Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Doctrine |
Belief held and taught by the church |
|
|
Ecumenical Council |
Gathering of the church's bishops convened by the Pope to address pressing issues |
|
|
Arianism |
A heresy denying Jesus' full divinty |
|
|
Consubstantial |
Of the same essence, as Jesus is one with God |
|
|
Theotokos |
Title for the Virgin Mary meaning "God Bearer" |
|
|
Hypostatic Union |
The inseperable union of Jesus' human and divine natures in one divine person |
|
|
Abbot |
The superor and spiritual leader of a monastery |
|
|
Antipope |
A person claiming to be a pope in opposition to the Pope chosen in accordance with church law |
|
|
Christendom |
Worldwide community of Christians or the church's sphere of power and authority |
|
|
Doctor of the Church |
Title given to saints that were highly esteemed for their theological writings |
|
|
Father of the Church |
Teachers whose writings extended the tradition of the Apostles and are important for church teachings |
|
|
Feudalism |
System in which society was ordered around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service and protection |
|
|
Filioque |
Latin for "and from the Son", added to the Nicene Creed rather than from the Father and through the Son |
|
|
Hermit |
A person who lives a solitary life in order to commit themself more fully to prayer |
|
|
Iconoclasm |
The deliberate destruction of religious symbols |
|
|
Illuminated Manuscript |
A book in which the text is supplemented with artwork often in gold or silver |
|
|
Logos |
Greek word meaning "Word" |
|
|
Papal States |
An independent country ruled by the Pope until 1870 |
|
|
Patriarch |
Title given to male head of group or the spiritual father in th Eastern church |
|
|
Simony |
Buying or selling of something spiritual, such as a sacriment or grace |
|
|
Vulgate |
The version of the bible that was translated from Greek to Latin by Saint Jerome |
|
|
What was the first Ecumenical Council? |
The Council of Nicaea called by Constantine to respond to the threat of Arianism |
|
|
What happened at the Council of Nicaea? |
Began to spell out key teachings of Jesus' fully divine and human natures, developed Nicene Creed, Arianism did not end |
|
|
What happened at the Council of Constantinople? |
Affirmed teachings of Nicaea and Jesus' divinity, affirmed divinity of Holy Spirit in response to heresy arguing HS was creation of God that served the Father and Son, completed the Nicean Creed |
|
|
What happened at the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon? |
Challenged Nestorian heresy that argued Jesus was two distinct persons (one human one divine) and rejected the title Theotokos (believed she gave birth to Jesus the human being), developed the doctrine of the hypostatic union |
|
|
What at the Council of Chalcedon led to disputes between East and West? |
Stated that Bishop of Rome (Pope) was highest authority in the church, placing patriarch of Constantinople second |
|
|
What was the origin of Monaticism? |
Saint Anthony of Egypt withdrew himself from society to live as a hermit practicing meditation and prayer. Other men joined, groups spread throught Egypt and Asia Minor. Pachomius recognized need for uniformity, organized monataries with common rules and a superior |
|
|
Who started monasteries for women? |
St. Brigid |
|
|
Who was the head of Monte Cassino monestary? |
St. Benedict |
|
|
3 ways Western monasticism unfluenced the Church and society |
Evangelization of much of Europe, developed art, architecture and music, monasteries became centres of learning and provided education to many |
|
|
How did Islam spread in the 7th-3th century? |
Mohammed preached in Mecca and converted many people, forced to flee Mecca to Medina, Mohammed established an army that invaded many Christian areas, had strong military, taxed Christians and divided jobs |
|
|
What were the consequences of the rise of Islam? |
Regions were under full Muslim control, ancient patriarchs fell, feudalism developed, church was constantly under threat, gained new enemy (Muslims) |
|
|
What were the effects of the appointment of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emporer? |
Created tension between Rome and Byzantium because it signaled a break between empires, he put emphasis on military, beginning of Enlightenment Period |
|
|
What were the effects Cluniac Reforms on Monasticism? |
Abbots and bishops had to answer to local secular powers, made their commitment to God more difficult, a duke began a Benedictine monastery in Cluny, France that was independant from secular rule, ruled by monks not the government |
|
|
What was the investiture crisis? |
Pope Gregory VII campaigned against lay investure, a practice by which a high ranking person could appoibt bishops or abbots and "invest" in them with power requiring their loyalty |
|
|
When did the Eastern Schism take place? |
1054 |
|
|
What were the 4 reasons for the split? |
Authority, relationship between church and state, iconoclast controversy, inclusion of the world filioque |
|
|
1. Authority |
East and West accepted Pope as the successor of Peter, but the East felt his authority was taken too far when he was declared authority over the whole church |
|
|
2. Relationship between church and state |
East accepted emporer's dominance and viewed him as the vicar of Christ being able to call councils, name patriarchs, etc. West though the Pope should have primacy over the church and society |
|
|
3. Iconoclast controversy |
East banned the veneration of sacred images and called it idolatry. West defended icons as being an important part of Christian piety |
|
|
4. Inclusion of the word filioque |
East believed it was a heresy and should be removed from Nicene Creed, believed holy spirit comes from the father through the son. West believed holy spirit descends from the father and son together |
|
|
How did the final break happen? |
Pope Leo XI sent people to meet Patriarch Cerularius to repair relationship, patriarch publicly declared they would not be in union because of differences |
|
|
What did the East do after the split? |
Closed Latin churches, excommunicated priests from these churches, removed filioque from creed |
|
|
What did the West do after the split? |
Pope demanded patriarch submit to papacy (he refused), representatives of the Pope excommunicated patriarch without the authority to, patriarch excommunicated the Pope declaring himself in sole charge of Byzantine Church |
|
|
What started the Crusades? |
Byzantine emporer sent a plee to Rome to help fight against the invasion of Turkish Muslims, Jerusalem was attacked, mosques were built instead, Christians were banned from Jerusalem |
|
|
The first Crusade |
Pope Urban II turned to France for soldiers to lead an expedition against the Turks, massactred many Jews and Muslims and engaged in immoral behaviour, Jerusalem was under Christian control again |
|
|
The second Crusade |
Launched after Muslims reattacked regained Christian territories, was disatrous, lost Jerusalem again |
|
|
The third Crusade |
Launched by the kings of Germany, England and France, did not regain Jerusalem but secured the right for Christians to visit |
|
|
The fourth Crusade |
Launched to address Muslim influence in theHoly Land and to take back Jerusalem, needed financial support so broke into Constantinople to help the emporer regain his throne and to get money to send ships to Jerusalem, attacked city and citizens, left it in ruins |
|
|
What ended Christian influence in the Holy Land? |
The loss of Acre (modern day Israel) |
|
|
What were some benefits of the Crusades? |
Advances in astronomy, navigation, mathematics and science, brought back lost work of Greek philosophers from Muslim lands that later influenced scholastic theologians, ushered in the Renaissance period |
