Religion Exam: Buddhism

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Raja

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Originally, this word was applied to Aryan chieftains but later came to describe Indian rulers in general.

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Sangha

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Buddhist monastic order

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Anatman

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The state of nonsoulness that, according to the Buddha, was the natural state of humanity. The absence of enduring souls.

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Arhat

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Individuals, other than Buddhas, who have attained Nirvana. Saint

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Theravada Buddhism

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Smaller, more conservative sect. Tradition of the elders.

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Mahayana Buddhism

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Larger, more liberal sect. The expansive way.

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Avatar

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Incarnation of a deity. Hinduism absorbed Buddhism by saying that Gautama was an avatar of Vishnu.

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Bodhisattvas

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A being destined to become a Buddha. Could provide help for humans struggling with life problems.

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Pure Land Sect

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Version of Mahayana Buddhism popular in Japan; it teaches that its devotees can be reborn in a paradise, called the "Pure Land of the West," where they can reach enlightenment. Utter the name of Amitabha several times a day.

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Intuitive Sect

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The truths of religion do not come through rational thought processes, study of scripture, or faith, but rather through a sudden flash of insight.

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Rationalist Sect

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In addition to meditation, one should use reason and study the scriptures to discover the truth about Buddhism.

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Sociopolitical Sect

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One needs to study the Lotus Sutra to become a correct Buddhist.

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Tibetan Buddhism

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Largest and most well-known sect. It emphasizes incantations and spells to protect its people from demons and spirits. Magic. Prayer wheel.

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Lamas

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The clergy of Tibetan Buddhism. Lamas means "superior one." Ruled Tibet for some time.

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Tantras

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Teach the various magic words in Tibetan Buddhism that help one deal with the unknown.

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Buddha

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One who obtains Nirvana on the basis of his own efforts.

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Guru

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The leaders of the religion of Sikhism

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Adi Granth

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The official Sikh scriptures

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Udasis

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Order of holy men in Sikhism who follow many of the same principles of the ascetics.

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Sahajdharis

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Conservative, slow going sect of Sikhism

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Gurdwaras

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Sikh temple and meeting place

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Takht

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Throne of Sikhism at Amritsar, which is a pilgrimage site.

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Four Noble Truths

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All life is suffering.
Suffering occurs because of greed.
To end suffering, we must end greed.
Follow the 8 Fold Path.

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Eight Fold Plan

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Right views
Right intention
Right speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness
Right concentration

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Zen

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All people must learn the real truth about religion and life for themselves. People must confuse reason before they can find the truth. Zen uses riddles called koans (case studies) to lead to enlightenment. The Zen pupil first meditates, then is given a riddle in the hope that he will have a flash of enlightenment. The nonrational approach of Zen influences beauty in Japanese life (tea, art).

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Difference between Bodhisattva and Arhat Saints

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Arhats are individuals, other than Buddhas, who have attained Nirvana. Bodhisattvas, though, will be Buddhas in the future. Bodhisattvas, following death, postpone their achievement of Nirvana until all living beings could attain it.

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Nanak's teachings

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There is one God known as "The True Name."
Rejected ahimsa...Sikhs can kill and eat animals.
Accepted reincarnation.
Taught karma, living again and again until freed from cycle.
Rejected ceremonialism and rituals of Hinduism and Islam, teaching a plain and simple form of religion that distrusted and rejected ritual.

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Sikhism's militant sect

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These are the Singhs. Wore long hair and adorned it with combs. They wore short trousers, a steel bracelet, and a steel dagger. Not allowed any stimulants, and they ate meat. Open to men of all castes.

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Describe each of the three parts of PES and what the author is trying to get you to understand in each

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Part One; Breath! You Are Alive. Hanh is trying to get us to breathe consciously and to nourish awareness in every moment. He wants us to practice meditation in different areas of life.
Part Two: Transformation and Healing. Hanh continues to encourage mindfulness and addresses anger a lot. He says we must transform our feelings by recognizing them, becoming one with them, calming them, releasing them, and looking deeply into them. We also must nourish healthy seeds.
Part Three: Peace is Every Step. We must recognize our connection to nature and the impact we have on it. We have to be peaceful and to look deeply into something to understand it. We must be aware in each moment.

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Provide a specific example of “Engaged Mindfulness” in terms of yourself locally and globally

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Locally, I practice engaged mindfulness when I go to volunteer at the Christian Activities Center in East St. Louis. I recognize the problems in East St. Louis and what the center is doing to try to help. I am not just sitting here thinking about it, I am engaging in it.
Globally, I practice engaged mindfulness when I recycle and pick up litter. I am thinking about the ealth of the planet as a whole.

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Describe the importance of “Interbeing” and give examples (Roses and Garbage; Wealth and Poverty)

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Interbeing describes how that which exists is intertwined with the existence of everything else. Without one thing, other things cannot be. For example, paper could not be without the sun. Also, roses and garbage inter-are. Roses eventually die, thrown into the garbage. Garbage, after time, can be used in gardens to make a rose. Wealth and Poverty also inter-are. Wealth of one society is made of the poverty of the other, and vice versa.

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What are the “14 Principles of Order of Interbeing”

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Do not be idolatrous about or bound to any doctrine, theory, or ideology.
Do not think that the knowledge you presently possess is absolute truth.
Do not force others to adopt your views.
Do not avoid contact with suffering.
Do not accumulate wealth while millions are hungry.
Do not maintain anger or hatred.
Do not lose yourself in dispersion and in your surroundings.
Do not utter words that can create discord.
Do not lie for personal interest or to impress people.
Do not use the religious community for personal gain or profit.
Do not live with a job that is harmful to humans and nature.
Do not kill.
Do not possess anything that should belong to others.
Do not mistreat your body.

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What is the River a metaphor for….explain (pg 130-132)

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The river is a metaphor for inter-being in life. The river is sad because she cannot possess a cloud, but she eventually comes to realize that her and the clouds are both made of water, essentially the same. This is a metaphor that we are all connected to each other in life.

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What is the Poem “Please Call Me by My True Names” about (pg 123)

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"Please Call Me by My True Names" is about every living thing being as one. We are all made up of the same things. if Hanh had been born in that area of Thailand, he likely would have become a pirate.