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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pantheism
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God is Everything
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Panentheism
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Everything is part of God but God extends beyond the material realm
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Monolatry
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My God is better than yours
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Kathenotheism
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worship a particular God at a particular time
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Zarathustra
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prophet of Zoroastrianism, saw only one God-->Ahura Mazda
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Avesta
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Primary collection of sacred texts of Zoroastrianism
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Abraham
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Marks beginning of Hebrew tradition, first covenant, from city of Ur
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Isaac
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Son of Abraham and Sarah
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Ishmael
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Son of Abraham and Hagar; beginning of Muslim lineage
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Jacob
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Son of Isaac, becomes Israel; 12 son=12 tribes
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Saul
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King of Israel from 1020-1000 BCE; first king of united Israel
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David
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King of Israel during Golden Age; 1000-930 BCE
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Cyrus
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King of Babylon; frees Israelites from captivity, allowing them to resettle Israel
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Ezra
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Compiles and edits Torah during 2nd Temple Period
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Judah Maccabee
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Leads Maccabean Rebellion 166-160 BCE; Jewish Rebellion against Antiochus IV
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Hasmonean
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last semiautonomous Jewish State
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Sanhedrin
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Council of 23 judges
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synagogue
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a gathering place for Jews to worship outside of the Temple of the holy land
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Sadducees
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connected to the high priestly order; didn't believe in Nevi'im or Ketuvim
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Pharisee
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closest group to early Christians; rabbinic tradition emerges from this group
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Hillel
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Famous sage of Rabbinic tradition; patient and thoughtful; golden rule
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Kabbalah
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Jewish mysticism based on the book "The Zohar"
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Judah ha-Nasi
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wrote the Mishnah
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Pentateuch
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1st five books of Torah (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, & Deuteronomy)
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Torah
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5 books of the Hebrew Bible, another word for Pentateuch
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TNK
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Hebrew Bible; Torah, Nevi'im, Ketuvim
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Mishnah
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compiled by Judah ha-Nasi, is the oral Torah; collection of oral narratives and laws
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Gemara
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commentary on the Mishnah
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Talmud
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Gemara + Mishnah
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Maimonides (RamBam)
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reconciled Judaism with Greek philosophy
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Rashi
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Compiles Gemara (Talmud Commentaries); French Rabbi
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Saadia ben Joseph
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translates Torah into Arabic
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Ashkenazi
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Jewish sect in modern day Russia, move there after persecutions in the Rhineland
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Sephardic
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Jewish sect in North Africa & Middle East; move there after persecution of Spanish Inquisition
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Karaite
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Jewish sect that do not believe in the Talmud; very small sect
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Peter
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First Bishop of Rome; believed Gentiles should not be converted to Christianity
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Paul
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Originally persecuted Christians until converted on horseback by revelation; believed Gentiles should be converted; often considered founder of Christianity with his letters to the Galatians
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Justin Martyr
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Defended Christianity based on logic and Greek philosophy (Socrates)
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Constantine
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emperor who legalizes Christianity
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Great Schism
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1054 CE; Eastern & Western Churches split
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Thomas Aquinas
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Summa Theologica; used logical arguments to defend Catholicism
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Monasticism
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religious life characterized by renouncing worldly pursuits to fully devote one's self to spiritual work; pertaining to monks
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Asceticism
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a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals
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John Wycliffe
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he says the bible should be translated into the common vernacular languages; dies before he can be executed; church digs up and burns his bones
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Martin Luther
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95 theses; reform, sola scriptura, and anyone can administer Eucharist
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John Calvin
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led to Presbyterian Church; believes in predestination and human depravity/lack of free will
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Anabaptist
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rebaptizers
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Pentecostalism
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Christian denomination defined by encounters with the Holy Spirit; speak in tongues, dramatic
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Mecca
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Birthplace of Muhammad; holiest city in Islam
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Medina
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Second holiest city in Islam; Muhammad moved here with his followers and was arbitrator between the two tribes
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Abu Bakr
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First rightly guided caliph
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Ali Abi Talib
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Muhammad's cousin; Shia tradition sees him as the rightful successor to Muhammad
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Umayyad
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First Arab Kingdom; provided security of other religions for a tax and a restriction of rights; Pact of Umar; Falls after Abassid Revolution
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Karbala
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site of martyrdom of Husayn in 680 CE
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Ashura
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beginning of Second Civil War; Husayn is killed in Karbala; key event for Shia Muslims
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Shi'ism
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branch of Islam that regards Ali as the rightful successor to Muhammad
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Ulama
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Muslim legal scholars; closest thing to clergy
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Hadith
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record of actions of Muhammad; book of tradition and precedence
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Sufism
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mystical interpretation of Islam; not giving in to your body for comforts; all about worshiping God with truth and humility
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Wallace Fard Muhammad
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Mysterious guy; Starts Nation of Islam saying he's God
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Elijah Muhammad
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One of Fard's followers; founder of Nation of Islam; says black is natural and good, white is evil
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Malcolm X
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converts to Islam in prison; goes on Hajj and converts to Sunni Islam
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Warith Deen Muhammad
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Son of Elijah Muhammad; Inherits Nation of Islam and turns it more Sunni after Elijah dies; sides with Malcolm X
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Canon
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book of bible recognized by church and a closed collection of scripture, passed on as a unique and unchangeable record of communal memory, belief, and discipline
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Halakha
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procedures or laws for implementing the commandments in Judaism
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Rabbi
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category of priestly figures within the Jewish tradition
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Gospels
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an account of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth; Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
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Synoptic
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Matthew, Mark and Luke; include many of the same stories and similar sequence & wording; John is different
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Epistles
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Letters, often didactic; Most famously Paul's
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Sura
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a chapter of the Qu'ran
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Mitzvah
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Hebrew for commandment; precepts and commandments by God; 613 commandments given in the Torah
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Sefirot
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emanations; 10 attributes/emanations in Kabbalah through which God reveals himself
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Imam
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Muslim prayer leader
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Caliph
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Religious authority figure in Islam
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Besht
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Founder of Hasidic Judaism
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Hasidic
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branch of Orthodox Judaism; popularization and internalization of Jewish mysticism as the fundamental aspects of faith
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Ijtihad
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independent legal reasoning
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Shabbat
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Sabbath in Judaism
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Sacrament
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Baptism, confirmation, eucharist, repentance, holy orders, marriage, and annointing of the sick
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Eucharist
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Communion; bread and wine=body & blood of Christ
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Shahada
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Muslim declaration of belief
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Hajj
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Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca
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Ramadan
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Month in which Qu'ran was revealed; Muslims observe w/ an obligatory fast during daylight hours
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Masjid
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Mosque
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Zionism
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Jewish need to have their own state (autonomy)
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Jihad
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Exertion in the way of God
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Documentary Hypothesis
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Theory that says the Pentateuch was composed of independent, parallel, and complete narratives
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Septuagint
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Translation of Hebrew scripture into Greek
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Andalusia
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Arab Muslim Spain; part of Spain/Iberian peninsula
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Edict of Milan
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313; Constantine legalizes Christianity
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Augustine
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created "Just war theory"; takes Christianity away from pacifism
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Dhimmi
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Term developed by Pact of Umar for anyone in Umayyad control that is not Muslim; protected but taxed and given limited freedom
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Abbasid
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Overthrow Umayyad Empire; put the prophet's family back in power; capital was Baghdad
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Ottoman Empire
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Sunni Muslim empire in modern Turkey; Osman I
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Safavid Empire
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in modern day Iran; connected w/ Persia; Shi'a Empire; Shah Ismail
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Mughal Empire
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Indian subcontinent; first Islam contact with Hinduism/Buddhism (accepts them); Akbar the Great
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Ibn Abd al-Wahhab
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18th century Muslim reformer; return to fundamentals/literal interpretation of Hadith; often associated with extremists
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
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19th c. Muslim reformer; Shia but changes name to seem Sunni; combines best of Western and Islam culture; enlightenment with Islam
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Muhammad Abduh
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wanted to take away all individual traditions of Islam, practices should reflect modern times; identify pure care of Islam
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Muhammad Iqbal
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19th/20th c. Muslim reformer who says in order to reform, must have political autonomy; revolt against Britain
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Liminality
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ambiguous state between "normal" and "ritual" states; "stand at the threshold" between their previous ways and ritual ways
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