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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Main points: John Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity."
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1. Status quo is divinely ordered and not going to change in New World.
2. Mass Bay colony to be a model for the world RE how to glorify God. 3. Covenant with God. 4. Civil government designed to protect the ecclesiastical. |
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Main points: Trial of Anne Hutchinson
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1. Watershed event of Antinomian Crisis.
2. Hutchinson's Biblical interpretations debunking the Fall, and claiming that elect could sin freely without endangering salvation posed a threat to moral law of Puritan society. |
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William Tennent
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Presbyterian minister who was a big proponent of the First Great Awakening. Wrote "The Danger of an Un-Converted Ministry" characterizing Old Light ministers as possibly not even Christian.
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Jonathan Edwards
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Calvinist minister active in revivals. Anti-arminian. Used reason/other Enlightenment resources more than other preachers. Usually emphasized God's grace AND man's depravity. Importance of doctrinal knowledge and intellect. Grafted puritan theology onto evangelical piety.
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George Whitefield
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From UK, itinerant evangelist who rode the circuit preaching an orthodox Calvinist message. Encouraged people to recognize depravity and prepare for rebirth. Unique preaching style, inspired laity and clergy alike to become itinerants.
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Effects of the First Great Awakening
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1. Churches, towns and families divided into Old Lights and New Lights.
2. Preachers forced to change their style to keep congregants. 3. End of Congregationalist dominance in New England. 4. Anti-Calvinist idea of *achieving* grace, etc., 5. Freed up congregants to browse the religious marketplace. 6. Decrease in zeal for doctrine. 7. First "national event." 2. Provided a chance to escape class and gender roles. 3. Sporadic revivals forced preachers to change their style. 4. Criticism that New Lights are going off emotion, not Bible, and are hence susceptible to Devil. |
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Connecting Revival with Revolution
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1. Questioning religious beliefs --> questioning political beliefs.
2. Emphasis on self-determination. 3. Pro-revolution clergy were powerful forces for revolt. Colonial state connected with decline in civic virtue. 4. Religion grows post-Revolution because with all this freedom, religion was desired to provide morality. |
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Why Baptists Won in the Second Great Awakening
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1. No bureaucratic/hierarchical structure. Autonomous churches.
2. Reached out to those on fringe. 3. Little emphasis on formal learning for clergy. 4. Disestablishment --> religious free market. |
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Founders on Religion
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1. Served to promote public morality.
2. Wanted to keep it from becoming too divisive by upholding the church and state division, as well as the right of ANY religion to be in the public arena. 3. Religion a matter of private choice, separate from state. 4. You can only be free by being virtuous. 5. Jefferson interested in ethical teachings of Christianity. |
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Deism
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1. Belief in Rational, benevolent creator.
2. Belief in immortality: punishments/rewards in afterlife based on whether one lived virtuously. 3. Chief goal of living virtuously. |
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Characteristics of Second Great Awakening
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1. Importance of evangelism, contrasted with the "passive" First Great Awakening.
2. Idea that the individual has a "choice" or some agency. 3. Shift from Calvinism to "practical arminianism" --> emphasis on sin as a human ACTION, not a condition, and on society's innate goodness. 4. Conversion emphasized not as a moment but a process, the result of which is expressing concern for salvation of others. |
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James McGready
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Second Great Awakening revivalist, renowned for making large crowds "feel" the weight of their sins. Camp meetings.
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Cane Ridge, KY
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Most intense camp meeting. Sezures, barking, weeping. First and most famous camp meeting.
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Timothy Dwight
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Grandson of Jonathan Edwards, Yale President. Wanted to "save" his students. Sparked revivals in NE churches.
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Francis Asbury
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Paradigmatic circuit rider. Drawing on model of John Wesley, exhorting a tender, loving and mystical relationship with Christ.
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Charles Grandison Finney
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1. Led 2nd Great Awakening in New England after Timothy Dwight.
2. Emphasized importance of human agency to accept God's grace. 3. Carefully planned revivals around work schedules and included the "anxious bench" for those who wanted spotlight. 4. Down to earth, used rational persuasion instead of emotionalism. 5. Concerned about slavery but not full abolitionist yet. |
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Populism of Second Great Awakening
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*Populist, democratic ideals of Protestantism to reach other denominations*
1. Clergy no more special than anyone else. 2. Virtue becomes related to everyday. 3. Jeffersonian wariness of abuse of authority. 4. Lay involvement, human agency. 5. Openness to signs and wonders. 6. Beginning of important role for religious outsiders. |
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Unitarianism
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Founded by William Ellery Channing. Rejects "polytheistic" trinity and doctrine of depraved humanity. Critique of emotionalism, Jesus as model and not savior, God as parent, no trinity, and Bible as written for mankind.
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Transcendentalism
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Grew out of Unitarianism when Emerson, a Unitarian minister, went on a philosophical journey that would become transcendentalism. Emphasized intuition, spontaneity, subjectivity and inspiration. God's presence as imminent in the world.
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The Shakers
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Led by Mother Ann Lee, the divine essence incarnate. Taught the end was near, so procreation was banned. Very emotional worship style, hence "Shaking," etc.,
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The Oneida Community
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Founded by John Humphrey Noyes in NE, NY. Taught that spiritual revolution was at hand, and that the sexual revolution was part of that. Complex marriages --> who should marry whom, proto-eugenics. Silverware!
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Millennialism
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Concerned with Revelations. Good standard of living made people wonder if end was not at hand.
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William Miller
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"Millerism." A Millennarian movement which predicted the coming of the New Jerusalem on 3/21, 1844. Was wrong and induced a "great disappointment."
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Seventh-Day Adventism
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Led by Ellen G. White, who was able to draw in a lot of Millerites. Imminent Second Coming, but no set date. Observed 7th Day, the Jewish Sabbath. Stringent dietary requirements --> Kellogg's cereal.
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Restorationism
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Looked not to future but to past for revival of Apostolic Age. Alexander Campbell and Barton Stone (lamenting divisions in Christianity; Stone from Cane Ridge) wanted to look back and create a pure, scriptural church sans schisms. Instead of healing divisions, fostered some.
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Mormonism
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*Only tradition founded in America*
1. Joseph Smith's revelation--> Book of Mormon. Seen as a fulfillment of Bible, the "sealed book" from Isaiah. 2. Moved from NY to OH and MO. Persecution. Smith and brother eventually killed -->Brigham Young replaces him as president of hierarchical church. 3. Move to Utah. Statehood in return for dissolution of polygamy and Mormon political party. 4. Appealed by providing close kinship networks when these were often destroyed by cross-country trek. Welcome antidote to individualistic and changing world. |
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Anti-Slavery Christians
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William Ellery Channing said slavery intrinsically wrong, church is a brotherhood of human race.
Frederick Douglass attacked church for its support of slavery. Daniel Payne: Slavery enslaves not just the Black man but all man. Peter Cartwright: decried the 'insidious practice' of Methodist ministers coming to practice slavery and justify it. |
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Pro-Slavery Christians
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Samuel Howe: NJ Dutch Reform minister who claimed the Bible taught respect for property rights.
Charleston's Catholic Bishop tried to justify it by natural law. Baptist spokesman Richard Furman also justified through Bible. *Churches DUAL ROLE in slavery* |
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Schisms RE Slavery
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Methodists in 1844 split after slavery is unilaterally declared a sin --> Northern and Southern branches created in 1845.
1845, Northern/Southern Baptists split over missionary appointment issues. Presbyterians split in 1851. Emancipation didn't bring reconciliation. |
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19th Century American Spiritualism
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The Fox sisters of NY observed communicating with spirit.
Trend spreads: women become renowned as mediums and they get a chance to speak out on issues like women's rights and slavery... Caught on because it provided a way to get around problem of death, prove that there is an afterlife. 7 spheres of heaven, Victorian paradise called the Summerland. The girls later confessed, though one retracted her confession. William Mumler, spirit photographer. |
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American Slave Religion
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-Difficult to preserve old religions in exile. Creative syncretism.
-Masters' churches focusing on obedience theology, which slaves saw as a mockery. -Developed spirituals, Black rhetorical preaching style and underground worship meetings as points of organization. -God of the Israelites concept. -AME Church, first independent denomination. Schools, training centers, community centers...Pan-African and Pan-Evangelical. -Complexity, hybridization and creativity. Self-made religious world. |
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Dwight Moody
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Uneducated, unordained minister who preached an unadorned gospel message with simple music. No theatrics or emotionalism. Urban, educational focus. Established Moody Bible Institute. Said societal problems were due to individual intemperance, not capitalism.
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Charles Sheldon
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Used print to spread his message. "In His Steps" a WWJD novel. Aware of difficulty of poor people struggling for basic needs to embrace religion.
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Walter Rauschenbusch
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Critiqued revivalism for not advocating for change of social structure. Proponent of social gospel, which then became normative for Protestantism. Saw it as a "new moment" for Christianity.
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Social Gospel
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Came about when problems of industrialization didn't go away on their own. Rauschenbush. Ended after WW1 because people had other problems and saw it as naive.
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Bruce Barton
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Recast Jesus as a savvy and ambitious businessman who knew how to create a demand for his message. Gospel of Wealth
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Russell Conwell
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Pioneered the Gospel of Wealth with "Acres of Diamonds." Argued resources are there in one's own community. Wealth equated with honesty and vice versa, hence it's desirable.
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Norman Vincent Peale
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Power of Positive Thinking, based on "I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me." You can win, focus on individual prosperity and success. Simplicity its downfall and strength.
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Christian Science
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Abused and otherwise bad-lifed Mary Baker Eddy created. Based on teachings of NE folk healer who said all reality is within God's mind, hence suffering illusory.
Eddy said a modern and human understanding of Jesus paints him as someone who understands bad things come from dark recesses of human mind. Wrote "Science and Health." Worship led by readers who read/interpret passages from book. Converts preserve health by viewing problems as illusions and avoiding drugs/alcohol, etc., Part of positive-thinking movement. |
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Catholicisms
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Irish: legalistic. Dominate the church structure.
German and Polish: preserve church as part of culture. Italians and Hispanics: More anticlerical, intense form of devotionalism. Catholic church as community center. |
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Testem Benevolentiae
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Pope Leo. A letter to Cardinal Givens decrying "heresy of Americanism," 1) American Particularism 2) view of individual liberty. Basically against Protestantization.
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Towards Catholic Acceptance...
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-Service in World Wars
-Protestantism becomes progressive. -Catholic social justice -It becomes important just to have A RELIGION (Herberg). -JFK Election -Vatican II: meanstreaming of tradition. |
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Early American Judaism
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Sephardic. Resistance to hierarchy/aurthority. Broader American themes of revivalism, antiauthoritarianism.
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Unifying Signs in American Judaism
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Torah scrolls, 10 commandments, Star of David, first line of Shema "The Lord Our God, the Lord is One."
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Reform Judaism
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Isaac Mayer Wise in Cincinnati. Pittsburgh Platform: accepts science, accepts other traditions but recognizes Judaism as highest conception. Attempt for Jewish unity under reform banner. Though challenged at time, Reform now majority.
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Orthodox Judaism
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More traditional, Eastern European Yiddish-speaking Jews come to America. Established Jews view this as disestablishment of all they'd worked for... overtaken by immigrants. These immigrants defined themselves as Orthodox, in contrast to Reform.
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Conservative Judaism
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Solomon Schechter: taught that you can't abandon Torah or Mosaic laws, but that they don't need to be literal. Fine line between conserving past and moving forward.
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Isaac Leeser
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Advocate for Jewish education, press hospitals, etc., Tried to unify American Judaism.
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Post WWII Judaism
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More Jewish education, suburbanization, backlash against secular Judaism, return to discarded practices like dietary laws, feminism, Protestantization.
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Early Immigrant Islam
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-Came via slave trade and via Middle Eastern Immigration.
-Significant Muslim communities in Plains States. Emphasis on Mosque-building, parallel institutions to churches and synagogues etc., -Early immigrants held idea that their time in US was temporary. |
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Noble Drew Ali
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-Moorish Science Temple. Encouraged Black Americans to rediscover "Asiatic Past."
-Inspired by Islamic ideals. Had his own doctored version of Qur'an. |
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WD Fard
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-Itinerant evangelist with connections to Noble Drew Ali.
-Mission was to resurrect Tribe of Shabazz. Had a profound effect on Elijah Poole --> Elijah Muhammad. |
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Elijah Muhammad
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-Elijah Muhammad taught Islam-inspired beliefs inherited from Fard.
-Son of GA preacher. Drew on Fard, Qur'an, Bible. -Unorthodox in claiming that Allah appeared in man form. |
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Themes in American islam
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-African Americans search for separate historical identity; immigrant Muslims want American identity.
-Indigenous Muslims focused on social issues; immigrants focused on political issues. -Protestanization: youth groups, bake sales, etc., |
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3 Jewels of Buddhism
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1) Buddha
2) Dharma 3) Sangha |
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Theravada Buddhism
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"Way of the elders." Emphasis on monasticism. Dominant in SE Asia and in immigrant communities. Pejoratively called "hinayana," or lesser vehicle.
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Mahayana Buddhism
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-"Great Vehicle," dominant in Easty Asia.
-Opens enlightenment to laypeople outside of monastic orders. |
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History of Buddhism in America
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-Late 19th Century Buddha story translated to English. World Parliament. Becomes vogue in higher cultural circles.
-Chinese 49ers in Gold Rush bring it with them. |
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Barriers to Birthright Buddhism
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-Chinese Exclusion Act
-Internment -Quotas -Nativist actions against Asian Americans. -Doesn't thrive till after 1965 when quotas are struck down. |
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Soka Gakkai
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-Independent American branch. Humanist form of Japanese Nichiren Buddhism.
-Distinct chanting practices. Chanting in front of scroll on altar brings concrete affects. Most ethnically diverse US movement. -Commitment to World Peace/activism. |
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Tibetan Buddhism
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Caught on in 1990s because of 1) Charismatic teachers like Dalai Lama 2) Efforts of Pro-Tibet groups 3) Promoted by exiled Tibetans in US.
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Chogyam Trungpa
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-"Crazy wisdom."
-Moved to Boulder, CO to found Naropa Institute. Upset Western stereotypes about Buddhism by drinking and having affairs. |
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Thomas Rich/Osel Tenzin
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Appointed by Trungpa to lead the movement. Bad because he had AIDS, knew and didn't tell the students he slept with...
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Sakyong Mipham Trungpa
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Trungpa's son, revived tradition.
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Democratization in American Buddhism
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-Laicization
-Anticlericalism -Feminization -Social Activism -Commercialization |
