Religion Exam 1

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that os some one who participates in a particular religious tradition

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Insider's View

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Does not presuppose any kind of religious commitment, although it does presuppose a commitment to the standards of the academy

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Outisder's view

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second order

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Meta

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the activitiy of offering a defense of ones religion

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apologetics

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According to Yearly, this is a new religious virtue appropiate for the study of religion in our age of religious pluralism that involves both joy at discovering a new spiritual view that attracts you and addresses that you cant fully adopt such a view

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spiritual regret

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list a set of family traits found in many members of the "family" religion

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cluster definitions

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that quality or qualities that make something what it is and not something else

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essence

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Latin word for religion that means either taking care in practicing rites like sacrifice or being under an obligation to practice rights. Combining both means, we get "the obligation to practice rites carefully"

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Religio

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The development of spirituality is the goal of many religions, but it is not necessary to belong to a relgious organization in order to puruse spiritual development

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Spirituality
VS
Religion

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Both are different types of essential definitions. The first focuses on the "what" or content of religion, the second focuses on what religion does, that is, how it functions.

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Substance
VS
Functional Definitions

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Nondualistic interpretation of the books at the end of the Vedas called the Upanishads. Shankara was a leading exponent of this philosophy/theology.

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Advaita Vedanta

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Primordial fire of creation. also a god

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Agni

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Nonviolence or noninjury

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Ahisma

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Usually translated as Self or Soul if referring to the universal self or as self (soul) if referring to the individual

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Atman

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Religious groups consisting primarily of people who temporarily assemble to hear teachings

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audience cults

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Incarnations or appearances of the divine in material forms

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Avatara

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Ignorance

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Avidya

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The song of God, known in India as Gita. It is about Krishna's advice to Arjuna on how to avoid karma. Part of the epic poem Mahabbarata

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Bhagavad Gita

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The creator god

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Brahma

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Usually used to refer to absolute or ultimate reality

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Brahman

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A priest of priestly class

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Brahmin

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A grouping of people according to birth. Castes usually have no social mobility.

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Caste

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Literally, "wheel" In tantric Buddhism, refers to centers of energy within the human body.

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Chakra

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In classical India, a grouping of people according to occupation

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Class

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Four main Groups of class' in India

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1. Brahmins
2. Kshatriyas
3. Vishyas
4. Shudras

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warriors or kings

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Kshatriyas

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Merchants

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Vaishyas

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Laborers

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Shudras

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Groups of people who go to religious practitioners for various specific services such as therapy or spiritual adivice

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Client cults

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Can mean law, teaching, and duty. Some times translated as "religion"

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Dharma

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A warrior goddess

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Durga

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Student, householder, forest recluse or hermit, wandering ascetic. These four stages present an ideal picture of human spiritual development

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Four Stages of Life(Ashramas)

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The elephant headed god

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Ganesha

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The monkey god

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Hanuman

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A religious teacher often thought to be a representative if not a manifestation of the divine or, at least, a perfected soul

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Guru

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In general, means knowledge and is usually contrasted with ignorance (avidya). Hence it is one important key to liberation (moksha)

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Jnana

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Known as the Black goddess and usually identified with Durga. She has both fierce and gentle aspects

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Kali

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Means action or the law of action, viz., that every act produces a result. Usually tied to the idea of reincarnationor rebirth. The __ accumulated in this life determines one's birth in the next life

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Karma

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Incarnation of the god Vishnu

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Krishna

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A latent power to be awakened in the practice of kundaliniyoga

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Kundalini

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A law book attributed to the ancestor of the human reace, Manu, detailing the rules and duties for each varna, or class

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Laws of Manu (Manu Dharma Shastra)

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Sacred sounds recited in worship and meditation. The most famous mantra is "OM"

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Mantra

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Release or liberation from suffering, ignorance, and the seemingly endless round of reincarnation, or samsara

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Moksha

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A systemt of channels connecting the various chakras through which kundalini is to travel

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Nadi

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Literally, "correct" or "right" teaching in contrast to "other than correct" teaching. In Hinduism, orthodoxy is determined by acknowledging the authority of the Vedas

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Orthodox/Heterodox

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Alleged author of the Yoga Sutra, which is a manual for yogic instruction

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Patanjali

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Service or worship by personally attending the image of god or godess

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Puja

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Usually translated as "consciousness" and "material nature" respectively. These concepts play a major role in Sankhya philosophy whose goal is to help people recognize the radical differences between spirit and matter

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Purusha/prakriti

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A rival of Shankara's interpretation of the Upanishads taught by Ramanuja. It calims that while individual souls and the material universe are attributes or qualities of the single substance Brahman, they are not identical to it

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Qualified Nondualism

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An incarnation of the divine whose exploits are recounted in the epic Ramayana

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Rama

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The great demon of the Ramayana who kidnaps Sita and is killed by Rama

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Ravana

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A visionary or seer who "saw' or "hear" the truths recorded in the Vedas

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rISHI

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A word used for the world of change and rebirth

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Samsara

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A word used by Ghandi to refer to our obligation to increase the welfare of all people

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Sarvodaya

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Ghandi's principle of holding to the truth

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Satyagraba

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Derived from Shakti meaning creative energy or pwer and a general designation for the goddess

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Shakta

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Devotees of the God Shiva

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Shaivas

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The divine power of destruction that makes for a new life

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Shiva

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Literaly that which is heard. Sometimes translated as "revalation" and used to refer to Vedas

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Shruti

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The wife of Rama who is presented as the ideal wife in the Ramayana and must be rescued by Rama from the demon Ravana

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Sita

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Usually translated as "tradition" or "memory". It refers to all religiously authoritative writings that are not shruti such as Laws of Manu

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Smiriti

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A god and a drink (probably hallucinagenic ) used in Vedic times

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Soma

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A group of writings setting forth the ideas of Tantrism, a religious movement critical of the priestly dominated traditions

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Tantras

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The name for the three forms of the divine"

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Trimurti
1. Brahma
2. Vishnu
3. Shiva

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the preserver

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Vishnu

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the destroyer/renewer

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Shiva

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the creator

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Brahma

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A collection of writings at the end of the Vedas recording philosophical ideas about the nature of the divine, human beings, and immortality.

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Upanishads

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A collection of writings considered Shruti, consisting of hyms, sacrificial texts, and philosohpical texts

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Vedas

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knowledge

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Vidya

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A hindu god who sustains the universe and appears as an avatar (incarnation) such as Rama

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Vishnu

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Usually used to refer to a spiritual discipline leading to moksha such as bhaktiyoga, jnanayoga, karmayoga, and the like

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Yoga

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god of the dead

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Yama

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storm god

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Indra

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god of wind

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Rudra

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god of dawn

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Ushas

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god of justice

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Varuna

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"illusion" the world that we perceive is an illusionary world-it does not really exist

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Maya

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yoga of knowledge-need to learn vedas -leave family around age 8

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Jnana yoga

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being able to do actions that dont generate from your ego- ex-Ghandi

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Karma Yoga

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yoga of devotion

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Bhakti yoga

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Asanas- reflect the movement and positions of the universe (Brahman)

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Hatha

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royal yoga-yoga of meditation- Budda deppest state of meditation-transe-you no longer have the conscious of yourself

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Raja yoga