Religion And Belief Systems

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RELIGION

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adherence to a set of beliefs or teachings about the deepest and most elusive of life's mysteries

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Characteristics of Religion

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Clear distinction of profane and sacred

belief and faith as forms of acceptance of sacred things (w/o proof)

Uses rituals and develops organized forms of practices.

Faithful members gather to stimulate the faith of people.

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Types of Religious Organizations

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Church

Denominations

Sects

Cults

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CHURCH

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an institutional organization that is considered as the most recognized form of religious organization

A large and formalized organization that I'd incorporated into society and is sometimes fused with the state.

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Characteristics of Church

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Clear hierarchal structure and organization

Has a developed professional class

Church hierarchy formulates and implements set of rules and regulations.

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DENOMINATION

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Religious organizations that have a large number of members but are less formal than a church.

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SECT

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religious organizations that tend to differ and oftentimes reject a larger religion's beliefs

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CHARACTERISITCS OF SECT

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Opposes religious pluralism

Focus on the promotion of strict religious doctrines

Less formal than churches and denominations

Do not have a well-organized organizational structure and formal leadership.

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CULTS

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small religious organizations whose doctrines are outside mainstream religious traditions.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTS

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small and localized communities

Charismatic leader who exercises absolute control

Authority to rule based on direct revelation , divine insight or own interpretation

"new religions"

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JUDAISM

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came from the here word Yehudim which means Judah

traces its beginnings to the time of Abraham the first Hebrew who received revelations from God or Yahweh

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HEBREW BIBLE

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foundational text of the Hebrews

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TORAH // PENTATEUCH // 5 BOOKS OF MOSES

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Foundational text of the Hebrews

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JUDAISM

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God is both supreme and accessible God that is both awe-commanding and irresistible

God created all things by the unimaginable power of divine speech

God of Hebrews: a devoted god to his followers

Sacred temples: Synagogues

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CHRISTIANITY

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came from the Greek word Christos which means anointed

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CHRISTIANS

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people who profess their belief in Jesus Christ

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CHRISTIANITY

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They believe that God I'm the creator and sustainer of everything.

He is the Lord of eternity and the Supreme Being "ceaselessly active in human history"

God creates all possibilities both good and bad but He allows evil actions.

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BIBLE

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sacred text of Christianity, a set of holy writings inspired by God and given by God to man.

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THREE MAIN GROUPS OF CHRISTIANITY

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Orthodox Christianity

Protestantism

Roman Catholicism

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ISLAM

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derived from the Arabic word aslama which means surrender

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ISLAM

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Strictly believes in one God called Allah

Believes that Muhammed is the prophet or messenger of God

Sacred temples: Mosques

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KORAN

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sacred text of Islam

recitation of Muhammed of the messages given to him by Allah

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Five Pillars of Islamic Faith

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Shahada

Salat

Zakat

Sawm

Hajj

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SHAHADA

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Islam's profession of faith that there isn't only one God, Allah and Muhammed is his prophet

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SALAT

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prayer done five times every day

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ZAKAT

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almsgiving done by Muslims

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SAWM

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fasting done by Muslims during the holy month of Ramadan

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HAJJ

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Pilgrimage done by Muslims to the holy city of Mecca

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TWO MAIN GROUPS OF ISLAM

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Sunni

Shi'a

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SUNNI

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Believe that Muhammed did not appoint any successor and that it was up to the elders to determine among themselves who should become the prophet's successor

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SUNNA

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examples of Muhammed

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SUNNIS

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Majority of Muslim groups who followed the Sunna

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SUFISM

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Mystical/ascetic movement in Islam

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SHI'A

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believe that Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law was the successor of the prophet.

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HINDUISM

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considered as the world's oldest living religion.

Made up of a complex set of belief systems and practice that encompasses not on religion but also philosophy and culture.

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HINDUISM

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Believes that the world in considered evil and unimportant.

Hindus believe that one's present life in only the most recent in a long chain of lives that extends far into the past

Goal: Reach a level higher than the Brahmins so that one can become united with the universe and reach a state of moksha

Hindus believe in lesser deities or divine beings

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SAMSARA

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Hindus believe that the soul in caught in a cycle of birth-death-rebirth

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SOCIAL CASTE

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Hindus believe that the soul can constantly improve in order to reach a higher level or social class.

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BRAHMINS

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Priestly class

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MOKSHA

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Liberation and ultimate freedom from Samsara or the cycle of birth-death-rebirth

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SACRED TEXTS OF HINDUISM

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Vedas

Upanishads

Brahmanas

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VEDAS

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Body of oral literature that contains. songs and ritual instructions of the Brahmins.

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UPANISHADS

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theological and philosophical reflections regarding the Vedas.

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BRAHMANAS

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treatises on sacrificial rites that emphasize ritualized religions

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BUDDHISM

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third major religion in India next to Hinduism and Jainism

First international missionary religion that was established in the sixth century

Focuses on the importance of unworldliness and the need for discipline

Emphasize the middle path or way

Believe indulgences in desire or extreme ascetic discipline and material deprivation that tortures the body and mind do not end the suffering in life

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FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS OF BUDDHA

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1. Noble truth of Suffering (dukkha)

2. Noble truth of the cause and origin of suffering

3. Noble truth of the cessation of suffering

4. Noble truth of the path to the cessation of the cause of suffering

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BASKETS OR PITAKA

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Buddhism's sacred texts are organized into three major categories

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VINAYA PITAKA

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First basket

Contains all the rules of the monastic discipline

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SUTRA PITAKA

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Second basket

Compilation of Buddha's speeches

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ABHIDHARMA PITAKA

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third pitaka

Seven lengthy theoretical interpretations of the teachings of Buddha

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TRIPITAKA

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One single scripture of the three baskets