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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Steve Bruce
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o As countries become more modern, religion becomes less important
o Religion has become progressively more rational, from Egyptians to Jews to Catholics to Protestantism’ o Sphereization o Science and money o Inheriting versus choosing faith o US doesn’t fit, Europe does o Core idea: there has been ”a long-term decline in the power, popularity and prestige of religious beliefs and rituals” brought about by modernization, or more specifically by “individualism, diversity and egalitarinism in the context of liberal democracy” |
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Karl Marx
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o (1818-1883)
o Industrial capitalism → class society o “religion is the opium of the people” religion and economic well being are substitutes o fiercely anti-religious. Religion was viewed as a substitute for material goods, that being religious is a way of dealing with a hard life. As society’s become more affluent and class structures vanish, religion will no longer have any role. |
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Emily Durkheim
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o 1858-1917)
o Functional differentiation in industrialized societies → loss of the central role of religious institutions in society (welfare state, health care, education, social control) → churches are stripped of their core social purposes > decline of religion. o Remember, once religion and politics were inseparable- the departure from this is what she describes. |
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Stephen Carter
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• Contradiction: cherishing religious freedom vs chastising religious reasoning in public debate
Religious democratic participation is impossible and faith is trivialized as a hobby • State interferes too much in religion, doesn’t ever take it seriously • Solution Acknowledge faith as a valid political force Religious beliefs should serve as the basis for policy but religion should not be involved in partisan politics. |
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Richard Rorty
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o Rorty- Religion has no place, religious rhetoric is irrelevant
• An atheist • Opposite claim: too much religion in American public sphere • “religious believers have no business asking for more public respect that they now receive.” • Privatize religion, exclude religion from politics • Believers have to make secular arguments. |
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Barak Obama
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- religious actors should translate their arguments into democratic propositions
o Biggest political divide: between those who attend church regularly and those who don’t → conservatives have exploited this cap. Criticizes democrats for not taking religion seriously and that this strengthens conservatives. By constantly reminding evangelical that democrats don’t care, they get their votes. • “Secularist are wrong when they ask believers t leave their religion at the door before entering into the public square” • “Democracy demands that the religiously motivated translate their concerns into universal, rather that religion-specific, beliefs.” |
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Martin Luther
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o “no secular matter is to be left to Rome”
o heavy support for welfare o Corruption- wanted a separate church and state. Pope should focus on prayer, and the o Church UNDER state o Objective: restore the church to its original, non-corrupt state → church reform o Outcome: the reformation breaks up the Latin church o Opposed Peasants’ Rebellion (1524/25), 100,000 people were killed, people were trying to apply Luther’s ideas of equality to the general population but Luther was horrified. • You can’t be a spiritual figure and a worldly ruler at the same time, thought the church was too powerful on earth |
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John Calvin
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o Wanted to see the church separate but the state to just be a secular arm of the Church- state served the church
o Usually subordinates the state o “… the spiritual kingdom of Christ and civil government are things very widely separated.” • like Luther, but stronger • Heavenly kingdom begins in people on earth state is “…to foster and maintain the external worship of God, to defend sound doctrine and the condition of the Church…” • …that a public form of religion may exist among Christians →“prevent the true religion, which is contained in the law of God, from being with impunity openly violate and polluted by public blasphemy” • state is subordinated to the divine, and people bellow it all |
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• Pope Pius IX Quanta Cura
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o Worried about democracy
o Wanted Catholic fellowships, the Catholic church to govern. o Catholics against democracy for a very long time, until Vatican II, 180 degree turn. Holocaust, etc made Church question itself. Very liberalizing in all realms of theology. Became a strong supporter versus opponent of democracy. |
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Anthony Gill
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o Religious pluralism leads to religious freedom
o Religious marketplace o Other things equal, abundant churches forces the state to think about peace, growing the economy, Natural solution is to give every sect a voice |
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More Gill, "Political origins of religious liberty"
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• Pluralism endangers democracy when
There is tyranny of a religious majority Cultural fragmentation/polarization → failures of democratic deliberation Religious identities require opposing democratic norms • Democracy endangers pluralism when Imposition of civil values and norms against the rights of conscience Tyranny of an anti-religoius minority over a religious majority Vulnerable religious minorities. = Gill’s main argument. Compares the US and Latin America here. • Main difference between two religion is the pluralism at birth of US after brief puritan domination. In Latin America, Catholic church dominates. • Interests rule ; ideas are irrelevant : “scratch an ideology and watch an interest bleed.” • Religion as a marketplace o Believers are consumers o Churches hold market chares |
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Monsma and Soper: Challenge of Pluralism
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• US (& France) is separation
• Germany and England- church state • Netherlands- Pillirazation model, Germany is evolving towards this • Authors believe that Netherlands was best, said that neutrality was not possible because “neutral” states supported secularism. • three models o USA • Free exercise, state-church separation, dominant values enforced o Netherlands • Free exercise and action, state funding of religion o England, Germany • Establishment of one or two churches, include minorities in establishment |
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Wald, "Mobilizing Religious interests"
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o Even as Hispanics, Blacks and Jews become more educated, they do not necessarily become more inclined to vote republican
o “conserve religion” can lead to conservative politics image of god as masculine or feminine o more influential among |
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Wald- Evangelical Protestants
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o Disgusted by the seeming lack of morals in the US
o Liberal ministers want “peace and justice issues” o At best, Christian right movement “intensified trends that were already there” o “orthodox” Christianity more popular among poorer, less educated etc. o Christian right has no alternative to the Republican party, although their views do not always align |
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Religious dealignmnet?
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o But regions continues to be a relatively strong predictor of the voting behavior in the mass electorate
• Growing education levels and affluence do not cause changes in political loyalties of religious groups o Proponents of the declining religious cleavage thesis do not sufficiently account for the difference within Protestantism |
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Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
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• Calvinism encourages capitalism
• Predestination- working harder showed that they were predestined to be saved • All work “a calling from God” • Constantly working- sign of God’s grace • Don’t waste money, be productive • Benjamin Franklin- inherits this point of view • work ethic, without Calvinist doctrine, just talks about the philosophy • opposite of working less for similar pay • shows religious roots for a very non religious phenomenon o Protestant values of hard work and industry made it possible for modern capitalism to emerge and grow. Was written after traveling in America, was very impressed with American assembly lines in Chicago, etc and decided that it was Protestantism that allowed this |
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Case study of medieval peasants
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• Near the start he shows a 19th century business school case. Notes that industrialists face several problem when trying to apply pre-capitalist sentiments. Nothing more important than the harvest- faster the better. In an effort to encourage greater efficiency, some entrepreneurs would pay more money at harvest time. Results were opposite- resulted on laborers spending less time harvesting but would earn the same amount. Less was accomplished per time.
• IE- there is nothing in the nature of humans that makes them want to work more and more. People in Europe at this time were happy just to maintain their standard of living. • In order for capitalism to succeed, people had to believe that earning more money, even if he had no particular need for it was a good thing. But why would anyone believe that? |
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Kalh- Modern Poverty Policy
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• seemingly varies according to religious basis
• beggar’s exam in catholic middle ages • reaction to begging and events like the “great confinement” lead to legislation • Luther categories the poor into deserving and undeserving poor, work redefined as something desirable • US still lacks protection for singles and couples without children • France, Catholic countries o Alms giving, not forced to do anything • Lutheran o Workfare, not very intensive • Calvinist o Work-first, must keep trying to get a wage |
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Castles- Does Catholicism make a difference?
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why divorce rates differ in developed nations
o Catholic countries have lover divorce rates, Calvinists have a higher one o Marriage was eternal in Catholicism, not so in Calvinism. Marriage was only a religious, not a civil, phenomenon o Religion was very constructive fore these policies o Calvinists countries, faster industrialism, faster secularism, faster o Just generally more restrictive for Catholics, cultural norms and practices |
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Micheal Minkenberg, family policy and abortion
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o Abortion rates break down according to religion, protestants more likely to go off the period model when they have full establishment, distress model is a mix
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Douglas Laycock
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proposes to separate marriage as a religious institution from marriage as a legal institution
Is there a religious case for gay marriage? Lisa Miller article • In Europe, Sweden has gay marriage, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, France all have gay marriage, in all other European countries there are legal rights. Counties against, Ireland and Italy, are very catholic. |
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Charles Reid
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o Gay marriage suffers- divine law versus human law
o If we still put these together, no civil marriage, just starting to become separate, now it would be foolish to separate the two. Foolish? o Reid chapter: implies that this is why gay marriage is not religiously sanctioned- stresses religion and law can’t be separated |
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Samuel Huntington
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o After the cold War, the ideological differences between communist
o It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation-states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future. o Western, Latin American, Orthodox Christian, Islamic, Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, African |
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Ajami
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• Ajiami in 1993: religious fundamentalism should not be exaggerated “those young urban half educated in the cities of the Arab world, and their Sorbonne-educated lay preachers” are not a real challenge to the secular powers in Muslim countries and in the West
• After 9/11, said he underestimated the threat from Islamic extreemism • Points out flaws in the civilizations thesis |
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Sen
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• Angered by the stereotypes, Huntington thesis
• Britain’s school system as encouraging polarizations of religions |
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Lacism
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a variant of secularism that has historically been more hostile to religion and the clergy
• States tends to intervene in the religious sphere • Laïcité: Secular state, state-church separation • Less public space for religion in France France is “une république Laïcité” (a secular Republic) USA if “one nation under God” • Laïcité goes beyond state-church separation → state seeks to reduce the political and societal influence of religion. Church should not influence people’s personal choices Enforces secularism, but encourages freedom of belief o This is stricter. France can be called this- they say they are not hostile, but the government must intervene when religion enters the public sphere. Headscarf ban- teachers and students cannot wear any religious symbols in public schools. |
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Theocracy
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• A regime that claims to represent the Divine on earth and is ruled by a religious elite
• Dominionism (controversial term): the belief that society should be governed exclusively by Christians and or the Law of God as codified in the Bible, to the exclusion of secular law o Christian reconstructions : Rousas John Rushdoony o Influence in the broader Christian right • Rousas John Rushdoony o “law is the will of the sovereign for his subjects. Thus law represents the word of the god on society. Now whose Law you have, he is your god. So if Washington makes our laws, Washington is our god. As Christians we cannot believe that.” o old testament law should be applied to modern society |
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5 denominations and the countries they dominate
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• Catholics- France, Latin America, Spain, Italy, Poland, parts of Canada
o Calvinist- Switzerland, Netherlands o Anglicans (really tricky, Catholic in organization but structurally Calvinist) England and US o Lutheran- Germany, Scandinavia- early democratizes with strong states o Orthodox- Russia, Eastern Europe |
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Christianity and Democracy
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• obeying the monarchs was seen as part of god’s will
• Calvinism and Democracy o Calvinism and Democracy: Switzerland, Holland, Scotland, America. Strong link with Calvinism in particular. o Catholicism and Democracy • Late 19th century perceived wisdom: Protestant → liberal and parliamentary government Catholic → illiberal autocracy However, Catholics were minorities in many nations, and so probably endorsed democracy so they could participate in the political process. • After WWII → Vatican and European Catholics → democracy. After this, most Christians just become supportive of democracy. |
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christianity and socialism
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• Christian socialist movements in Europe (19th, 20th c.)
• Liberation theology in Latin America • Churches opposed Marxist socialism (“communism”). |
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Vatican Council II
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Liberalized the church, 1962-1965
o 2100-2500 bishops from 79 countries o revolutionized Roman Catholicism, reshaped the church’s relationship to modern society. Up to the 1960s world was divided into good (Catholic) and evil. • From “fortress Catholicism” to an open church that seeks “to impress the modern world” (Pope John XXIII) o Endorsed by progressive Catholics, reformed institutional life |
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Sainthood for Pope Pius XII?
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• Pope from 1939-1959
• Has been called “Hitler’s Pope” by some critics, one of the most controversial. Stayed silent about the holocaust. In his Christmas message, only had one sentence about the holocaust in 1942. Moral coward? We don’t know the impact it might have had if he had spoken. • Others say he was just calculating, stayed clear of Hitler as an enemy of Catholicism. • It will be crucial for the image of the church whether or not he is made a saint. |
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Calvinism, Catholicism, and Religious Freedom
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• Catholic church: Unitary, hierarchical
o Dissent is contained within the church o More likely to succeed vis-à-vis state • Calvinist churches: Fragmented, non-hierarchical. o Church is already pluralistic o Less likely to succeed vis-à-vis strong state • → timing of religious freedom earlier in Calvinist countries. |
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Patronato real
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a state church model. State church didn’t suit Catholics, but no protestants would be allowed.
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Locke’s Toleration Letter (1689)
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• Said religious liberty essential to functioning society, and that pluralism leads to less social conflict
• “liberty of conscience is every man’s natural right, equally belonging to dissenters as to themselves; and that nobody ought to be compelled in matters of religious either by law or by force” (37) • wanted separate church and state, but said Catholics would have difficulty being included unless they abolished the pope- Catholics often not considered worthy of religious freedom, was something only for the protestants |
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Enlightned Monarchs
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o Voltaire’s influence on Prussian kin Frederick the Great
• Letter exchange started when he was a prince, before he had agenda, told him to be less autocratic, etc • “all religions must be tolerated… every man must go to heaven in his own way” (1740) foundation of religious liberty in Prussia. Huguenots moved to Prussia, caused growth o Gill would say that this was only about interests, but this is a weak argument |
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Jefferson's religious freedom statute
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• Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1786) :”no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burdened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief.”
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Religious Freedom Restoration act 1993
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urpose of the first amendment is “precisely to protect the rights of those whose religious practices are not shared by the majority, and may be viewed with hostility.” Court called this unconstitutional, was replaced with a weaker piece of legislation
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Government neutrality trade off
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• No aid to religion, state-church separation
o No government funding for religious schools o Negative religious freedom • Treat all religions equally/ enable free exercise of all religions o Government funding for all religious schools o Positive religious freedom |
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Muslim headscarf in public schools
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• US: not an issue at all.
• Netherlands: Muslim women may not be denied employment or schooling for wearing a headscarf or burqua • England: Muslim teachers and schoolgirls can wear headscarf but not the covering that covers entire face, colors must go with school uniforms, policewomen’s must match police uniforms • Germany: Muslim teachers cannot wear the headscarf, but this is technically a state-by-state law. Debate as to whether this is unconstitutional. Student may wear one. • France: Headscarves are not allowed for students or teachers. |
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The Case of Morsal Obeidi
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• 16 year old Afghan girl, stabbed to death by her brother in Hamburg in 2008. Had emigrated at 3.
• Brother sentenced to life for murder. After the sentence, courtroom went crazy. Ahmad Obeidi (murderer) threw papers, made death threats to prosecutor, said “You son of a whore, I fuck your mother! In Kabul, I would long have been acquitted.” |
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Status of Religion in France
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• France: 1905 Law
o No special recognition of any religion o Removed church from public schools o Religious associations must have worship as their sole purpose o Church building property of the state, financed by the state |
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Status of Religion in the US
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o Establishment clause, free exercise clause
o No aid to religion o However, state buys services from religious organizations. |
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The Partisan Dealignment Thesis
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• Broad consensus in the literature on electoral behavior since the 1970s: Partisan dealignment/declining religious cleavage
o Modernization/secularization → eroded religious identities, caused integration value change, geographic and social mobility etc o Secularization has progressively weakened religious identities in advanced industrial societies → traditional linkages between social groups (social class and religious denomination) and party support have weakened |
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A Catholic Dealignment
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• 80% of all Catholic voters backed Roosevelt, “loyalty to the Democratic Party has been something on the order of a theological commitment for a large share of American’s Catholic community “ (E.J. Dionne 1981)
• Wide literature claims that Catholic voters are shifting away from alignment with the Democratic Party towards a more neutral posture o Because they have become progressively more affluent over time, matching, or even surpassing Protestants in socioeconomic attainment o However, Latino vote is pushing Catholics back to the left- they are almost America’s poorest minority |
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The Conservative Protestant Narrative
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• The covenant: a primordial golden age of faith and social order
o Christian character of the nation’s founding fathers • The breaking of the covenant: o Religious apostasy, and social decline starts in 1960s/1970s o “Counterculture” and supreme court decisions: decline of the conventional family, feminism, pornography, liberalization of abortion and divorce laws, greater social acceptance of homosexuality, Supreme Court ordered removal of religious expression from public schools… • Religious revival and social restoration. Say this liberal agenda is pushed by the media, elites, intellectuals, wants to remove morality from public life. |
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Policy impact paradox
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• In 1994, watershed year. In 1992 Democrats had had majorities in 25 legislatures versus Republicans 8… after 1994, republicans had 19, democrats 18. In 2003 it became 16 democrats. 21 republicans.
• A more powerful movement, with more access to political decisions makers, represented in the GOP, in government institutions, and the parliament o But less influence on policy outcomes than in England. o CANDIDATES are not really controlled by the party, but in England the candidates are funded, etc. If the party wins presidency, there is not necessarily a smooth transition to policy. |
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Voter Guides
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• Christian coalitions started distributing Voter Guides in 1992
• “Christian Coalition Voter guides are one of the most powerful told that pro-family conservatives have ever had to educate other on where the candidates for public office stand on many family issues.” (Christian Coalition) • Christian right originally favored Romney, evangelicals weren’t so sure. Huckabee was then endorsed, then McCain. Palin’s religiosity was played down, but she said war in Iraq “was a task from God” opposed sex education. McCain, however, called the Christian right “a serious problem that should be fought” at a Jewish gathering. Are majority of republicans anti-Chrisitan right? |
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Work in different denominations
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• Catholicism- work in order to survive
o Calvinism: work as much as you can o Catholicism: poverty means that you are saved o Calvinism: wealth means you are saved |
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Spread of Calvinist Ethic
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• 16th century, Geneva , Scotland
• 16/17th century Netherlands • 17th century England, and New England o wherever they went, Calvinists were the most profitable religious group- rulers should attract Calvinists |
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Varieties of Capitalism by religion
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• Liberals market economies:
o US, UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland • Competitive markets • High income inequality • Residual welfare state • Coordinated market economies: o Germany, Japan, Switzerland, NL, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Austria • Government regulation and coordination • Low income inequality • Big welfare state. • Ambiguous cases, or in a separate cluster o France, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey • Large agricultural sector • Recent histories with extensive state interventions • More liberal labor relation |
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Lutherans and poor relief
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• Individual salvation through faith only
• Work as a calling and social obligation • Priesthood of all believer: o Large social differences are not acceptable o Helping the poor is detached from individual salvation and a collective duty of all Christians • 1600: poor tax, public administration, outdoor relief |
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Calvinists and poor relief
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• individual salvation through work
o rational work and economic success as signs of election o poverty is a sign of not being saved • 1600 Workhouse system o discipline the poor o deter the able bodied poor from claiming relief |
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Catholics and poor relief
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• council of Trent (1545-1560) reaffirmation of medieval caritas
o central role of almsgiving an an act of compassion and a work of salvation o rejects public involvement church is to be responsible for distributing the alms and running the hospitals • 1600; hospitals, personal charity, no public relief system |
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State-Church Conflict: The Anticlerical Model
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• Anti-clerical model (France, Belgium, to a lesser extent Italy) Catholic church does not succeed in defending its sphere of influence
o State took control of education and politics for children and families o Anticlericalism made the left more willing to challenge traditional gender ideologies o Most successful in most anticlerical- France. • Italy: “familialist” policy- culturally male breadwinner but social services exist • France and Belgium: Strong anti-clerical front → greater role for state in children’s lives and family affairs |
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models of abortion law
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The Period Model
• Unlimited individual choice within a legally defined period o Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland o Strong liberal state, weak church, early secularization The Indication Model • Abortion only permitted in exceptional cases and others’ (doctors, sometimes commissioners) judgment, ex in cases of rape, or if the life of the mother is in danger o Ireland, Portugal, Spain (very strong churches) The Distress Model • A woman has to claim a situation of social or otherwise defined distress in order to get an abortion • France (though close to the period mode), the Netherlands, Austria Belgium, Italy, Germany, Great Britain • Half-way model, reflects mix of liberal and Catholic influence |
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Concept of Lounge Durée
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• French Annales School: “One can look at the long or the very long term,; the various rates of medium-term change (…); and the rapid movement of the very short-term developments.” (Fernard Braudel)
• Lounge durée (long term): societal cultural, and economic structures and geographical characteristic that change only very slowly or not at all o EG the rule of the Pharaohs in Egypt, feudalism the introduction of incest, the location of Barcelona on the Mediterranean, national mentalities, religion |
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Democratization, Catholicism and Islam
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• The contemporary global discourse on Islam as a fundamentalist anti-modern and undemocratic religion is very similar to the centuries old discourse on Catholicism in Protestant societies
• Up to Vatican II, Catholicism opposed democracy and separation religion from politics (Quata Cura) o But, in the course of democratization, the catholic church adopted the rules of the democratic game • “democracy makes democrats” stathis kalyvas • given the successful democratization of Catholic politics since the 1970s it make sense to assume that Muslim politics throughout the world is also capable of democratization o an argument about the incompatibility of Islam with democracy, and the natural affinity between Christianity and democracy is not tenable |
