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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happened as a result of Henry VIII's Reformation? |
England moved from a Catholic country to Protestant one, with the monarch as the head of the Church of England. |
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Describe the Reformation |
A 16th century movement to reform the Catholic Church. In England, it involved the break with the Catholic Church, begun by Henry VIII in the 1530s. The Reformation removed the Pope's authority from England and the monarch became the head of the newly created Anglican Church. |
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Who was John Calvin? |
An influential French theologian during the Protestant Reformation. |
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Describe Calvinism |
The belief in predestination and the need for the elders who ran the church to impose discipline on its members. Calvinism became the dominant branch of Protestantism within the Church of England. |
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What is predestination? |
The belief that an individual's salvation was already decided by God and was not dependent on how that person lived. Double predestination was a Puritan belief that as well as some being saved others were already dammed- those who didn't share their views. |
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Why was religion bound to be a major political issue? |
Catholics remained outside the single state Church and, even within the ranks of the Church of England, there were those that disagreed with the way religious beliefs and practises had developed. |
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Who were the Puritans? |
Protestants who believed that the Church of England had not been sufficiently reformed. |
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How did Arminians feel? |
They were anxious to avoid radical change and wanted to bring the state Church more in line with traditional Catholic practises. |
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List the main contemporary religious groups in England, Scotland and Ireland |
-Presbyterianism -Puritanism -Calvinism -Arminianism -Catholicism |
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What caused hostility against Catholicism? |
-The Reformation -Burning of Protestants when England briefly returned to Catholicism under the queen 'Bloody' Mary I (1555-58) -War against Catholic Spain during Elizabeth's reign |
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What was the English population's general opinion on the Thirty Years War? |
The monarch should take the lead in the fight against Catholicism. |
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What was James I willing to do? |
Make a distinction between Catholics who were 'quiet' and those who were 'factious.' |
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Describe James I's own religious beliefs |
Although James was uneager to publicise his own religious beliefs, he did much to establish the Pope as the Antichrist in two of his works, 'A Paraphrase upon the Revelation of the Apostle Saint John' and 'A Premonition to all most mighty monarchies.' |
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Quote James I's letter to Robert Cecil in 1603 |
"I have always hated extremes in religion, but I would not like to see Catholics become so numerous that they might be able to force their principles upon us. Yet I am so far from any intention to persecute them. I regard their Church as our Mother Church, although it is filled with corruption." |
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What was the impact of John Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' in 1563? |
This account of Mary's burning of Protestants became the second most read book in England after the Bible, and resulted in anti-Catholicism becoming a part of the English identity. |
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What was the impact of the Thirty Years War during 1618-48? |
The religious war in Europe had some impact on English opinion. The first major defeat for the Protestants in 1620 at the Battle of the White Mountain in Bohemia raised the spectre of a possible Catholic domination of Europe and eradication of Protestantism. |
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Why did James I fluctuate between toleration and severe treatment of Catholics? |
Political pragmatism; it saw him present a more anti-Catholic image when it made political sense to do so. |
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What were recusancy fines? |
Fines for anyone who did not attend the compulsory Church of England service on a Sunday, ordered by James in May 1603. |
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Who were Jesuits? |
The aggressive arm of the Catholic Church that fought to convert Protestants to Catholicism under the Pope. |
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Describe the Gunpowder Plot |
An attempt by radical Catholics to blow up James I and both Houses of Parliament, which would have removed key elements of the Political Nation, as a precursor to a Catholic uprising. |
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How do historians contest the Gunpowder Plot? |
Most historians nowadays agree that we will never know the whole truth about the events, because although the Gunpowder Plot may have been a plot by Catholics against the government, it may instead have been a government conspiracy to turn people against Catholics. |
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How may Puritans be referred to? |
The "hotter sort of Protestant" [Collinson.] |
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What was the Millenary Petition? |
A list of requests calling for modifications in church services: abolition of the sign of the cross, freedom of ministers not to wear ceremonial robes, education requirements for ministers, and reform of ecclesiastical courts. |
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What were tithes? |
1/10th of a parishioner's produce, which was paid as a salary to the local clergymen. |
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What was the Hampton Court Conference in 1604? |
A religious conference to establish how James wanted the Church settled and in response to the Millenary Petition. He was willing to listen to Puritan demands; the only serious clash was 'no bishop, no king' when he mistakenly thought Dr Reynolds advocated the abolition of episcopacy. The only achievement was the beginning of the new King James Bible. |
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Describe the King James Bible |
Completed in 1611 by 47 scholars who were all members of the Church hierarchy. This English translation was designed to shape the vocabulary of contemporary political and ecclesiastical discourse. |
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Illustrate the linguistic impact of the King James Bible |
257 phrases derived from this translation are still in common use. More idioms derive from this Bible that the works of Shakespeare. Examples include: 'A broken heart' 'Turned the world upside down' (Acts 17:6) and 'God forbid.' The word 'tyrant' is not used in the Bible, because James wanted to reflect the holiness of kings. |
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Which version of the Bible was used before 1611? |
The Geneva Bible was the English translation most used by 16th century Protestants. |
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Why was the King James Bible politically significant? |
It removed marginalia from the Geneva Bible that undermined certain scriptural evidence on which James relied on to define kingship. This reinforced the king's authority rather than the Pope's but though some Puritans continued to use the Geneva Bible. |
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What were Bancroft's Cannons? |
Church laws passed by a convocation of Church of England clergymen held many orthodox doctrines and liturgies of the Church, as well as practises that had been condemned by Puritans in the Millenary Petition. |
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Who was Richard Bancroft? |
Archbishop of Canterbury, installed in December 1604. |
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Who were the Silenced Brethren? |
1% of ministers who were removed for not conforming to the 1604 cannons. |
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How does historian Fincham describe James I's religious stance? |
'The essence of James' church policy for much of his reign, and one explanation for its success, is that he stood above factions within the Church. Specifically, he did not identify himself with Arminiamism.' |
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How does historian Coward describe James I's religious stance? |
'James I maintained a broadly defined Church so that the majority of Protestants, even Puritans, felt they could belong to the state church and would not have to oppose the king as Supreme Governor.' |
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How does historian Smith describe James I's religious stance? |
'The key to James' construction of a broad Church was his ability to recognise who the real radicals that might actually challenge his authority were. By isolating the radicals, he could ensure that the Church Establishment contained mostly moderate believers. The 'Jacobethan balance' refers to the broad church that Elizabeth and James maintained.' |
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What was the impact of the Spanish match? |
This provoked tension, in addition to James' foreign policy which was linked to anti-Catholicism. This was heightened by James' apparent shift towards the Arminian group. |
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What was James' reaction to Puritans at the beginning and end of his reign? |
During his early rule James had been annoyed by Puritan demands for reform; in the final years he was exasperated by their calls to support the Protestant cause in Europe. |
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How did James move away from his role as arbitrator within the Church? |
-He allowed Arminian clerics, such as William Laud, to have greater prominence in theological debates at court -In 1624 he didn't censor Richard Montagu's publication of an Arminian tract 'A New Gag for an Old Goose' |
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What was the religious conspiracy about Charles' court? |
Outsiders believed that Catholics (or Arminians) were in control or subverting the king. In turn, Charles believed that his difficulties with Parliament in the years 1625-29 were an attempt by Puritans to attack the powers of the Crown. |
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Why did Charles shift side with Arminianism? |
Due to his commitment to their beliefs. |
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What was the impact of Charles' marriage to Henrietta Maria? |
His Arminianism became politically dangerous in the context of his marriage and his foreign policy in the years 1625-29. Henrietta Maria was regarded as influencing Charles towards Catholicism and absolutism, which had some negative political consequences. |
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What was the impact of Montagu as royal chaplain? |
This was a clear statement of Charles' approval of anti-Calvinism. |
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Describe the York House Conference, 1626 |
The focus was on the writings of Montagu; Warwick intended the conference as a way to persuade Charles to move away from anti-Calvinists. Buckingham took a stance in support of the leading anti-Calvinist, Laud, to reinforce his political relationship with the king. It became clear that Charles would not be dissuaded from supporting the Arminians nor discuss religious policy. |
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What positions were Montagu and Laud appointed to in 1628? |
William Laud was appointed as Bishop of London, and Montagu as Bishop of Chichester. |
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What was the most controversial issue of the Early Modern period? |
Religion, and it usually underpinned political conflict of the time. |
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What made the religious position of monarchs difficult? |
The varied viewpoints held across Britain after the Reformation in the 1530s. |
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How did the 'Jacobethan balance' differ to Charles I's religious policies? |
Whereas Elizabeth I and James I took a realistic and practical stance towards religious diversity as a means of maintaining support for their governance of the Church, Charles took a more authoritarian stance by soughting to impose uniformity. |
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What was the impact of Charles' religious policy? |
He broke the 'Jacobethan balance' and forced moderate Calvinists to feel increasingly sympathetic towards their fellow anti-Catholic Protestants, the Puritans. Ultimately, it was Charles' attempt to enforce religious uniformity across his kingdoms that provoked the British Civil Wars. |
