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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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four modes of inquiry
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interpretive, historical, constructive, and comparative
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interpretive mode of inquiry
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iin religious studies applies historical and literary analyses to the textual production of religious communities, especially to the texts considered foundational for those communities
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historical mode of inquiry
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concerning religions is "a reconstruction of the past from primary sources." they examine primary religious textual evidence and then they draw conclusions by producing secondary scholarly work
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constructive mode of inquiry
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explores the meaning, coherence and truth of doctrinal, symbolic, practical, and sociological expressions of a faith or religious community as a coherent whole
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comparative mode of inquiry
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the comparing, relating and differentiating of religions
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theology
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the study and interpretation of concepts about God's nature, will, attributes, and relationship with humanity; from the Greek theos (god) and logos (reason)
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Mircea Eliade's theory of the Sacred vs. Profane
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-Eliade understands the "sacred" to be a special (unique) kind of object of human experience and belief. Sacred refers to persons, places, or things set apart or having some religious significance, and so accorded worship, veneration, or respect.
-Profane refers to persons, places, or things held to be incompatible with or thought to desecrate those things having positive religious significance |
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heirophany
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way humans connect with the sacred
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where/what does the word "Bible" come from?
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the word Bible comes from the Greek word "Biblos" which is translated "book."
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what is the hebrew bible? what language is it written in?
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Tanak (Old Testament when referring to it in a Christian context) Ancient Hebrew
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what is the meaning of Pentateuch?
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first five books of the bible
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what is "tanak"?
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an acronym derived from the 3 parts of the hebrew bible
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what are the parts of the tanak?
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torah, nevi'im, and kethuvim
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what are the meanings of the terms torah, nevi'im, and kethuvim?
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-torah: law, books of the
-nevi'im: prophets, books of the -kethuvim: writings |
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what does "testament" mean?
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from the latin for "covenant" this is the term used for the two main divisions of the Bible-Old Testament (canonical hebrew scriptures) and the New Testament (christian-greek scriptures)
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what is "canonization"?
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the act by which a religious group declares a deceased person to be saint and is included in the canon
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define/describe historical criticism
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a method many biblical scholars use to analyze the written text of the bible by taking into consideration its time and place of composition in order to comprehend the events, dates, personages, and other factual elements mentioned in or otherwise influencing the text
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define/describe source criticism
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process of identifying and isolating the biblical sources
-names for God used by different authors -repetitions of stories and events -contradictions and other descrepancies that we find in the text |
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what are the kinds of sources in source criticism?
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J (Yahwist), P (Priestly), E (Elohist), and D (Deuteronomist)
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J (Yahwist) (4 things)
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-yahweh
-anthropomorphic portrayal -this yahwist writer is the first to compose a continuous narrative of israel's origins -written 950 BCE in the southern kingdom of judah |
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P (priestly) (4 things)
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-elohim
-focuses on priestly interests -the 4th contribution to the torah -written 500 BCE by aaronid priests in exile in babylon |
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E (elohist) (3 things)
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-elohim
-less anthropomorphic view than J -written 850 BCE in the northern kingdom of israel |
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D (deuteronomist) (3 things)
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-emphasizes conditional nature of the mosaic covenant
-about rules laws and religious purity -written 600 BCE in jerusalem during a period of religious reform |
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redaction criticism
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-a method of analyzing written texts that tries to define the purpose and literary procedures of editors (redactors) who compile and edit older documents, transforming shorter works into longer ones, as did the redactor who collected and ordered the words of the prophets into their present biblical form
-first JE, then JED, and finally JEDP, producing the final form of the torah |
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who wrote the pentateuch?
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J (Yahwist), P (Priestly), E (Elohist), and D (Deuteronomist)
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what is the meaning of the term "mosaic authorship"?
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the idea that moses wrote the first five books of the bible
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what is the documentary hypothesis (1) and what are the main clues in the text that point to the documentary hypothesis? (5)
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-the belief that it was a group of writers that were a part of the first 5 books of the bible (JEDP)
-patterns in the use of different names for God (Yahweh; Elohim) -duplications in stories and incidents -shifts in authorial style, tone, themes, and agendas -anachronisms -breaks, jumps, discontinuities in narratives |
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approx dates of Abraham and the exodus story
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-Abraham: around 18th/19th century
-exodus: 1250 BCE |
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fertile crescent; mesopotamia
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story of abraham takes place there
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the united monarchy
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david became king in 1000 BCE
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the divided kingdom
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-splits 922 BCE
-the northern kingdom (israel); the southern kingdom (judah) |
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the northern kingdom (israel); the southern kingdom (judah)
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-922-721 BCE
-721 BCE the Assyrians take over the northern kingdom |
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what is the babylonian exile? (4)
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-babylonia conquered by persian emperor cyrus
-the "first temple" is destroyed-586 BCE -the temple is rebuilt- 515 BCE -587-539 BCE |
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what is the second temple judaism?
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-commences with the rebuilding of the temple in jerusalem ends with the destruction of the second temple by the roman armies in 70 CE
-538-70 CE |
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what do the varying depictions of God's actions in the genesis creation stories tell us about the nature of God?
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-1st creation story shows him as a transcendent and a distand God
-2nd creation story He is shown as an imminant actor in the world |
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what are the sources of the 2 creation stories according to the Documentary Hypothesis?
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-1st: elohist
-2nd: yahwist |
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what do the terms "transcendence" and "immanence" mean? how do they apply to representations of God in genesis?
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-transcendent: beyond the world (1st story)
-immanent: acts throughout the entire world (2nd story) |
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what is the meaning of the story of the ten plagues?
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to show to the israelites that he really is the all powerful God
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theonomy
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the law of God
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compare the J/E and the P verson of the Abrahamic Covenant (Gen 15; Gen 17)
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-J (15): blessing him that he will be great
-P (17): promises him a son and requires circumcision |
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dates of the old kingdom, middle kingdom, and new kingdom
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-old kingdom: 2700-2200 BC
-middle kingdom: 2050-1800 BC -new kingdom: 1570-1090 BC |
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Ptah (2)
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-god of craftsman and pottery
-creator god |
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Atum (3)
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-first god to exist on earth
-creator god -wore a double crown |
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Amun (3)
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-creator god that later became merged with Ra
-ram head and ostrich feather -one of the most powerful gods |
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Osiris (2)
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-ruler of the dead (underworld) and agriculture
-dressed as a mummy |
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Isis (3)
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-wife of osiris
-mother of horus -great mother goddess |
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Seth (2)
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-enemy of horus and osiris
-god of desert and violence |
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Nut (1)
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the sky goddess
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Geb (1)
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the earth god
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Shu (1)
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god of the air (void)
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Thoth (3)
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-god of knowledge and writing
-gave the gift of hieroglyphics -head holding writing paper |
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Anubis (3)
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-head of a jackal
-god of embalming and the dead -watched over the dead |
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Horus (4)
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-head of hawk
-pharaoh was the living Horus -sky god -protector of the ruler of egypt |
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Re (3)
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-sun god
-hawk and sun disk headdress -most important god |
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Hathor (1)
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goddess of love, birth, and death, and protector of women
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Maat (2)
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-feather on head used for the weighing of the heart
-associated with the balance of things on earth |
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what is the egyptian theology of the afterlife?
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-death is not seen as the last stage of life
-the mummy has to pass through seven gates aided by the magic spells and then arrives at osiris -osiris performs the weighing of the heart and the heart of the dead person needs to balance with the weight of Ma'ats feather. if it didnt balance then the body would be eaten |
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what was the book of the dead?
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-contains spells, charms, passwords and numbers to help secure an easy passage for the deceased into the after life
-egyptians believed that knowledge of the appropriate spells was essential to achieving happiness in the next life |
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what are the basic parts of the human being? (accordeing to egyptian beliefs)
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-body: where the soul is kept
-ba: soul or personality and needs to be reunited with Ka -ka: life force. death occurred when the ka separated from the body and returned to its maker |
