• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/78

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Geography of Religion

Geographers observe that religions are derived in part from elements of the physical environment, and that religions, in turn, modify the landscape.

Where are religions distributed?


Universalizing religions



Christianity


Islam


Buddhism



Where are religions distributed?


Ethnic religions


Hinduism

this ethnic religion by far has the largest number of followers. 900 million

other ethnic religions

Geographers study spatial connections in religion

place of origin


the extent of diffusion


the processes by which religions diffused


practices and beliefs that lead some to have more widespread distributions

97% of Hindus are concentrated in one country

India

World Population by Religion

Over two-thirds of the population belong to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

Three Main Religions

Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism

A branch in religion

a large and fundamental division within a religion



A denomination in religion

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations

A sect in religion

Is a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Hinduism

worship can differ from any two worshipers,


does not have a holy book, 70% worship the god Vishnu.

Christianity has 3 major branches

Roman Catholic


Protestant


Eastern Orthodox

Christianity in Europe

Protestant denominations, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy are dominate in different regions.





Christianity in Europe


Roman Catholic Majority

Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Poland,. Ireland, etc.

Christianity in Europe

Eastern Orthodox majority


Russia,Greece, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria

Christianity in Europe


Protestant majority


Lutheran


Calvinist



Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, United Kingdom

The Eastern Orthodox Church

A collection of 14 self-governing churches in Eastern Europe and the Middle East. 40% belong to the Russian Orthodox church.

Christianity in the Western Hemisphere

In this hemisphere.90% are Christian, 5% belong to other religions.


Latin America 95% are Roman Catholics.



3 largest Protestant denominations in the U.S

Baptist, Methodist, and Pentecostal,followed by Lutheran, Latter-Day Saints, and Churches of Christ.

Roman Catholicism in the US

50% of church membership concentrated in Roman Catholicism or one of the Protestant denominations

Smaller Branches of Christianity


survive in Northeastern Africa.

The Coptic Church of Egypt


The Ethiopian Church

Islam

The religion of 1.2 billion people, predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia.1/2 of the worlds Muslims live in four countries outside of the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.

Branches of Islam


divided into 2 important branches

Sunni 83% of Muslims and Shiite 16%

Islam in North America and Europe

Has a presence in the U.S through the nation of Islam, also known as black muslims. founded in Detroit in 1930 led for more than 40ys by Elijah Muhammad (The messenger of Allah).

Buddhism a Universalizing religion

Has 350 million adherents, especially in China and Southeast Asia

The 3 main branches of Buddhism

Mahayana


Theravada


Tantrayana

Sikhism and Baha'I

2 universalizing religions other than Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.




Sukhism's guru Nanak A.D. 1469-1538


Baha'I

Ethnic Religions


Hinduism

by far the largest number of followers. with 900 million adherents. the worlds largest religion behind Christianity and Islam

Confucianism


551-479 B.C.

A philosopher and teacher in the Chinese province of Lu.


prescribed a series of ethical principles for the orderly conduct of daily life in China.

Daoism (Taoism)

Lao-Zi (604-513) the way or path


cannot be comprehended by reason and knowledge because not everything is knowable.


embraced elements of magic.

Judaism

6 million Jews live in the US 4 million in Israel, 2 million in former Soviet Union.


named is derived from Juda one of the patriarch Jacob's 12 sons;Israel is another name for Jacob

animism

10% of Africans follow traditional ethnic religions. based on monotheistic concepts, although below the supreme god there is hierarchy of divinities, assistants to god or personifications of natural phenomena,such as trees or rivers.

Origin of Christianity

In Europe


Protestant majority


Lutheran Calvinist


Church of England




Roman Catholic Majority


Eastern Orthodox majority


Not Christian majority

Origin of Islam

Arabia/Egypt

Origin of Buddhism

china, India

Origin of Hinduism and Ethnic Religion

Unlike the unibersalizing religions, this religion originated with a specific founder.

Diffusion of Christianity

diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome

Diffusion of Islam

diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabic, It eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa

Diffusion of Buddhism

diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.

Diffusion of Other Universalizing Religions

Bahai religion diffused to other regions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Sidhism remained relatively clustered in the Punjab, where the religion originated

Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions

most ethnic religions have limited diffusion. These religions lack missionaries.

Shintoism and Buddhism in Japan

over two-thirds of the population are both Shinto and Buddhist

Judaism an exception

only since the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 has a significant percentage of the worlds Jews lived in their Eastern Mediterranean homeland. The Romans forced the Jewish diaspora.


Jews lived among other nationalities remaining separate religions practices but adopting other cultural characteristics.


Historically, the Jews of may European countries were forced to live in a ghetto, a city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews.


During WWII the Nazis systematically rounded up European Jews and exterminated them.


Many of the survivors migrated to Israel.


10% of the worlds 14 million Jews live in Europe

Holy Places

Derive from the distinctive physical environment of its hearth, such as mountains, rivers,or rock formations. A universalizing religion endows with holiness cities and other places associated with the founders life. making a pilgrimage to these holy places is incorporated into the rituals of some universalizing and ethnic religions.

Holy Sites in Buddhism

most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha's life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

Mecca, Islams Holiest City

Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and is the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.

Holy Places in Sikhism

most holy structure, the Darbar Sahib, or Golden Temple, was built at Amritsar, during the seventh century. militant Sikhs used the Golden Temple as a base for launching attacks in support of greater autonomy during the 1980s.

Holy Places in Ethnic Religions

Closely tied to the physical geography of a particular place. Pilgrimages are undertaken to view these physical features

Hindu Holy Places

Hierarchy of Hindu holy places: Some sites are holy to Hindus throughout India; others have a regional or sectarian importance, or are important only locally.

Cosmogony in Ethnic Religions

differ from universalizing religions in their understanding of relationships between human beings and nature. derive form distinctive concepts of cosmogony, which is a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.

The Calendar

An ethnic religion typically has holidays based on the distinctive physical geography of the homeland.


In universalizing religions, major holidays relate to events in the life of the founder rather than to the changing seasons of one particular place.


A prominent feature of ethnic religions is celebration of the seasons.


Rituals are performed to pray for favorable environmental conditions or to give thanks for past success.

The Jewish Calendar

Judaism is classified as an ethnic, religion in part because its major holidays are based on events in the agriculture

The Solstice

special significance a major holiday in some pagan religions is the winter solstice, the shortest day and longest night of the year, Stonehenge is a prominent remnant of a pagan structure apparently aligned so the Sun rises between two stones on the solstice

Islamic and Baha'l calendars

Islam, like Judaism, uses a lunar calendar. Islam as universalizing religion retains a strict lunar calendar. As a result of using a lunar calendar, Muslim holidays arrive in different seasons generation to generation. T

Christian commemorate the resurrection

of Jesus on Easter, observed on the first Sunday after the first full Moon following the spring equinox in late March. not all Christians observe Easter on the same day because Eastern orthodox churches use the Julian calendar.

Buddhists celebrate as major holidays

Buddha's birth, enlightenment, and death. how ever they do not all observe them on the same days. The major holidays in Sikhism are the births and deaths of the religions 10 gurus.


Commemorating historical events distinguishes Sikhism as a universalizing religion in to India's ethnic religion, Hinduism, which glorifies the physical geography of India.



Places of Worship

Church, basilica, mosque temple, pagoda, and synagogue are familiar names that identify places of worship in various religions

Christian churches

The christian landscape is dominated by a high density of churches. The word church derives from a Greek term meaning lord, master, and power.

Church Architecture

first modeled after Roman buildings for public assembly known as basilicas.


Churches built during the Gothic period had a floor plan in the form of the cross.



Muslim Mosques

Is not viewed as a sanctified place but rather as as a location for the community to gather together for worship.


It is organized around a central courtyard although it may be enclosed in harsher climates.


A distinctive feature is the minaret, a tower where a man known as a muzzan summons people to worship.

Hindu Temples

In Asian ethnic and universalizing religions, important religious functions are likely to take place at home within the family. the temple serves as a home to one or more gods, although a particular god may have more than one temple.


congregational worship is not part, the temple does not need a large closed interior space filled with seats. The site of the temple.....may also contain a pooi for ritual baths.

Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas

A prominent and visually attractive element of the Buddhist and Shintoist landscapes.


Pagodas contain relics that Buddhists believe to be a portion of Buddhas body or clothing.


pagodas are not designed for congregational worship

Baha'l houses of Worship

Baha'is built seven Houses of worship dispersed to different continets to dramatize Baha'i as a universalizing religion, open to adherents of all religions. Services include reciting the scriptures of various religions.

Sacred Space

The impact of religion is clearly seen at several scales. how each religion distributes its elements on the landscape depends on its beliefs

Burial

Christians Muslims and Jews usually bury their dead in a specially designated area called a cemetery. After Christianity became legal, Christians buried their dead in the yard around the church . public health and sanitation considerations in the nineteenth century led to public management of many cemeteries. the remains of the dead are customarily aligned in some traditional direction.

Other methods of disposing of Bodies

Hindus practice cremation also was the principal form of disposing of bodies in Europe before Christianity, Cremation could also free the soul from the body.

Religious Settlements

A utopian settlement is an ideal community built around a religious way of life .

Place names in Quebec

Place names in Quebec show the impact of religion on the landscape. Many cities and towns are named after saints.

Hierarchical Religions


Roman Catholic Church

1 Pope


2 Archbishop


3 Bishop


4 Diocese


5 Monsignor


6 Parish


7 Priest

Roman Catholic Hierarchy in U.S.

divides the U.S. into provinces headed by archbishops. Provinces are divided into dioceses, headed by bishops.

Latter-Day Saints

Mormons exercise strong organization of the landscape.

Locally Autonomous Religions

self-sufficient, Islam and some protestant denominations are good examples

Local Autonomy in Islam

Islam has neither a religious hierarchy nor a formal territorial organization. pilgrimage to Makkah.

Religion vs. Government Policies

The role of religion in organizing earths surface has diminished in some societies, owing to political and economic change, Yet in recent years religious principles have become increasingly important in the political organization of countries especially where a branch of Christianity or Islam is the prevailing religion.

Religion vs. Political Change

Participation in the global economy and culture can expose local residents to values and beliefs originating in more developed countries.


north Americans and Western Europeans may not view economic development as incompatible with religious values, but many religions adherents in less developed countries do, especially where Christianity is not the predominant religion.

Hinduism vs. Social Equality

most vulnerable aspect of the Hindu religion was its rigid caste system. such as neglect of the untouchables health and economic problems.


twice born groups are higher than the bottom which are the untouchables. - the cast system.

Religion vs. Communism

In 1721 Czar Peter the Great made the Russian Orthodox Church a part of the Russian government

Eastern Orthodox Christianity and Islam vs. The Soviet Union

Central Asian countries that were former parts of the Soviet Union are struggling to determine the extent to which laws should be rewritten to conform to Islamic custom rather than to the secular tradition inherited from the Soviet Union.