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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Walter Rauschenbusch
(Social Gospel) |
Theology of Social Gospel, Christianity and Social Crisis; Realizing Kind=gdom of heaven on earth, sin is selfishness (profit motive); Redeem social structures; Social salvation- beyond conversion; Bible is Social Gospel (OT prophets & Jesus)
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Apolstolic Fathers
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leaders claimed to be students of Jesus’ disciples/apostles; Some of the writings were considered Scripture temporarily; I Clement, Epistle of Barnabas, Shepherd of Hermas, Martyrdom of Polycarp, Letters of Ignatius, and the Didache.
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Ignatious of Antioch
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7 Epsitles; Attacked docetism;
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Monarchical Episcopate
(Ignatius) |
Growing role of the Bishop; Move away from collegial leadership; Centralized leadership to fight heresy; Where Bishop is, there is the Church- mystical presence
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Eucharist (Ignatius)
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Real Presence; Medicine of immortality; used "catholic" (universal) for Church
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Martyrdom (Ignatius)
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Desired Martyrdom
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Theology of Martyrdom
Letter of Pliny to Trajan |
111 CE; Don't seek it out, but accept punishment if proved guilty
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Edict of Milan
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313 CE; Persecution ends with Emperor Constantine
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Heresy
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False Doctrine; Incorrect belief
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Orthodoxy
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Correct belief; born out of Gnostic conflicts
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Gnosticism (definition)
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To Know; Secret Divine knowledge; Salvation achieved through gnosis
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Leaders of Gnosticism
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Simon Magnus; Basilides; Valentinus- Gospel of Truth
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Boundaries of Gnosticism
God's Nature |
God's Nature: mono, poly, Spirit World, different God in OT & NT
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Gnosticism: Scripture
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How to read OT? Can NT include "secret" apostolic traditions?
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Gnosticism: Christ?
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docetic Christ?
Jesus only seemed to have physical body; only seemed to have died, etc. |
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Gnosticism: Salvation
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by gnosis?
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Gnosticism: Eternal life
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Immortality of the Soul v. bodily resurrection
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Syncretism
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combination of Jewish, Hellinistic, Christian thought; Scripture only source of revelation
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Radical Dualism
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the world (matter) is evil; soul (spirit) is good, but trapped in body
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Characteristics of Gnosticism
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Syncretistic; Continuing Revelation (NT); Diversity; Radical Dualism
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Gnosticism: Role/Concept of Christ
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Jesus is Redeemer; brings knowledge that frees human spirit; docetic (b/c body is evil)
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Plenroma
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the Unity of God; broken by cosmic "fall"
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Demiurge
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produced by Sophia (Wisdom); subordinate diety that creates material world- OT god
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Irenaeus of Lyons
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Student of Polycarp (Apostolic Father); Battled/opposed Gnosticism, docetism; author of Against Herecies
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Safeguards to Faith (Irenaeus)
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Clergy w/ pedigree; creed; canon
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Clergy w/ a Pedigree
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Correct teachings handed down from Jesus to apostles to successors; defines and protects orthodoxy
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Creed
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short summaries of faith; defines and protects orthodoxy; 2 sources: Christological affirmations, Baptismal interrogation; Apostle's Creed
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Canon
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Irenaeus first to appeal to NT writings as authoratative against gnostics
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Recapitulation
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Process of Salvation= reversal of separation from God started w/ Adam; Jesus is 2nd Adam; restoartion of creation, not gnostics escape from creation
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Montanism Leaders
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Montanus; Prisca, Maximilla
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New Prophecy (Montanism)
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prophecies fulfill or go beyond earlier revelation; ecstatic speech
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Prophet v. Bishop (Montanism)
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Who is/are spokespersons of faith?; Does Church have hierarchical leadership?
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Continuing Revelation (Montanism)
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Does God continue to give new revelations that go beyond revelation found in Scripture?
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Apologist (definition)
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from apology (defense); mark transition from Jewish to Gentile Christianity (2nd C); defend faith against critics; Christian= still illegal religion
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Celsus' criticism of Christianity
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book: True Reasons; cannibalism (Lord's supper), incest, orgies (Agape love feast); Social aloofness; Political treason; Atheism (won't worship Roman gods)
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Church's responses to Celsus
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Christ against culture; Christianity compatible with best parts of Greek culture;
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Apologies addressed to....but meant for....
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"Open letters" to emperors; meant for educated Greeks
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Biblical/Cultural Separation
Tertullian |
Christ against culture; Tertullian: Greek philosophy will pollute christian thought; "What has Athens to do with Jerusalem...."
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Justin Martyr (Compatible w/ Greek culture)
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author: 1st & 2nd Apology; attempts evaluation of Greek philosophy in Christian thought
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Logos (Martyr)
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Greeks: rational principle of universe; NT: Jesus called Logos
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Inclusivism (Martyr)
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many knew Word partially; can know Word fully through incarnate Christ
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Marcion: Dualism
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Demiurge of OT= just God, but not good/merciful; Father God of NT= God of love/ mercy, true God
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Marcion: Closed canon
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Edited NT- gospel of Luke and Paul's epistles; erased Jewish elements; called anitsemitic/ radical follower of Paul's message to Gentiles
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Diatessaron
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compiled by Tatian; makes 4 Gospels one book; Church rejects;
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Criteria for Canon
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Apostolicity (written by apostle); Antiquity; orthodoxy; practicality (worship)
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Gnostics/ Montanism role in Canon
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Gnostics: producing multitude of gospels- claiming secret apostolic tradition; Montanism: expanding Scripture- authoratative new revelations
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Athanasius of Alexandria
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AD 367: Easter letter; lists 27 books of NT today in order; Didache & Shepherd of Hermas good private reading but not Scripture
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3Fold Method of Biblical interpretation
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Body: literal; Soul: moral; *Spirit: spiritual/allegory*,
Origen of Alexandria: creation story is allegory |
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Anthropomorphisms
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Ascribing human form or attributes to a being or thing not human, especially to a deity.
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Progressive Revelation
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Keep OT, read as God's work in creation/ history before Jesus; Sermon on the Mount; Jesus "fulfillment" of OT
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Apocrypha
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Books btwn OT & NT; Included in Septuagint; included in Catholic & Eastern orthodoxy Bibles
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Latin Vulgate
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Jerome (5th C); Becomes standard translation of Bible in the West in Middle Ages to the modern period
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Adoptionism
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How does humanity relate to divinity?
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Modalism/Sabellianism
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One God in 3 successive modes- Sabellius
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Subordinationism (Council of Nicea, 325)
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Arius; preserve oneness & absolute transcendence of God; Subordination of Son; Jesus not eternal; Father and Son of different essence: HeterOOusious
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Tertullian: Trinity
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coined "Trinity" in 3rd C; Trintas is one substantia in 3 personae;
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Council of Nicea
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325: use of Homoousios ("of same essence" w/ Father) to describe divinity of Christ;
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Council of Constantinople
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381; affirmed consubstantiality of Father, Son, Holy Spirit; Homoiousios rejected; Trinity: One God in 3 equal persons
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Council of Ephesus
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431; Nestorius- nature of Jesus as 2 persons; Mother Mary: Christotokos (mother of Christ) v. Theotokos (mother of God); Theotokos affirmed by Church; Nestorius condemned
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Council of Chalcedon
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451; Christ was in 2 natures without confusion, division, or separation; Eutyches condemned-- one divine nature
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Homoousios
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"of the same essence"; Nicea, 325
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Homoioousios
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"of the same substance"; Nicea, 325
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Heteroousios
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"of different essence"; Arius against Nicea, 325
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Athanasius of Alexandria
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Council of Nicea; emerges as leader of orthodox/homoousios party
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Apollinarius
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Against Council of Constantinople, 381; Jesus has human body & soul, but Logos replaced human mind; maximized divinity; undercut humanity
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Pneumatomachians
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Council of Constantinople, 381; denied divinity of HS; rejected by Council
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Christology
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Who is Jesus? Human? Divine? Both?
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Constantine
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calls Council of Nicea for purpose of unity; Christianity legal religion after his conversion
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Nestorius
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Council of Ephesus, 431; Jesus as 2 persons; Mother Mary: Christotokos, not Theotokos; rejected/condemned by Council
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Eutyches
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Council of chalcedon, 451; one divine nature; rejected by Council
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Augustine of Hippo
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Mother: Monica (Christian); Bishop of Hippo; wrote: Confessions
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Augustine Conversion
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"Tolle lege, tolle lege" (pick it up and read it); Romans 13: 13-14
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St. Anthony
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Founder: Monstic life--exalted life of prayer; the Divine Office; Vow of chasity, poverty, obedience
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meaning of "Pope"
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"father"
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Characteristics of Eastern orthodoxy
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National churches; Patriarch of Constantinople- rejection of Papacy; God as ineffable, transcendent; Authority: Scripture, Tradition: first 7 Councils (through 2nd Council of Nicea); Worship; 7 sacraments; Married priests
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Great Schism w/ West
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1054; Issue of primacy of Pope; "Holy Crusaders"
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"Holy Crusades"
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to regain Holy Land back from Muslims; hardened breach btwn E & W
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Second Council of Nicea
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787; affirms veneration offered to images and worship saved for God (John of Damasucus)
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Scholasticism (Middle Ages)
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application of reason to revelation/faith
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Anslem of Canterbury
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ontological argument: Great being exists; being in reality is greater than being in thought; Great Being exists in reality
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Anslem: Satisfaction theory of Atonement
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God's honor injured by sin; humanity owes debt, but cannot pay; God can; Substitute: God-Man
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Cur Deus Homo (Anslem)
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Why God Became Man
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Anslem: Faith & Reason
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Faith preceeds/ assists reason; Primacy of faith
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Peter Abelard
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Moral Influence Theory of Atonement: Life/Example of Christ; life/death of Christ was to show love and awken reciprocal love w/in humanity; cross: ultimate love, not necessarily "satisfaction"
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Thomas Aquinas
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Greatest Theologian of medieval era; Dumb Ox; wrote: Summa Theologica
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Aquinas: Cosmological proofs
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First mover; First cause; Necessary Being; absolute perfection; teleological argument- rational designer
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Harmony of Reason (Aquinas)
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Rediscovery of aristotle; some knowledge of God comes through reason (general/natural revelation); Faith goes beyond reason and completes it (special revelation)
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Anabaptists: Origins
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Zwigli Reform; followers: Grebel, Manz wanted denunciation of infant baptism
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Swiss Brethren
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1/25/1525; Grebel performs believer's baptism; opponents call them Anabaptists (rebaptizers)
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Michael Sattler & Schleitheim Confession
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1527; Believer's baptism; infant baptism rejected; state considered this child abuse
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Anabaptists: Lord's Supper
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only for baptized believers; memorial/remembrance of Christ
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Believer's Church
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believer's baptism is conerstone to proper ecclesiology; regenerate church: only professing believers can be church members
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Anabaptists: Munster Rebellion
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1534; Attempt to establish New Jerusalem by force; expel ungodly, legalize polygamy; Jan Leyden
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Menno Simmons
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Mennonites; believer's baptism; age of accountability; infants saved if die; predestination is an abomination; utilize ban
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