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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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19-day feast
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Bahai, community gathering each bahai month ,, 3 parts
1) devotions 2) community buisness 3) fellowship |
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fasting
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Bahai is 19 days a year , sunrise to sunset
Muslim = Sawm, , during month of Ramadan |
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Daily obligatory prayer
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daily reading of sacred writings
(Kitab I Aqdas- most holy book) Prayers are short medium or long, , recited while facing bahai shrine in Israel, medium or long prayers require accompanying gestures/prostrations, all three involve preparatory abulations. |
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Universal House of Justice
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Governing body of Bahai
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Baha’i leadership
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(no clergy, 9-member elected bodies) no clergy, administrative bodies at local, national nad international levels, , local spiritual assembly, national spiritual assembly and universal house of justice,, all made up of 9 members, , elected through secret ballot, , no campaigning, , members have no authority on their own, , only as part of the group
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Independent investigation of truth
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Bahai , , find truth on your own and not because someone told you, when two people independently find truth on their own it strengthens humanity
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Baha’i understanding of Heaven/Hell
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heaven and hell are metaphors for closeness to and separation from god
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Progressive Revelation
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Bahai, , , one religion that god has revealed over the course of history by a series of divine messengers, , the essence of all religions is the same, but the form and social laws of each one were determined by the time and place in which it was revealed,, Bahaullah is the prophet for this age, but revelation is never ending ,, independent investigation of the truth,, harmony between religion and science,, an international language, , universal education ,, elimination of all forms of prejudice, , equality of women and men , , the abolition of extremes of wealth and poverty, , universal peace
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The Three Onenesses
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Bahai, , , oneness of God, humanity and religion
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Abdu’l-Baha
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Bahai, , , sons of bahullah , considered to be the perfect example of a believer
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Baha‘u’llah
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“glory of God” founder of bahai
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The Bridge to Total
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Scientology , , ,how to become higher in the religion
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Training
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scientology , , ,intensive study of scientology texts and principles, , a series of courses at different levels, , increased awareness leads to spiritual progress,
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Engrams
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scientology , , , a memory trace of pain, when it is stimulated it creates power
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Auditing
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purpose is to identify and release engrams, , e meter used to identify problem areas,
goal is to become clear |
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Thetans
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a persons soul
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Dianetics
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scientology is based on it “a science of the mind”
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Scientology
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refers to a system of beliefs and practices created by l ron hubbard, , humans are immortal spiritual beings with unlimited capabilities (theatans have forgotten their spiritual nature) Physical and mental problems have spiritual solutions, , humanity is basically good (experiences cause man to commit evil deeds) ,, supreme being or infinity not specifically defined, , scientology is non exclusive and people can practice it while in other religious groups, , it does not take stances on most political or social issues, , opposed to psychiatry and psychiatric drugs,, the celebrity connection
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- Magic/spells in Wicca
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can be seen as a form of prayer
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Calling the four quarters
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four sabbats
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Casting the Circle
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during a sabbat first step is to cast the circle, air fire water earth
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Beltane
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one of the four big sabbats, uses a bonfire
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Sabbats
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8 annual celebrations correspond to the seasons and the cycles of nature
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Esbats
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monthly full moon ritual
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Rituals
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is central in the wiccan religion,, varies widely between communities
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Wiccan Priest/Priestess
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initiation process, power with not power over, decisions are made as a group
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Coven
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a wiccan community, vary in terms of size/ gender makeup, , meet in homes or outdoors, ,closed community; one must be invited to join, , perfect love and perfect trust, , priest/priestess
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Perfect Love and Perfect Trust
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(the ideal of coven as a safe space)
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Law of Three
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whatever energy a person puts out into the world, be it positive or negative, will be returned to that person three times
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Wiccan Rede
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“an it harm none do what ye will” , , law of three
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Goddess and the God
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goddess is known in many forms, female deities from ancient pagan traditions,
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Pantheism
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polytheism
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Burning Times
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European witch hunts
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Neo-Pagan
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no one origin story, certain traditions/stories are a source of personal and community identity, ancient paganism and goddess traditions, , the “Burning times”, , follow individual conscience, , positive view of sexuality
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Wicca
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part of the larger neo-pagan movement, began in Britain in the 1960s , 150k – 200k wiccans in the US, terminology = wiccan or witch, , NOT related to Satanism, a very decentralized tradition
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Buddhism in America (convert Buddhism, influence of Buddhist ideas)
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less than ½% of US population, , Immigrant Buddhism from many countries, WW2 Internment of Japanese Americans, buddhism viewed with suspicion, influences development of American Buddhism, , CONVERT BUDDHISM , emphasis on mindfulness and social justice, soka gakkai international,, , INFLUENCE of Buddhist ideas in American culture, meditation classes and centers ,, Buddhism and pop culture.
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Dalai Lama
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the rebirth of a teacher in order to teach others
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Lama
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Tibetan spiritual teacher, Dalai Lama – “ocean of wisdom”
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Tibetan Buddhism
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the largest form, combination of Vajrayana and Tibetan religion, , Lama, , spread to other parts of the world due in part to the exile of leaders
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Vajrayana Buddhism
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“diamond vechicle”/ “lightning bolt vehicle”, some consider it to be part of the Mahayana tradition, , , esoteric teachings/ practices, , importance of mantras,
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Amitabha
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a buddah who has completed infinite good deeds
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Jodo Shinshu
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Pure Land Buddhism Mahayana school of thought, devotion to Amitabha Buddha, in hopes of reaching the pure land, , - repetition of Amitabha’s name, , appeals to many lay buddhists
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Alokiteshvara
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“bodhisattva of compassion”
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Bodhisattvas
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enlightenment beings
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Karuna
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B , , , “compassion” , the Mahayana goal: not only to reach nirvana, but to help others do so well
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Mahayana Buddhism
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“the great vehicle” , emphasis on Buddhist practice, , Karuna, , encompasses many different traditions beliefs and practices, , universal buddhahood – all beings will eventually achieve nirvana, , Bodhisattvas “enlightenment beings”- Mahayana is theistic:many buddhas/boddhisattvas
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Arhat
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you reach nirvana and are not born into another life
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Theravada Buddhism
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“the way of the elders” , , one of the three branches of Buddhism, , the Buddha as the ideal human – Theravada Buddhism is non-theistic, , Life goal: to become an arhat – emphasis on personal spiritual responsibility, , Importance of the Sangha – community support through donations, , controversy over gender, , TRIPITAKA – Pali canon of scriptures
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Three Jewels/Refuges
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common to all three buddhist branches but have different meanings in each, , also called the three refuges– popular mantra in Buddhist schools/temple. Buddha the figure of the buddha Dhamma Buddhist teachings, Sangha the community of Buddhist monks/nuns, , , , ,
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Ahimsa
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Buddhism, , complete non-violence
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Anatman
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Buddhism, , , part of impermanence, no permanent self
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Impermanence
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budhhism, , ,life means constant change
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Nirvana
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budhhism, , release from suffering and rebirth
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The Noble Eightfold Path
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budhhism, , the path to awakening
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The Four Noble Truths
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budhissm
1) To live is to suffer, , realism and understanding, , 2) suffering comes from Desire, , desire is insatiable, which means discontent 3) to end suffering, end desire, , peaceful acceptance of whatever comes,, 4) release from suffering is possible, , the ultimate goal is to attain nirvana, follow the noble eightfold path |
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The Middle Way
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budhism , , the practice of non-extremism
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Siddhartha Gautama
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The Buddha born in Nepal 563 bce, disturbed by suffering, ascetic
wanderer, the middle way, withstands temptations, , achieves enlightenment, , new name = the Buddha “awakened one”, , preaches “fire sermon” to five ascetics , , travels and preaches for 40years, forms sangha |
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Pancha Ganapati
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hinduism , , Celebrated dec 21-25 – helps American Hindus overcome the “December Dilemma” , , Dedicated to Ganesha, Remover of obstacles
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Hinduism in America (be aware of the central ways that Hinduism has adapted in the American context)
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Temple: becomes community center, can house more than one deity, combining traditions, , vital role in preserving language and culture, , , Worship and Practice: Sunday puja at temple, , new festival of Pancha Ganapti
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Hindus in America (main groups
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only in small numbers before 1965 immigration laws, 1-2 million hindus in America today, , two main groups , ,
1) immigrants from India and other countries (and their descendants) 2) American converts , , self realization fellowhip, , international society for Krishna Conscousness (ISKCON) |
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Kali
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H , , ,godess of time and change
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Sarasvati
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H, , As a river/water goddess, Saraswati symbolizes fertility and prosperity
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Lakshmi
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H, , goddess of wealth and fortune
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Devi
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H, , the divine feminine ,, lakshmi, sarasvati, kali, many others
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Vishnu
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The preserver, , avatars; rama and krishna
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Ganesha
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shiva , remover of obstacles
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Lingam/Yoni
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, stone thing that people put flowers on to worship shiva
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Ruler of the Dance
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shiva
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Shiva
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the creator and destroyer,, ruler of the dance, , Lingam/yoni, , ganesha
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Central Deities
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all are manifestations of the one sacred reality,, shiva = the creator and destroyer,, Vishnu – the preserver, , Devi – the divine Feminine.
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Darshan
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H, , , visual connections with the deity
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Puja
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H, , devotional rituals , 3 components ,
1) Darshan – visual connection with the deity,, 2) worship = offerings of food and/or flowers 3) retrieving and consuming the blessed food |
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Paths to liberation: Dharma, Jnana, Bhakti
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H,, , paths to moksha,, , dharma = duty work or action, , jnana = knowledge, , bhakti = devotion
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Moksha
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H , , “freedom” or “liveration” , the ultimate goal is to escape from the cycle of rebirth (samsara), , many paths to liberation; find the one that suits you best, ,
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Samsara
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H , , “rebirth” , the eternal cycle of rebirth ,, one’s new form is a result of one’s actions in their previous life
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Karma
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H, , “to do” or “action”, the moral law of cause and effect, stretches over the course of many lifetimes, ,
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Maya
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H , ,“illusion” a lack of understanding about the true nature of things, central human problem,, nothing is permanent , everything is connected
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Atman
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H , , self or soul, , the divine reality at the deepest level of self, , wisdom comes in knowing that Brahman and atman are one
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Brahman
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H , , “to be great” the sacred reality at the heart of all things,, pervades everyone and everything in the universe ,, can be known through personal experience,
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Muslims in America post-9/11 (be aware of the major effects of 9/11 on American Muslims
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backlash against Islam and muslims after 9/1,, violations of civil liberties, , radical
profiling in airports and other public spacs, government surveillance of mosques, , opportunity for increased education and understanding, , new emphasis on Islamic identity – outward symbols such as hijab and beard |
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Jihad (greater, lesser, different Muslim viewpoints about it)
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literally means struggle,, greater jihad = conquer self for god, , lesser jihad = defend islam against enemies,, fundamentalists “holy war” against those who attack Islam, , most muslims oppose it as contrary to Islam (quran and just war, Muhammad pardoned enemies,, lesser jihad as defensive measure, fighting oppression)
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Dar al Islam
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areas where muslims can practice religion freely
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Islamic Society of North America
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largest muslim group
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Islam in America (be aware of the central ways that Islam has adapted in the American context)
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Mosque becomes a full service community center, Imam becomes professional clergy,, No pork or alcohol ,, no interest so no bank accounts or credit cards,,
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- Muslims in America (early presence, major groups)
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early presence among African slaves, 20th century growth after 1965 immigration laws,, Two major groups
1) immigrants from all over muslim world, 2) converst, mostly African Americans (nation of islam) (sunni muslims),, somewhere between 2 and 7 million today, , fastest growing religion in America |
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Mihrab
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special dent in room to show where kabba in mecca is
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Minaret
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tower at mosque
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Mosque/Masjid
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muslim house of prayer,, prayer service on Fridays led by Imam,, distinct architectural elements: minaret, mihrab,, men and women often pray seperately
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- Shi’a
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muhammads descendents should lead the community,, predominant in iran and a large minority in Iraq,
** same central beliefs and practices, with some variations in practice |
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Sunni
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the community should decide who will be the best leader,, majority of the muslim world
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Hijab
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Arabic word meaning to veil or to cover, term referst to headscarf worn by women, , debate over the quranic verse = does it refer just to the prophets wives or to all women, , some non-muslims associate it with womens oppression but many women choose to wear it, , headscarf was banned in france and turkey
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Umma
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I, , community of believers
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Kabah
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holy building in mecca
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Hajj
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final of five pillars = pilgrimage,, pilgrimage to mecca once in a lifetime,, involves specific dress and specific rituals,, central ritual = walking around the kabah 7 times, , commemorates events in abraham’s life, , time of spiritual renewal and unity of the Umma
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Ramadan
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I , , month where fasting is practiced
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Sawm
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fourth of five pillars = fasting, , abstaining from food, drink and sex from dusk to dawn during the month of Ramadan, , , special focus on following the teachings of Islam
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Zakat
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third of five pilliars , = alms-giving, , a percentage of one’s income is given to the poor; required of those who can afford it
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Muezzin
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calls believers to prayer
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Salat
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second of the five pilliars = ritual prayer,, prayer five times a day at specific fixed times,, muslims must pray facing the kabah in mecca, , involves particular verses and motions, , ablutions are necessary before prayer, , the muezzin calls believers to prayer
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- Shahada
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first of five pillars, = profession of faith ,, “there is no god but God, and Muhammad is the messenger of God,, the Islamic creed that’s recited daily by Muslims,, public recitation= conversion to Islam
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Shirk
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the sin of associating things with allah
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Qur’an
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culmination of books of allah, holy book of islam,, the word of god NOT the writings of Muhammad,, passages revealed in the context of events in the life of prophet Muhammad, , , Central themes include: monotheism and shirk, judgement day, social ethics/justice, people of the book (reinterpretation of jewish/chritian stories/figures
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“Seal of the Prophets”
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muhammad is the last prophet
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Hadith
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following muhammads example
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Muhammad
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lived in Saudi Arabia, a prophet but not divine, muslims seek to follow his example at all times (hadith), began to seek revelations in 610ce, wife khadijah was the first believer
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Day of Judgment
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gods final judgement on humanity
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Allah
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is one,(monotheism) , god of Abraham, same as jewish and Christian god
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