that was Babylonian territory |
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Septguint |
- § Itis the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible. They claim that 72 peopletranslated them in separate rooms but they were transcribed in exactly the sameway making it clear that God must have intervened to a certain degree. - Aka LXX - This list is dumb af |
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Sephardic |
- a Sephardi Jew is a Jew descended from the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula in the late 15th century |
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Seveners |
- Imam Ismail - Those who support him are Seveners. He was selected by his father Jafar, but died. Jafar ended up appointing his son Mua after his death. The decision was controversial and those that saw Ismail as the legitimate Imam are Seveners |
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Sicarii |
- One the original Jewish Sects - a splinter group of the Jewish Zealots who, in the decades preceding Jerusalem's destruction in 70 CE, heavily opposed the Roman occupation of Judea and attempted to expel them and their sympathizers from the area. |
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Shabbatai Zvi |
- Inthe 17th century, Shabbatai Zvi will claim that he is the messiah in1666 CE. Hewill not be believed and that role was believed become many people haveproclaimed this before but there isstill suffering everywhere ---- Period of ghettos |
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Shah Wali Allah |
- 18th Century - He contended that the root cause of the downfall of the Indian Muslims was their ignorance of the sacred scripture of Islam. He initiated a movement with the theme 'Back to the Qur'an', and translated the Qur'an into Persian to facilitate its understanding among all the Muslims of India. It is believed to be the first complete translation of the Qur'an from the Arabic by an Indian Muslim scholar. |
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Shema |
- It is the first two words of a section of the Torah, and is the title of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services. |
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Shia't Ali |
- They believe that Muhammad appointed Ali as his successor and that he should of been the first caliph instead of Abu Bakr |
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Shoah |
- A burnt offering - Holocaust |
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Solo gratia |
- “byfaith alone” / “By grace alone” - Humanscan do nothing to effect salvation –The Catholic Church would excommunicate people to prevent them from grantingthem salvation |
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Solo fides |
- Justification by faith alone - God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith alone, excluding all "works" |
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Solo scriptura |
- “Byscripture alone” - Allpractice and belief must be found in scripture or it has no legitimacy |
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Solomon |
- 960BCE-921BCE - Second King that built the temple in 931 BCE - He is the second best King after David |
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Solomon Schechter |
- 19th century - Was the architect of American Conservative Judaism |
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Sufis |
- Believed Thatyou can leave this world and experience God through leaving your body andcoming back. - MythicalIslam - Will protest power, wealth, corruption of mainstream Islam -Protestof legalism -Sufisembraced asceticism, poverty |
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Simma Theologica (Book) |
- Written by Thomas Aquinas 1265 to 1274 CE - It was meant to teach students about theology - It was a compendium of all of the main theological teachings of the Catholic Church. It presents the reasoning for almost all points of Christian theology in the West. |
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Synagogue |
- A jewish house of prayer... Ugh |
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Talmud |
- An important element added to Rabbinic Judaism (1-6th CE) - The Talmud (Hebrew for “study”) is one of the central works of theJewish people. It is the record of rabbinic teachings that spans a period of about six hundred years, beginning in the first century C.E. and continuing through the sixth and seventh centuries C.E. - 2 components: Mishnah and Gemera |
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Tanakh |
- Tanakh is an acronym of the first Hebrew letter of each of the Masoretic Text's three traditional subdivisions: Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Five Books of Moses), Nevi'im ("Prophets") and Ketuvim ("Writings")—hence TaNaKh. |
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Tarsus |
- The city that the Apostle Paul came from |
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Taymiyah |
-- 13th century - Lived during the period of the Mongol Successions - Taymiyyah sought the return of Sunni Islam to what he viewed as earlier interpretations of the Qur'an and theSunnah |
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Ten Commandments |
- They are received on Mount Sinai by Moses. They are called the mitzvah. It is their code of conduct. |
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Tertulian |
- 1st Century - The father of latin theology |
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Theodor Herzl |
- 1860-1904 - One of the first people to propose the concept of Zionism - Therewas a mixed reception from the Jews but the Holocaust will change that |
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Theotokos |
- Bearer of God in Greek - Mary |
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Three Patriarchs |
Abraham Isaac and Jacob |
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Torah |
- A scroll containing the law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first five books of the Hebrew scriptures |
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Trent |
- o Councilof Trent – 1545-1563 - Will happen in response to Luther's critique - § Theyinvited Protestant leaders, but they weren’t allowed to vote.o Toolittle too late for reconciliation - Also only makes the situation worse |
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Trinitiy |
- The son, God, and holy spirit |
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Twelvers |
- Shi'as that stuck around until the end where the last Imam went into hiding |
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Umar |
- - He is the second caliph - 634 to 644 CE - § ExtendsIslam into the Middle East, so outside of the Arabian peninsula. These are allChristian land when this happens. - CapturesJerusalem in 637 CE -justtreatment of Jews and Christians |
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Umayyads |
- They are related to the Quraysh - UmayyadDynasty 661-750 CE – Suni Islam - Islamspread to (Mainly sunism) Spainin the West, Afghanistanand Pakistan in the east |
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United Monarchy |
- The United Monarchy is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah, during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. |
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Uthman |
- The 3rd Caliph - 644-56CE - elected by a committee established by Umar -Takes Islam into Asia Minor (Turkey) and NorthAfrica -Overseescreation of the Qur’an. It is the official proper stamped version of theQu’ran. He will destroy all the other version of the Qu’Ran. - Assassinatedin a coup by one of his own people |
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Ur |
- Ancient city in Mesopotamia |
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Vatican II |
- 1962-1965 - It addressed relations between the Catholic Church and the modern world. It was the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Catholic Church |
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Wahhabis |
- It is a religious movement or branch of Sunni Islam. It has been variously described as "ultraconservative"movement that seeks to return Islam to its pure ideals of worship |
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Warith Deen Muhammad |
- A progressive African American Muslim that disbanded the Nation of Islam of 1976 |
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- Wittenburg |
- Creator of printing press - 20th century |
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Yahweh |
- A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. |
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Yazid |
- He is Mu'awiyah's son. He will battle Husayn in 680 in the battle of Karbala. |
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Yathrib |
- Medina |
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Yiddish |
- Yiddishlanguage is invented. It is a demonstration of how present Jewish people werein central and Eastern Europe. |
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Zaydi Shia |
- Fivers - They follow him as the 5th Imam |
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Zealots |
- One of the original Jewish sects. - a member of an ancient Jewish sect aiming at a world Jewish theocracy and resisting the Romans until AD 70. |
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Zecharias Frankel |
- 19th century - Was the founder of a school of thought that was instrumental in the creation of a school of thought Whoops I forgot the rest |
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Zionism |
- 19th century - A belief that as long as Jewish people do not have independence, don’t have their own language,own territory than they are sitting ducks waiting for the next inquisition - The Holocaust caused Zionism to become significantly more popular |
