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185 Cards in this Set
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History of Islam spreading
Phase #1 |
Phase I: The Early Caliphs and Umayyads (610-750 AD)
Within the first century of the establishment of Islam upon the Arabian peninsula and the subsequent rapid expansion of the Arab Empire during the Muslim conquests The caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty established the first schools inside the empire, called madrasas, the ambitious project of building mosques across the empire |
People in Power Just After
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History of Islam spreading
Phase #2 |
Phase II: The Abbasids (750-1258)
the second great dynasty with the rulers carrying the title of 'Caliph'. philosophy, theology, law and mysticism became more widespread. The Arabic language and Arab customs spread throughout the empire Under the Abbasid Dynasty, the 'People of the Book' were not forced to convert, but they suffered from restrictions. They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women. During The Abbasids Dynasty, division began to arise between |
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History of Islam spreading
Phase #3 |
Phase III: Dissolution of the Abbasids and the emergence of the Seljuks and Ottomans (950-1450)
The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of Turkic conquests of Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the Indian subcontinent. Early in the period: Increase in the overall acceleration in the rate of conversions in the Muslim heartland Later in the Period: The latter period of this phase was marked by the Mongol invasion (particularly the siege of Baghdad in 1258) and after an initial period of persecution, the conversion of these conquerors to Islam |
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History of Islam spreading
Phase #4 |
Phase IV: Ottoman Empire: 13th Century - 1918
The Ottoman Empire defended its frontiers initially against threats from several sides. The Ottoman Empire played offensive and picked up Cyprus, a few other Greek controlled islands, and the majority of the Danube Basin. The Ottoman Empire's primary responsibility was to defend and extend the land of the Muslims and to ensure security and harmony within its borders within the overarching context of orthodox Islamic practice and dynastic sovereignty |
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History of Islam spreading
Phase #5 |
Phase V: (Post-Ottoman Empire (1918) - present)
Islam has continued to spread through commerce, the activities of Sufi missionaries, and migrations; especially in Southeast Asia. . |
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Sunnis and Shi’ites & the Islam Split
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The split goes back to events in the 7th century:
--After Mohammed's death, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, one of Mohammed’s closest companions takes the position as 1st caliph --Some in the community felt the title of caliph really belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib, Mohammed’s cousin, his adopted son, his first convert (at the age of nine), and husband of his daughter Fatima. ---Both sides believe that Mohammed specifically designated their man: Supporters of Abu Bakr became the Sunnis, Supporters of Ali ibn Abi Talib became the Shiites --Shiites would have to wait 3 more turns: --The Caliphate passed from: Abu Bakr to Umar, and Umar to Ulthman, and Ulthman at last passed the torch to Ali. Ali murdered in 661 and passed it to Muawiya, --Muawiya begins Umayyad dynasty 661–750 CE --Although the differences between Sunni Islam and the various Shi'ite sects started out as political, the distinction between the two groups has gradually become more and more theological as well. --Shia Muslims continue to hold the same fundamental beliefs of other Muslims, with the principle addition being that they also believe in an imamate, which is the distinctive institution of Shia Islam. The doctrine of the imamate was not fully developed until the 10th century and other dogmas developed still later. |
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Sunni Islam
--Basic Facts |
Sunni Islam refers to the sunnas, or oral traditions and interpretations of the Koran
-- a body of work similar to the Jewish Talmud. Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph should be a position to which one is elected by the religious leaders of the Islamic community, and not dependent on direct lineage from Mohammed. In principle, Sunni Muslims' relationship with God is direct and is not mediated by anything like a priest or rabbi. |
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Shiite Islam
--Basic Facts |
Comes from the word shi'a, which means "the party (of Ali)."
-----They are mostly found in Iran and Iraq, and among the Palestinians. They consider certain direct descendants of Ali – --The Imams -Infallible and the true inheritors of Mohammed. Ali was the first Imam, --his son Hassan the second, --his second son Hussein the third. Ali’s sons were killed in the conflict with Sunni Caliph Muawiya. --However, their succession ended with the 12th Imam, who went into hiding in 940. Most Shiites believe that the 12th Imam will reemerge someday as the Mahdi or Messiah, and reassert his leadership of the Islamic world. --In the meantime, ayatollahs are elected to serve as caretakers of the faith. |
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Islamic Philosophy (general statement)
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Islamic philosophy is a branch of Islamic studies on the Quran.
-It is the continuous search for Hikma meaning wisdom, -in the light of the Islamic view of life, the universe, -ethics, society, etc. -Began in Baghdad in the middle of the eighth century |
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Early Islamic Philosophy
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Early Islamic Philosophy:
--The first four centuries of Islamic theology had been a time of vibrant creativity. --The main sources of classical or early Islamic philosophy are the religion of Islam itself --(especially ideas derived and interpreted from the Quran) |
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Early Islamic Philosophy: Kalam
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A discipline of Islamic thought generally referred to as 'theology' or (even less accurately) as 'scholastic theology'.
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Themes Kalam addresses:
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-The first issue:
--The question of political authority and its legitimacy -The second major issue: --Was the status of the grave sinner -The third major issue: --What is the redeem of the will in Islam. -The fourth major issue: -- What attributes are assigned to the divine |
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Early Islamic Philosophy: Falsafa
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Comes from Greek word for Philosophy.
Islamic philosophy grew out of the desire by educated members of the community to uphold the authority of Islamic revelation against arguments increasingly posed by members of the many divergent peoples --living in lands united by the conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries |
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Later more Modern Islamic Philosophy
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The death of Ibn Rushd (Averroës) effectively marks the end of a particular discipline of Islamic philosophy usually called the Peripatetic Arabic School
Philosophical activity declined significantly in western Islamic countries, namely in Islamic Spain and North Africa Since the political power shift in Western Europe (Spain and Portugal) from Muslim to Christian control, the Muslims naturally did not practice philosophy in Western Europe. --led to some loss of contact between the 'west' and the 'east' of the Islamic world --Muslims in the 'east' continued to do philosophy, as is evident from the works of Ottoman scholars and especially those living in Muslim kingdoms |
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Islamic Theology:
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ʿAqadah (Islamic theology) is a branch of Islamic studies describing the beliefs of the Islamic faith.
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Islamic Theology: Iman in Qur'an
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Iman in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of Islam. Its most simple definition is the belief in the six articles of faith, known as arkān al-īmān.
According to the Quran, Iman must be accompanied by righteous deeds, and the two together are necessary for entry into paradise |
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Islamic Theology: Iman in Hadith
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In the Hadith of Gabriel:
Iman in addition to: islam and ihsan, form the three dimensions of the Islamic religion. |
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Three dimensions of the Islamic religion.
Muslim-->Mo'Min-->Mohsin Islam -->Iman -->I'hsan |
Islam:
In the first level, Islam, a person is saved by worshipping God through actions, that is through performing the five obligations mentioned above. Iman: To reach the level of an Imam one must have an absolute belief in the six articles of faith. To reach the second level, Iman, more faith is needed. A deeper degree of acknowledgement is required. This includes a belief in God and what He said. --A Mu'men believes that not only God exists but --He is capable of doing anything He wants. A -- A Mu'men believes in everything God told in the Holy Qur'an --A Mu'men is a person who believes that these angels exist and we are affected by them. --A Mu'men also believes that God revealed His guidance to humanity in previous Books before the Holy Qur'an. --A Mu'men believes that this life is a test, in which all our deeds and activities are recorded by angels --A Mu'men believes we will be held accountable for the entire test when we meet our Creator in the Day of Judgment. --A Mu'men believes in Al-Qada wal Qadar, or divine destiny I'hsan: I'hsan is the highest of the three levels of faith and the closest to God. It is to worship Allah as if you are seeing Him. While you do not see Him, He truly sees you. Then, Ihsan means that a Mu'hsen is sure that Allah is seeing him/her in everything he/she says or/ does. Therefore, a Muhsen does his/her best to say and do only what pleases God and conforms to His commands. |
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Theology of The Shi'a Islam
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Theology of The Shi'a Islam:
Like other schools of thought in Islam, Shia Islam is based on the teachings of the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Unlike the Khawarij (rebels), who defied all authority, the Shi'a believed in the undisputed authority of the divinely ordained imam (leader). Shia Muslims have from the start regarded inherited, mystical elements as fundamental to the nature of religious authority. The term Shia is a shortened form of Shiat Ali, which means "the party of Ali." |
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Theology of The Shi'a Islam Ali's Legitimacy as an Imam
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Theology of The Shi'a Islam Ali's Legitimacy as an Imam:
The position of 'Ali as imam and successor to the Prophet was vouchsafed by revelation and was not a matter of opinion. --The core of their views revolved around the nature of legitimate leadership and the conditions for salvation. The Shia believe that only God has the right to choose a representative to safeguard Islam, the Quran and sharia (based upon verses in the Quran which stipulate this according to the Shia). --For this reason, the Shias look to Ali, whom they consider divinely appointed, as the rightful successor to Muhammad, and the first imam. --The Shia believe that there are numerous narrations where Muhammad selected Ali as his successor. Shias regard Ali as the successor of Muhammad not only ruling over the community in justice, but also interpreting Islamic practices and its esoteric meaning. --Ali is known as "perfect man" (al-insan al-kamil) similar to Muhammad, according to Shia viewpoint. |
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Theology Shi'a Islam: Umayyad's Struggle to Stop
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li was regarded as more authentically representative of what Muhammad stood for and fought for, especially in contrast to the wealthy and worldly Umayyads.
After Ali died, his role was believed to have passed to his two sons, Hasan and Husain, who were also Muhammad's grandsons. Despite this, they did not take over the caliphate that position went to Mu'awiya, who founded the Umayyad dynasty. After this time, the descendants of Ali became a principle focus of dissent and opposition to the Umayyads. Many came to believe that the Umayyads and following Islamic rulers were corrupt and had fallen away from the path set by Muhammad. Those who believed that justice and good government would only replace tyranny and corruption when the rightful heirs of Muhammad took control came to be known as the Shiites. |
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Theology of Shi'a Islam: Five Articles of Faith
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The Shi’a roots of religion are a set of theological beliefs
--In Shi'a theology, these five articles of faith form the basis for Islam, and it is from these articles that the Branches of Religion are derived. Five articles of faith in the Shi'a Roots of Religion. 1) Tawhīd (Oneness) 2) Adalah (Justice) 3) Nubuwwah (Prophethood) 4) Imāmah (Leadership) 5) awm al Qiyyamah (The Day of Resurrection) |
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Theology of Shi'a Islam: Branches of Religion.
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The ten practices prescribed in Shi'a Branches of Religion
--(Furoo-ad-Deen: Secondary Principles of the Religion) 1) Salah ("Prayer" - performing the five daily prayers) 2) Sawm ("Fast" - fasting during the month of Ramadan) 3) Hajj ("Pilgrimage" - performing the pilgrimage to Mecca) 4) Zakat ("Poor-rate" - paying the poor rate) 5) Khums ("One-fifth" - paying tax on one-fifth of financial gain) 6) Jihad ("Struggle" - struggling to please God) 7) Amr-Bil-Ma'roof ("Enjoin what is good") 8) Nahi-Anil-Munkar ("Forbid what is wrong") 9) Tawalla (To love the Ahl-ul-Bayt and their followers) 10)Tabarra (To disassociate with the enemies of the Ahl-ul-Bayt) |
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Theology of The Sunni Islam
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Most statements about Islam apply to Sunni Islam, which represents the vast majority of Muslims.
Sunni Muslims view the caliph as a temporal leader only and consider an imam to be a prayer leader For the Shia the historic caliphs were merely de facto rulers while the rightful and true leadership continued to be passed along through a sort of apostolic succession of Muhammad's descendants, the Imams (when capitalized, Imam refers to the Shia descendant of the House of Ali). |
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Muʿtazilah
(Islamic school of speculative theology) |
The followers of the Mu'tazili school are best known for their having asserted that, because of the perfect unity and eternal nature of Allah, the Qur'an must therefore have been created, as it could not be co-eternal with God.
The Qurʾān could not be technically considered the word of God (the orthodox view), as God has no separable parts, and so had to be created and was not coeternal with God. |
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Muʿtazilah Doctrine:
(Islamic school of speculative theology) |
1) The Muʿtazilah stressed the absolute unity or oneness (tawḥīd) of God.
2) The Muʿtazilah further stressed the justice (ʿadl) of God as their second principle. Muʿtazilah posited that God desires only the best for man, but through free will man chooses between good and evil and thus becomes ultimately responsible for his actions '3) The Muʿtazilah threat and the promise (al-waʿd wa al-waʿīd), or paradise and hell, God’s justice becomes a matter of logical necessity: God must reward the good (as promised) and must punish the evil (as threatened). People: The most important of the Muʿtazilī theologians was Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf (Averroes) --Averroes was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against Ash'ari theologians led by Al-Ghazali, a leading public spokesperson of- Muʿtazilī beliefs: --The Shīʿites accepted their premises. --Disavowed by the Sunnite Muslims |
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Ash'arites (School of Islamic Thought)
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Al-Ash'ari (founder of Asharites) was originally part of the Mu'tazilite movement, which of course accepted the doctrine of man's free will and agreed that the Qu'ran is not eternal and uncreated.
Eventually, al-Ash'ari rejected the Mu'tazilite position, both on free will and on the nature of the Qu'ran Because he held that neither position was founded upon Qu'ranic revelation itself, but that both ideas were actually founded upon Greek philosophical rationalism, and so they should be rejected by every pious Muslim. |
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Al-Ghazali-
(Ash'arites) |
Al-Ghazali is known as being, "literally the man who saved Islam
Al Ghazali has sometimes been referred to by historians as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is viewed as the key member of the influential Asharite school of early Muslim philosophy and the most important refuter of Mutazilites. He brought the orthodox Islam of his time in close contact with Sufism. The orthodox theologians still went their own way, and so did the mystics both developed a sense of mutual appreciation which ensured that no sweeping condemnation could be made by one for the practices of the other |
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Ash'arite Theology & Beliefs
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Ash'arite theory:
--Allah is not only the creator of the action (i.e., the object of the act), but that He is also the creator of the power or capacity in man to acquire the act --The created capacity to act does not give man the freedom to choose between various possible courses of action, but enables him to acquire only the act that was preordained by Allah from all eternity Ash'arite Beliefs: --If Allah is the cause of man's actions, and also the cause of the acquisition of the acts, then it follows that man is not responsible for either his good or evil actions. |
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Muslim Creed (Amantu)
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Amantu:
There is a well-known short formula of creed which summarizes the articles of faith, called the Āmantu (“I believe”, cf. Credo). I believe in the one God, Allāh, His angels, His Books, His Messengers and the Last Day, and in the Destiny, from God, whether it be good or bad; and the Resurrection after death is true. I bear witness that there is no god but God (Allāh), and I bear witness that Muhammad is His Servant and His Messenger." |
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Sufism: Definition Within Islam
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Sufism, or Tasawwuf as it is known in the Muslim world, is defined as the Islamic mysticism. Sufism is more accurately described as an aspect or dimension of Islam, not a separate sect.
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Sufism Primary Focuses:
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Emphases and their Orgins:
--Anti-materialist: -reaction against the wealth and decadence of Umayyads: --Sufis wanted to return back to simple lifestyle of - Muhammad --Ascetic orientation Sufis are anti-formalist /anti-legalist: Direct result of a reaction against exclusive emphasis on outward forms of religious practice perceived by Sufis as one-sidedly emphasizing "otherness" of God: instead, focus on a more direct experience of the closeness to God, a continual longing for God |
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Sufism Knowledge Gained by Ritual
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In Sufism terminology, the knowledge the Sufi acquires when the secrets of the divine essence are revealed to him at the end of his journey toward union with God.
1) The Sufi must first reach the state of fanāʾ (“passing away of the self”), ---he becomes free from attachment to the earthly world and loses himself entirely in God. 2) After he is awakened from that state he attains the state of baqāʾ (“subsistence”), and ḥaqīqah is revealed to him. The Sufis called themselves ahl al-ḥaqīqah (“the people of truth”) to distinguish themselves from ahl ash-sharīʾah (“the people of religious law”). They used the label to defend themselves against accusations by orthodox Muslims that Sufis deviated from Islamic laws and principles laid down in the Qurʾān and Ḥadīth. Such accusations, the Sufis maintained, were made because the orthodox relied too much on the external meaning of religious texts and did not have the ambition or energy to seek an understanding of the inner meaning of Islam. Theological concerns: Tawhid: radical oneness of God. Love of God for God's sake Removal of spiritual attitudes hindering the believer from God. o Immanence of God (as corrective to traditional stress on God's transcendance): • "God is closer to you than your jugular vein" (50:16) |
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Sadaga
Khums |
Obligation to give 1/5 20% of income to charity.
Alms giving |
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Islamic Historical developments
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Islam's historical development has affected political, economic, and military trends both inside and outside the Islamic world. As with Christendom, the concept of an Islamic world is useful in looking at different periods of human history; similarly useful is an understanding of the identification with a quasi-political community of believers, or ummah, on the part of Islam's practitioners down the centuries
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Islam Modernity
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The modern age brought technological and organizational changes to Europe while the Islamic region continued the patterns of earlier centuries. The Great Powers globalized economically and colonized much of the region.
Later, in modern history (18th and 19th centuries), many Islamic regions fell under the influence of European Great powers. After the First World War, Ottoman territories (a Central Powers member) were partitioned into several nations under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. |
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Islamic Theology: (ʿaqadah)
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• Islamic theology is a branch of Islamic studies describing the beliefs of the Islamic faith
• Iman in Islamic theology denotes a believer's faith in the metaphysical aspects of Islam. Its most simple definition is the belief in the six articles of faith, known as arkān al-īmān. o According to the Quran, Iman must be accompanied by righteous deeds, and the two together are necessary for entry into Paradise o In the Hadith of Gabriel, iman in addition to islam and ihsan form the three dimensions of the Islamic religion. • Islam: Submission to God • Iman: The absolute belief in the six articles of faith • Ihsan: In Islam, ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship |
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‘Gender issues in Islam
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Women in Islam:
Some injunctions in Fiqh / "Shari'a" and alternative readings Over time, women in Islam have gained more freedoms and equal rights. |
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Gender Issues in Pre-Islamic Times
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Era of Jahiliyya
Marriage: unlimited polygyny? Mahr / dowry: "bride-price" Authority: women "sold" into marriage Divorce: Unilateral male right? Inheritance: No rights to inheritance for women (contra: Khadijah) Modesty / Veil "exposure" of pre-Islamic women ? (contra: Veiling as a pre-Islamic practice?) |
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Gender Issues during Period of "Classical Islam"
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Era "Classical Islam"
Marriage: Islam limits polygyny to 4 wives maximum Mahr / dowry: Dowry belongs to the wife *(though oftentimes right to dowry not practiced) Authority: Male "wali," guardian, represents non-married *(woman's / family's interest Divorce: Qur'an argues against unilateral divorce, encourages reconciliation, protects divorced woman, introduces waiting period "Khul'" divorce with husband's consent: divorce in return for dowry Inheritance: Typically, a female receives about half of what her male counterpart receives Modesty / Veil: Modesty for men and women; |
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Gender issues during the reform era of Islam
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Reform:
Marriage: Qur'an outlaws polygyny "One cannot be just to more than one wife;" some Muslim countries have outlawed polygyny Mahr / dowry: different interpretations of dowry: "commodification of reproductive capabilities," but also dowry as empowering women economically Authority: power of wali is limited, no marriage against woman's will Divorce: some Muslim countries have introduced arbitration councils Khul divorce possible without husband's consent Inheritance: Modifications to Qur'anic stipulation. Qur'anic injunctions assume that males are responsible for the upkeep of the family Modesty / Veil: Different readings on the veil and modesty / understanding of modesty varies greatly |
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3 I’s of 3 Dimensions of Islam
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Islam: Submission to God
Iman: The absolute belief in the six articles of faith Ihsan: In Islam, ihsan is the Muslim responsibility to obtain perfection, or excellence, in worship |
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The 1st 4 Rightly Guided Profits after the death of the Prophet Mohammed
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1) Abu Bakr
2) Omar bi al-khattab 3) Uthman b. al-khattab 4) Ali bi Abu Talib |
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7 Dimensions of Religion
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7 Dimensions of Religion
1) Practical/Ritual 2) Ethical/Legal 3) Narrative/mythic 4) Experiential/Emotional 5) Doctrinal/Theological 6) Material 7) Social/institutional |
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'Adl
or Adalah |
Absolute justice of God
Defined as justice and denotes The Justice of God. It is among the five Shia Principles of the Religion. The Shias believe that there is intrinsic good or evil in things, and that God commands them to do the good things and shun the evil. They believe that God acts according to a purpose or design, and human reason cannot comprehend this |
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Abbasid Dynasty
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(750-1258)
The second great dynasty with the rulers carrying the title of 'Caliph'. Expansion ceased and the central disciplines of Islamic philosophy, theology, law and mysticism became more widespread and the gradual conversions of the populations within the empire occurred. Through this dynasty divisions began between Persians and Arabs and Sunnis and Shiites. |
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A Common Word Between Us and You (2007)
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A 2007 letter written by 138 Muslim scholars and imams addressing Pope Benedict XVI and other Christian leaders, "A Common Word" points out the similarities between Christianity and Islam, namely the love of God and love of neighbor.
This was important because it came from such a broad spectrum of sects of Islam, and it was a call for peace and mutual understanding from the Islamic world. |
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Adoption (in Islam)
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Adoption (with the alteration of a child's name to the new father) is strictly prohibited in Islam.
Orphaned children can be cared for in families however (kafala), and an adopted and biological child can grow closer as siblings if they both nurse from the same mother during the first two years of their lives.Clinicians need to be aware of the prohibition of adoption in Islam. |
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Affirmation Verse
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“O Jesus, I am going to bring thy term to an end and raise thee to myself, and purify thee from those who have disbelieved...” ---3:48-55
This verse is important when talking about the death of Jesus. God seems to be telling Jesus ahead of time that he will bring about his death and God seems to be taking complete responsibility for the death of Jesus |
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Ahl al-ḥaqīqah (Sufism)
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Sufis label themselves the “people of truth” in order to separate themselves from conservative orthodox Muslims.
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Ahl ash-sharīʾah (Orthodox Muslims)
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Translates as “the people of religious law”, the term applies to those who adhere to Islamic laws and principles laid down in the Qurʾān and Hadiths.
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Aggadah
M.S |
Aggadah (Mythical Stories)
The word aggadah may be rendered as "narrative, recitation, account based on scripture," but the term, the concept, implies and refers to very much more in the midrashic and Talmudic corpora. By aggadah is meant that which strictly speaking is not classified as Halakhah, as required, normative practice. Aggadah includes narratives, historical composition, poetry, speculation, genealogical records, fanciful interpretation, moral exhortation—in short, the exposition of the whole variety of scriptural contents beyond the codified, legislative, and juristic, prescribed courses of action which constitute halakhah. |
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Ahmadiyya Movement
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Ahmadiyya Movement
The Ahmadiyya view of Jesus, while agreeing that Jesus was a mortal prophet, breaks with mainstream Islamic interpretation by asserting that Jesus was not raised physically to Heaven. They isntead claim that he instead, survived the crucifixion and later died a natural death after having migrated towards India Islamic tradition commonly depicts that Jesus, upon his second coming, would be an Ummati (Muslim within the greater Muslim community) Jesus would be a follower of Muhammad and that he would revive the truth of Islam rather than fostering a new religion. |
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Al-insan al-kami
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An honorific title to describe the Prophet Muhammad.
It is an Arabic phrase meaning "the person who has reached perfection |
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Al-Ghazali
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Al-Ghazali
Ghazali has sometimes been referred to by historians as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad He is viewed as the key member of the influential Asharite school of early Muslim philosophy and the most important refuter of Mutazilites. He brought the orthodox Islam of his time in close contact with Sufism. The orthodox theologians still went their own way, and so did the mystics both developed a sense of mutual appreciation which ensured that no sweeping condemnation could be made by one for the practices of the other Al-Ghazali is known as being, "literally the man who saved Islam |
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Al- Haitham
FMO |
Al- Haitham
Father of modern optics Studied the refraction of light and its dispersion into The spectrum of colors Theory of various physical phenomena (shadows, eclipses, rainbows) and the physical nature of light Process of vision First to give an anatomical description, illustration, and explanation of the eye and how it works |
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--{nafs}
--[Qalb] --[Ruh] |
Allah has the ability to penetrate and fill these:
--[nafs]------>[-self-ego] --[Qalb]----->[-heart] --[Ruh]------>[Spirit] |
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ʿAqīdah
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Beliefs
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Arkan al-Islam wa-al-iman
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The six articles that make up the Muslim Creed
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Ash'ari:
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School of early muslim speculative theology.
Disciples of the school are known as Ash'arites Believe in uncreated Quran and Predestination. |
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Ash'arites
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Disciples of the Ash’ari School
Believe in Uncreated Quran Believe in Pre-destination |
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(Ibn Rushd)
Averroes |
Averroes was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against Ash'ari theologians led by Al-Ghazali. Averroes' philosophy was considered controversial in Muslim circles
Averroes was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, and Islamic theology. |
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Ayatollah
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A high ranking title given to Usuli Twelver Shī‘ah clerics. Those who carry the title are experts in Islamic studies such as jurisprudence, ethics, and philosophy and usually teach in Islamic seminaries.
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Iranian religious leader of the Shiites;
When Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989) |
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Baruq
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The SUPER SONIC DONKEY!!!! The mode of transportation which Gabriel provides for the Prophet Muhammad for the night Journey to Jerusulem, also known as the Miraj
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Bid'ah
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INORTHODOX INNOVATION
Bid'ah in technology, medicine and science are normally ok, however within religion it is a sin. |
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Baqā:
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The Sufi state of attainment achieved after being awakened from Fana'. It is in this state of attainment that ḥaqīqah is revealed to him.
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Bismillah
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slaughtering an animal in the name of Allah
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Book of Mormon
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The Book of Mormon was found by Joseph Smith after the Angel, later identified as Moroni, lead him to the location of two golden plates on which God had written the Book of Mormon, the plates have never been located
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Cassius Clay
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Birth name of Muslim boxer Muhammad Ali
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Cassius X
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First Muslim name Muhammad Ali took
Traditionally the X symbolizes removing their “slave” name. |
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Circumcision
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Male circumcision is expected in Islam, in order for one to be included in the greater Muslim community.
Non-circumcision is considered unclean and impure. Circumcision may be referred to as khitan. Healthcare providers must be aware of this practice when assisting Muslim patients (however, circumcision is obviously encouraged in both Christian and Judaic traditions as well). |
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Clarence 13 X
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Founder of the Five Percenters and student of Malcolm X
He split the Nation of Islam in 1963 by rejecting that God was separate from man and that the Black man was God personified. Only dedication could bring out this quality. Although the "Five Percent" tend to have a negative view of Caucasian descent, the religion promotes cleanliness and a moral lifestyle, which has helped reduce crime in poorer areas of the country. |
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Cordova
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Capital of Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain)
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Council of Trent
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A council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine.
Music and its permissibility was also discussed. As a result of the fear that music would distract and destroy the purpose of it in the service. |
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Cross
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The purpose of the cross in Islam
For Muslims who believe Jesus was crucified) is to show the sinful nature of humans who were willing to kill a prophet and to exemplify Jesus' servanthood and full submission to God's will. Many, however, believe that God wouldn't make his prophet suffer unnecessarily. |
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Cultural competence:
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Refers to an ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures, particularly in the context of human resources, non-profit organizations, and government agencies whose employees work with persons from different cultural/ethnic backgrounds.
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Dar al-Isla
Dar al-Harb Dar al-such |
Muslim View of Global Division
Dar al-Islam Land under Islam political control Dar al-Harb Rest of world under control of non-Muslims Dar al-such Areas not under Islam control, but treaty |
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Denial Verse
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Denial Verse
This verse is important when talking about the death of Jesus. The verse means that Jews thought they had killed Jesus but they really didn't. The Qur’an seems to be reprimanding the Jews not for the crucifixion itself but for claiming/boasting they had killed the Messiah. “And for their saying, 'Verily we have slain the Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, an Apostle of God.' Yet they slew him not, and they crucified him not, but they had only his likeness..." ---4:156-157 |
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Dhikr
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Remembrance of God through chanting
The dhikr, like fikr (meditation), is a method the Sufi may use in his striving to achieve oneness with God. |
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Dhimmi dhimma
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term from the Qur'an that refers to the "people of the book" those of Abrahamic faiths (non muslims) i.e. Christians and Jews living under Muslim rule.
Under Muslim rule, “People of the Book” must: Accept and acknowledge Muslim superiority Pay the Jizya (non Muslim tax) Not attempt to convert Muslim |
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Double consciousness
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The sense of always looking at one's self throughout the eyes of others
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Du'a
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invocational or personal prayer addressed directly to Allah; not required
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Elijah Muhammad
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established the Black Muslims, blend of Islam and black nationalism. Encouraged blacks to celebrate their African heritage, live a life of self-discipline and self-help, and strive for a separate all black nation.
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Fatiha
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1st opening lines of Suran
Central in prayer |
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Fana' (Sufism)
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Fana' (Sufism)
The second step in Sufism in attaining Haqīqah Follows attaining Shari’a law It means to dissolve the ego self, while remaining physically alive. Persons having entered this enlightenment state obtain awareness of the intrinsic unity (Tawhid) between Allah and all that exists, including the individual's mind. |
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Fatwas
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legal opinion/ruling issued by an Islamic scholar
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Five Daily Prayers-Salat
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Morning - Fajr
Midday - Zuhr Afternoon - Asr Evening - Maghrib Night - Isha |
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Five Percenters
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Most popular Muslim rappers are "Five Percenters," which is based on Black pride and lifting oneself up out of his circumstances. The religion is considered sacrilegious by some traditional Sunni Muslims and the Nation of Islam.
Five Percenters believe that only 10% of the world know the truth and decide to keep 85% of the world ignorant, while only the remaining 5% are able and willing tell the world the truth. |
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Gabriel
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• The angel who appears to the Prophet Muhammad to deliver revelation in the form of what would become the Qur'an.
• In accordance with tradition, Gabriel appeared to the prohpet many times throughout his life, aiding him in his travels, protecting him from harm, delievering revelation. o Also it should be noted that it is Gabriel who took the Prophet to Jerusalem for the Miraj and the Isra. |
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Great Mosque of Cordova
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• Great mosque built in the Capital City of Al-Andalus in Muslim Spain
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Ghusl
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Full bath to cleanse oneself from a major impurity
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Gregorian Chant
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A rhythmically free and monophonic liturgical chant of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Halal
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Anything in Islam that is deemed Permissible
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Haram
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Anything in Islam that is deemed Forbidden
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Halakhah (Legal Texts)
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Legal texts which are the regulations governing the conduct of society as well as individual practice in Islam. It is also a term that is borrowed from the Jewish traditions for their Legal texts
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Hijab
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• 1. A head covering worn by some Muslim women in public.
• 2. Sex-segregation, including seclusion of women from the public, male eye. |
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Haqīqah (Sufism)
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• the knowledge the Sufi acquires when the secrets of the divine essence are revealed to him at the end of his journey toward union with God.
o The Sufi must first reach the state of fanāʾ (“passing away of the self”), in which he becomes free from attachment to the earthly world and loses himself entirely in God. • After he is awakened from that state he attains the state of baqāʾ (“subsistence”), and ḥaqīqah is revealed to him. |
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Hikmah
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An Arabic word meaning wisdom.
Hikmah is important to Islamic philosophy |
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Hudud In Shar'ia law:
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fixed punishments for certain serious crimes. This includes punishment for theft, which is the amputation of hands or feet.
Only actually carried out in Saudi Arabia today for major crimes |
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Hunayn ibn Ishaq
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• Hunayn ibn Ishaq translated writings of Plato, Aristotle, Galen and Hippocrates at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.
• The translation of texts into Arabic helped preserve ancient medical histories. |
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Ibn al-Nafis
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Arab physician
Knowledge of the pulmonary and circulatory systems Description of “true anatomy of the heart and blood circulatory system Mapped the network of the vessels supplying blood to the heart |
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Iftar Meal
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The evening meal when Muslims break their fast during the Islamic month of Ramadan
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Imam:
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Imam:
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Infanticide
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Infanticide (or infant homicide) is the intentional killing of infants
female infanticide is more common than the killing of male offspring, due to sex-selective infanticide. Sacrifices to gods, or as "disappointment and fear of social disgrace felt by a father upon the birth of a daughter |
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Jesus *ISLAM
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• In Islam, he is considered a prophet/messenger who is not divine. He announced the coming of Mohammad.
• Some Muslims believe he died on the cross, others think he died in a different manner, and still others don't believe he died at all but ascended straight to heaven. o If he did die, it was not for the forgiveness of sins (contrasts with Christians' view of crucifixion). |
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Jizya
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• In an Islamic-ruled state, the tax that the Dhimmis were required to pay in order to show acknowledgement of Muslim rule
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Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith, Jr. was an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, the predominant branch of which is Mormonism
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Kafala System
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(sponsorship system) A system used to monitor the construction and domestic migrant laborers in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.
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Kafir
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In an Islamic doctrinal sense, it is usually translated as "unbeliever," "disbeliever," or "infidel."
The term refers to a person who rejects God or who hides, denies, or covers the "truth." |
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Kalām
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Kalām
The Islamic philosophy of seeking theological principles through dialectic. In Arabic, the word literally means "speech/words". A scholar of kalām is referred to as a mutakallim |
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Kemal Ataturk
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• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey
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Khaba'ith
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impure foods
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Kharijites
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Kharijites
• First emerged in the late 7th century. • Kharijites developed doctrines that set them further apart from both Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. • Noted for adopting a radical approach to Takfir, where it declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed worthy of death. |
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Khawarij
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• literally 'rebels'
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khitan
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• Circumcision may be referred to as khitan
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Khutba
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The sermon given by the imam during Friday communal prayer
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Konya
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Ottoman and Mevlevi capitol
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Liminal spaces
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• “Liminal spaces” refer to any area where an individual has to navigate both circles in a transition state (e.g. home culture and dominant society)
• Local education in the West is a liminal space |
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Lumen Gentium
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Latin for "Light of Nations," "Lumen Gentium"
A 1964 document produced by the Second Vatican Council that addressed the sovereignty of Jesus Christ over all things as the light of nations. • This was a monumental document in that it was an official Church teaching that mentioned Muslims in a positive light, saying that they were to be esteemed by Catholics for worshipping the One God. |
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Mahr:
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DOWRY
•Islam, a mahr also transliterated mehr, meher, or mahrieh) is a mandatory required amount of money or possessions (usually a combination of the two), paid by the groom to the bride at the time of marriage, (nikah), for her exclusive use. |
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Madrasas
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Madrasas
• The caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty established the first schools inside the empire, called madrasas • Taught the Arabic language and Islamic studies. |
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Malcolm X
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• In 1952 he renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage
• Converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter • His beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement o built on separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality |
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Muawiya
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the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah
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Muhammad Jalal-ud-Din Rumi *(Maulāna Jalālud-Dīn Muhammad al-Balkī ar-Rūmī.)
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The orginal founder of the Mevlevi Order. He was originally from Persia, but moved to Konya in his youth and lived there the rest of his life.
• Rumi was raised a Sufi and showed mystical powers in his early age, taking journeys to heaven. Through his gifts and talent, he formed his own practice of zikr, sama. • Rumi impacted Konya through his beliefs and original practices that helped the city flourish in the height of the Ottoman Empire. |
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Mut’a
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Practice of temporary marriages
A Muslim may marry with temporary license lasting from 24 hours-99 years. Under this license, all children produced are considered legitimate |
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Mevlevi Order
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Mevlevi Order
• One of the original twelve Sufi Orders founded by Muhammad Rumi. • Their unique practice of zikr, known as sama, has given them the more common title The Whirling Dervishes. o Age 8-99 |
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Muslim Spain
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711 CE-1492 CE when Iberian Peninsula was under Muslim rule
o Aka Moorish Spain and Al-Andalus o Known for Muslim tolerance, nearly harmonious relationships between Muslims, Jews, Christians o Major contributions in translations, sciences advancements, and architecture. |
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Mu'tazilah
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Islamic school of theology
• Based on reason and rational thought. • Disciples known as Mutazilites. o Believe in the created Quran and free will. |
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Mutakallim
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A scholar of kalām
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Mutazilites
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Disciples of the Mu’tazilah School of Islamic theology
• Believe in the created Quran and free will • Similarally leaning towards Shi’a Islam • Mu'tazilites emphasize human free will over predestination. They also reduced the divine attributes to the divine essence |
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Mohammad Mosaddegh
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He served as the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953 when he was removed from power by a coup d'état.
• Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup, August 19, 1953 organized and carried out by the United States CIA at the request of the British MI6. • Following his overthrow, Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death. |
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Mormonism
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• A faith founded in America in 1830 by the Prophet Joseph Smith. Holy texts include the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants.
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Music of the Spheres
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• An ethereal harmony thought by Pythagoreans
o produced by the vibration of the celestial spheres aligning. |
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Mut'a
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The practice of temporary marriages. A Muslim ay marry with a temporary license lasting from 24hrs - 99yrs. Under this license all children produced are considered legitimate.
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Nai flute
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• Made from reed or cane, it projects the music of nature, exciting the senses for God
• Music is an inseparable part of worship and prayer in Sufism |
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Najas
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unclean foods
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Nihilism
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A viewpoint that traditional values and beliefs are unfounded and that existence is senseless and useless
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Nikah
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Marriage within the Islamic Community
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Niyya(h)
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• The intention of the prayer; one of the most important aspects of prayer because without it the prayer would be invalid
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Nostra Aetate
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Nostra Aetate
• Latin for "In Our Age," "Nostra Aetate" was a landmark 1965 document issued by the Second Vatican Council that specifically addressed how Catholics were to engage with peoples of other faiths. • It notes that Muslims committee th emselves to prayer and good works, and suggests that Catholics and Muslims work together for social justice in the world. |
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Nubuwwah ("Prophethood" )
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In Islam, Nubuwwah means "Prophethood" and denotes that God has appointed perfect Prophets and Messengers to teach mankind Gods religion. Nubuwwah is among the five Shi'a Roots of Religion.
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Operation Ajax
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• In 1953, Operation Ajax was an covert operation by the United States CIA in collaborating with the Pahlavi dynasty, to overthrow the elected government of Iran and Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh and consolidate the power of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
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Orthoprax
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More proactive faiths whose focus lies more heavily on actions as opposed to beliefs and faith alone.
Examples include Islam and Judaism. |
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Ottoman Empire: 13th Century – 1918
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• This greatest of the Muslim states in terms of duration was founded in the late 13th century by the Ottoman Turks. It lasted until its dissolution after WW I in 1918.
• It was an empire inspired and sustained by Islam, and Islamic institutions. |
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Pact of Umar
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Pact of Umar
• The Pact of Umar is the body of limitations and privileges entered into by treaty between conquering Muslims and conquered non-Muslims in the 9th Century CE o It is a document that regulates the behavior of Christians and Jews in Muslim lands, Supposedly, it was supposedly originally given by the Caliph Umar ibn al Khatib • The document illustrates the position of Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians and some others in Muslim society: they were "protected," provided that they "knew their place." |
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Patriarchal Society
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• A form of social organization in which a male is the head of the family and descent, kinship, and title are traced through the male line.
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Qadar
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• Qadar; (fate; divine foreordainment/predestination) is the concept of divine destiny in Islam.
o Destiny is what Allah has commanded. • Allah has knowledge of everything in His creation. o Nothing occurs except by His will. • Human beings are given free will, and it must be made clear that destiny does not have a cause-and-effect influence on the choices humans make. o The choices that humans make are all within Allah's knowledge |
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Qiblah
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the direction in which a Muslim turns to face Mecca; important for the 5 daily prayers. Cultural competency calls for hospitals serving Muslims to point out this direction
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Ruh ul-qudus
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The Holy spirit, also another name for the angel Gabriel in Islam
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Salat
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ritual prayers in a prescribed form and at a prescribed time; the five daily prayers
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Salat al Jum'a
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Friday communal prayer is when the Muslim community will gather together in the mosque at noontime on Fridays and pray.
A sermon (Khutba) by the imam or leader will be given. Friday communal prayers are mandatory for men and are optional for women. |
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Sama
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Unique form of Zikr founded by Rumi within the Mevlevi Order.
• Its practice brings a Sufi closer to God by remembrance and becoming one with God. • The progressions of recitation, chanting techniques, and stylized body movements create unity among the participating dervishes that ultimately point to God. • Dervishes whirl around for minutes at a time in this detailed practice. • There are four significant parts, ultimately signifying the rebirth of a Sufi. o Not all mevlevi are Sufis, their ages range from 8-99 |
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SAVAK
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Prior to the Islamic revolution of 1978–79 in Iran, SAVAK (Organization of National Security and Information), the Iranian secret police and intelligence service, protected the regime of the shah by arresting, torturing, and executing many dissidents
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Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the last Shah (King) of Iran, his reign lasted from 1941 until his overthrow in 1979.
His policies led to strong economic growth during the 1960s and 1970s but at the same time, opposition to his autocratic rule increased. On January 18, 1979, he and his family left Iran after over a year of uprising as he didn't want for a civil war to break out in the country. |
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Shams Tabrizi
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Shams Tabrizi
Shams-i-Tabrīzī or Shams al-Din Mohammad was a Persian Muslim, who is credited as the spiritual instructor of Mewlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Rumi |
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Shaykh
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Shaykh
• A chief or master. the highest rank of a Sufi order and the person standing in the place of the prophet Muhammad and ultimately God. He does not necessarily need to be a descendant of Muhammad |
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Shiite Islam
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Shiite
• comes from the word Shi’a, which means "the party (of Ali)." o They are mostly found in Iran and Iraq, and among the Palestinians. • They consider certain direct descendants of Ali (the Imams)-infallible and the true inheritors of Mohammed. • Ali was the first Imam, his son Hassan the second, his second son Hussein the third. o Ali’s sons were killed in the conflict with Caliph Muawiya. • However, their succession ended with the 12th Imam, who went into hiding in 940. o Most Shiites believe that the 12th Imam will reemerge someday as the Mahdi or Messiah, and reassert his leadership of the Islamic world. • In the meantime, ayatollahs are elected to serve as caretakers of the faith. |
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Shirk
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In Islam, shirk is the sin of idolatry or polytheism. i.e. the deification or worship of anyone or anything other than the singular God, or more literally the establishment of "partners" placed beside God.
Within Islam, shirk is an unforgivable crime when unpardoned before death ; God may forgive any sin if one dies in that state except for committing shirk |
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Substitute Theory
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This is the idea that someone died in Jesus' place on the cross, such as an apostle, Simon of Cyrene, or an enemy.
The theory raises the question as to how the character of Jesus is compromised by allowing his friend to take his place on the cross when his own teaching had caused the hostility. |
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Sufism
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The spiritual aspect of Islam. it is a philosophical system of thought. The goal of a Sufi is discover the divine being and one truth, God, through love and knowledge. Sufi's separate themselves from materialistic lifestyles, because it brings sin. Sufism believes that God is everywhere and everything.
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Sunni Islam:
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refers to the sunnas, or oral traditions and interpretations of the Koran
More orthodox than Shiite islam Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph should be a position to which one is elected by the religious leaders of the Islamic community, and not dependent on direct lineage from Mohammed. |
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Tadjwid
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The chanting of the Qur'an using embellished musical lines.
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Tahrif
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Muslim belief that the Bible has been tampered with, and is thus corrupted either in its textual form, or in the way it is interpreted.
Where ever biblical texts or interpretations conflict with the Qur'an, Muslims may suspect tahrif. |
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Takfir
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In Islamic law, takfir or takfeer refers to the practice of one Muslim declaring another Muslim an unbeliever or kafir (pl. kuffār)
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Tahrif
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Muslim belief that the Bible has been tampered with, and is thus corrupted either in its textual form, or in the way it is interpreted.
Where ever biblical texts or interpretations conflict with the Qur'an, Muslims may suspect tahrif. |
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Tawhid
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Doctrine of oneness of God. First part of the Shahada
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Tasawwuf
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• Tasawwuf is a branch of Islamic knowledge which focuses on the spiritual development of the Muslim.
• Tasawwuf Related to Sufism: In Arabic the word for wool is suf and thus, those who wore it became known as the Sufis. Another possible derivation of the word comes from the root word safa, which means "to clean." Because the scholars of tasawwuf focused on cleansing the heart, they later became known as the Sufis. |
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Tawwakul
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A concept analogous to "complete reliance" on Allah, or a type of fatalism.
• In terms of health situations, Muslims may reject treatment or fail to seek remedies for diseases they see as justly given to them by Allah. |
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Ulama
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The body of Mullahs (Muslim scholars trained in Islam and Islamic law) who are the interpreters of Islam's sciences and doctrines and laws and the chief guarantors of continuity in the spiritual and intellectual history of the Islamic community
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Ummah
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an Arabic word meaning "nation" of "community"
• it can be said to be a supra-national community with a common history o collective community of Islamic peoples |
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Vatican II (Second Vatican Council of the Roman Catholic Church)
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Convened from 1962-1965 over several sessions by Pope John XXIII and Pope Paul VI (after John's death),
this council served as a sort of renewal for the Catholic Church. • Several changes were made to the Church o switching the language of the Mass from Latin to the vernacular of local parishoners. o Vatican II produced several documents and teachings that addressed how the Church was to engage other world religions, such as Islam. |
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Waʾd
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The disposal by burying alive of newborn daughters”, refers to the practice in pre-Islamic times of burying newborn girls ¶ immediately after birth
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Wahhabi Sect:
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The most famous Sunni extremist faction.
It is characterized by radical fundamentalism: The Koran is not to be interpreted but rather taken literally. • There are to be no prayers or other appeals to prophets, saints, or any entity other than God. • There are to be no images of or monuments to any supposed Islamic leaders, not even elaborate tombs for famous Moslems. o The Koran is to be the soul source of secular as well as religious law. |
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Wakil
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Spokesperson for the Shi'a Imam (12ver Shi'a Muslims).
Refuses to name a successor after the disappearance of the 12th Imam ushering the Greater Occultation: still waiting for the return of the 12th Imam; began around 940CE |
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Wallace Fard
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Founder of the Nation of Islam
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Warith Deen Muhammad
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The son of Elijah Muhammad, Imam W.D. took over leadership of the Nation of Islam upon the death of his father in 1975.
• Along with Malcolm X, he had embarked on a spiritual journey which led him away from the black nationalist teachings of his father. • Influenced most African-American Muslims away from the controversial teachings of the Nation of Islam o Wanted them to embrace mainstream Islam. |
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Walī
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Walī
An Arabic word meaning "custodian", "protector", "helper", or authority as denoted by its definition "crown" Powers are limited |
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wudu
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ritual purity; cleansing or washing of oneself before prayer for minor ablutions
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Yawm al-qiyāmah
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The Islamic view of the “Day of Resurection”
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Dhikr
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Zikr
Ritual prayer or litany practiced by Muslim mystics (Sufis) for the purpose of glorifying God and achieving spiritual perfection. |
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Ziyarat
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“visitation” of holy places, and burial sites of imams
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Falsafa
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Islamic philosophy grew out of the desire by learned members of the community to uphold the authority of Islamic revelation against arguments increasingly posed by members of the many divergent peoples who were living in lands united by the conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries
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Five articles of faith in the Shi'a Roots of Religion.
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Five articles of faith in the Shi'a Roots of Religion.
• 1) Tawhīd (Oneness) • 2) Adalah (Justice) • 3) Nubuwwah (Prophethood) • 4) Imāmah (Leadership) • 5) awm al Qiyyamah (The Day of Resurrection) |
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Six Articles of Faith in the Islam Sunni
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Sunni Muslims enumerate their creed to include the Six articles of belief
1) Tawhid: Belief in God (Allāh), the one and only one worthy of all worship 2) Malāʾika: Belief in the Angels . 3) Kutub: Belief in the Books sent by Allah (including the Qurʾān, Gospel and Torah/Tanakh). 4) Rusul: Belief in all the Messengers sent by Allah (including Muḥammad, Jesus, Moses, Abraham, Noah, and Adam) 5) Yawm Al-Qiyāmah: Belief in the Day of Judgment and in the Resurrection (life after death). 6) Qadar: Belief in Destiny (Fate). The sixth point made it into the creed because of the first theological controversy in Islām. |
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