Reli 1701 Midterm

Front 1

Yiddish

Back 1

• As a result of push of Jews eastward, there is a high concentration of jews in Europe, particularly Poland.
• Jews being embraced in Poland as middle class, forming villages that were almost exclusively Jewish – new language, Yiddish (German with Hebrew letters)

Front 2

Zealot

Back 2

a person who is fanatical and uncompromising in pursuit of their religious, political, or other ideals.

Front 3

Zionism

Back 3

• Zionism (nationalism)
• Independence, security, language
• Built on the biblical image of “Zion”
• Theodor Herzl 1860-1904 argued that looking at the history of Jews in Christian countries – “As long as we have no state, we are sitting ducks”
• Still a mixed reception among Jews
• Not all Zionists are Jewish and not all Jews are Zionists

Front 4

Yathrib

Back 4

AKA Medina, it was known as Yathrib in the pre-Islamic period.

Yathrib/Medina is the second holiest city in Islam after Mecca and the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. Medina is critically significant in Islamic History for being where Muhammad's final religious base was established after the Hijrah and where he died in 632 AD/11 AH. Medina was the power base of Islam in its first century, being where the early Muslim community (ummah) developed under the Prophet's leadership, then under the leadership of the first four caliphs of Islam: Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman and Ali.

Front 5

Kabah

Back 5

Located in Mecca, the Kabah was home to the gods – everybody’s God was in there so everyone would come to Mecca do devote time to their God. Mohamed removes those so that the Kabah serves only the Muslim god. (Legend that image of Jesus was not destroyed)

It is a shrine located near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian

Front 6

Caliph

Back 6

To replace Muhammad, the caliph is like a steward and is the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad.

Front 7

Imam

Back 7

In Sunni Islam, it is most commonly in the context of a worship leader of a mosque and Muslim community.

• In Shiaaism, the Imam has a special connection to god because he has the blood of the prophet in him. • Shi’as believe Ali was the first Imam and there was always supposed to be an Imam after Mohamed.
• In Sunni Islam, the ‘imam’ small ‘i’ is human

Front 8

Twelver

Back 8

• A subset of Shi'a Islam. 85% of Shi'a Muslims are Twelvers.
• They believe in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as the Twelve Imāms, and their belief that the Mahdi (12th Imam who disappeared) will be the returned from occultation.

Front 9

Quraysh

Back 9

• The most powerful tribe in Mecca.

• The Quraysh don’t like Ali and are not interested in having him succeed. (Sunni)
• After the introduction of Islam, the Quraysh gained supremacy and produced the three dynasties of the Ummayad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate and the Fatimid Caliphate.

Front 10

Shi'a

Back 10

• Literally "Followers of Ali"
• Believe Ali (Muhammad's cousin and son in law) was the rightful successor to Muhammad
• Successor should follow in Muhammad's bloodline
• All Shia’a are in agreement on the first four caliphs “Ali, Hasan, Husayn, Ali-Zayn but then there are divisions.
• Three subsets: Twelvers, Ismailis, Zaidis

Front 11

Abu Bakr

Back 11

• "Elected" and established as first Caliph after Mohamed
• Abu Bakr claims “if any worship Mohamed, Mohamed is dead. If any worship God, he is alive.” Abu Bakr claims Mohamed as completely dead.

Front 12

Umar

Back 12

• Second caliph. Abu Bakr (1st caliph) appoints him
• Umar is famous for establishing just treatment of Christians and Jews in lands they take over
• Umar is killed by a Persian slave and we need another caliph.

Front 13

Uthman

Back 13

• Third caliph. They do go to election – or a “hiring committee”
• Talks to both Uthman and Ali. Uthman says he is going to go with the status quo and Ali has all these ideas. The committee preferred Uthman.
• Uthman is responsible for the creation of the Koran as we know it. Before him there are multiple copies of different Korans. Recognizes this as a problem and oversees a process where they are compared and a rescension is produced. Destroys all competing versions of the Koran.
• However, Uthman is useless and corrupt and nepotistic.
• Uthman is eventually assassinated by his own people in a coup

Front 14

Ali

Back 14

• Cousin/son in law of Muhammad. Belived by Shi'as to be the rightful successor and that his bloodline should reign in appointment of Imams.
• The last of the 4 rightly guided caliphs
• After much disagreement, finally becomes fourth caliph
• His caliphate has problems : appears to stem from his character.
• Ali declares amnesty for the assasins of Uthman.
• Uthman’s cousin decides the caliphate belongs to him.
• Uthman’s - Mu-awiyah cousin goes into battle against Ali and is losing
When Ali cancels the battle becauase Mu-awiyah's men hold their Korans up on spears (God choosing who wins) and submitting this decision to a panel...
The Kharajites have determined Ali has abandoned god and so they kill him

Mu-awiyah becomes caliph.

Front 15

Sunni

Back 15

After 4 rightly guided caliphs, there is a split into Sunni and Shi'a. Sunnis are majority and are comprised of the Quraysh and Ummayyad.

Sunni’s draw their tree through the four rightly guided caliphs and Shia Muslims follow their identity through Ali.

Front 16

Mu-awiyah

Back 16

Uthman's (3rd caliph) cousin. Defeats Ali (4th caliph) to become the 5th caliph.

Front 17

Zaydi Shia (Fivers)

Back 17

• AKA Fivers - First subset of Shi'a Muslims who believe that Zayad should have been the fifth Imam.
• Zayad led a battle against the Umayyad and some people believe he was recommending himself as Imam by leading that battle

Front 18

Ismaili Shia (Seveners)

Back 18

• Second subset of Shi'a. Also known as seveners, a subset of Shi'a Islam that believes Ismail should have been the 7th Imam as opposed to Musa

Front 19

Twelvers

Back 19

• Twelfth Imam disappears
• Shi’a Islam develops theology around this disappearance. No one thinks he dies... They think he went into heaven or occultation
• Shi’as develop the Babs as “gates” who have a special line of communication with the Imam. They develop this idea that the Babs has a special communication with the 12th Imam

Front 20

Jahilliyyah

Back 20

Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" or "the state of ignorance of the guidance from God"[1] or "Days of Ignorance"[2] referring to the condition in which Arabs found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia, i.e. prior to the revelation of the Quran to Muhammad.

Front 21

Babs

Back 21

• Shi’as develop the Babs as “gates” who have a special line of communication with the Imam. They develop this idea that the Babs has a special communication with the 12th Imam

Front 22

Umayyads/Umayyad Empire

Back 22

• 661–750
• Largest empire to exist up until that point
• Founded by Mu-awiya
• The Abbasid Dynasty takes over

Front 23

Abbasid Empire / Golden Age of Islam

Back 23

• 750-1258
Abbasid Dynasty takes over the Umayyad dynasty. The Abbasid dynasty lasts a long time
Golden Age of Islam
• Arabic numerals allow explosion of mathematics
• High point of culture/philosophy
• Dark ages is a Euro-centric term. Outside of Christendom, it’s an awesome world
• Islamic spread is extremely fast and invokes terror in European Christians
• Christians are terrified of how quickly Muslim armies are spreading
Mongols come and take over the Abassid Dynasty
• Islam will never quite recover from this – in the same way Judaism never quite recovers from the destruction of the 2nd temple

Front 24

Suffism/Sufis

Back 24

Mystical Islam
• Some Muslims will take on an ascetic-style life
• Thought that the term suffi comes from the term for ‘wool’ – being much less comfortable against the skin.
• It’s a protest against the power/corruption/wealth/opulence
• Fear is never the right response to God – it should always be love.
• God should always be at the forefront of the mind
• They may use drugs – in that sense of highness people claim to experience unification with the deity
• When your self is annihilated, your don’t exist anymore. Sufis would come out of these experiences and say “how great is my majesty.” And Muslims around them would hear blasphemy and they would be killed.

Front 25

Al-Ghazali

Back 25

Waters down radical sufism and brings it to the masses
Al-Ghazali got rid of the more radical edges.
• People in the west are most familiar with Suffism through the Whirling Dervishes
• They reached their mystical states through motion and dance.
• Rumi is a famous sufi poet – the Islamic world’s Shakespeare.

Front 26

Mughal Empire

Back 26

Rises in Egypt after fall of Abbasid empire

• Taj Mahal was most commonly associated with Mughal empire
• Mughal word in English: Moguls (small hills) – they rise sharply from the ground. The Mughal empire rose sharply. And we also have business moguls – that it came with startling quickness after the Mongol invasion.

Front 27

Safavid Empire

Back 27

Rises in Iran after fall of Abbasid empire

Front 28

Ottoman Empire

Back 28

Rises in Turkey/East Europe after fall of Abbasid empire

Front 29

Pharisees

Back 29

In Judaism, Pharisees were at various times a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews during the Second Temple period beginning under the Hasmonean dynasty (140–37 BCE)

Front 30

Kosher laws

Back 30

Jewish method of practicing purity through food

Front 31

Ayatollah Khomeini

Back 31

Iranian religious leader and politician, and leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death.

Greatly abused human rights

believed by select few to have been 12th imam

Front 32

Moses Maimonedes

Back 32

• Jewish philosopher Maimonides (12th c.) participates in emerging debate in Judaism and Islam – question of relationship for the believer between reason and revelation. Reason is science and things we see with our eyes. Causal constructions we find in the world.

• Recognizing there is a tension between what scripture said happened and what we deduce with our rational side. Maimonides said the two are never in conflict. There is always a way to make the rational consistent with the revelatory. When they don’t, we choose the rational.
• Judaism ends up more strongly favouring and trusting the power of the human mind, even if it ends up contradicting wht is revelation

Front 33

Myth

Back 33

narratives
often with fantastic elements
foundational to a community
transmitting values
relevant to that community

Front 34

Kabbalah

Back 34

Jewish mysticism (escapism)
• Kabbalah formulated in 13th century
• The Zohar – said to be written by Rabbi Simeon bar Yochai (3rd c.) but was in fact written by Moses ben Shemtov of Leon (13th c.) historicity lends a sense of ancient rightness
• Mystics register that everyone is the same inside and all the other stuff (Gods, language, clothes) are just culture and an accident of where we live
• Mystics will often be looked at with suspicion by the mainstream figures

Front 35

Baal Shem Tov

Back 35

Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer gives himself the title “The master of the Good name (The Baal Shem Tov)
• Christians created ghettos to put Jews in them. Jews were locked in ghettos at night to protect Christian society.
• Argues it’s disrespectful to god to be hopeless about the ghetto life and that god can be found everywhere and we should find joy in suffering. Denial – “there’s no suffering. Do you see suffereing?” We should be happy in the face of suffering.
• Gets a reputation by being able to heal the sick by putting his hands on them
• Jews avoid saying yhwh (name of god) but Baal Shem Tov
“masters its power”
• Lubavitch are most visible of Hasidic sects with large population in Montreal

Front 36

Reform Judaism

Back 36

• Sees the Torah as a book written in an ancient culture and one that isn’t relevant and literal.
• That we need to take into consideration the period in which those laws were created and if they are not relevant, then we need to get rid of them. He sees scripture as timeful – not timeless

Front 37

Conservative Judaism

Back 37

• Zecharias Frankel in Germany
• Breaks away from reform Judaism on the principle that if something in Jewish tradition is recent, then they argue we can establish a precendent of change and get rid of it. If something has been there since the beginning, it can’t be gotten rid of.
• Reform Jews will say “sabbath schmabbath” while conservative Jews say “No, it’s been here since the beginning!”
• Stricter interpretation of the Torah

Front 38

Orthodox Judaism

Back 38

• Samson Raphael Hirsch argues for the strictest form of Torah interpretation. Nothing can be liberalized and everything should be read traditionally and fastidiously
• Rises because of the numerical rise of reform and conservative Jews.

Front 39

Occultation

Back 39

The 12th Imam, Mahdi, is considered to be in occultation when he disappeared and will one day return and fill the world with justice

Front 40

Shoah

Back 40

Jewish term for the holocaust - meaning calamity

Front 41

Kristallnacht abarum

Back 41

• 1938 Kristallnacht – Jewish man kills a German chancellor over treatment of Jews and this incites riots of Germans breaking into the shops of jews

Front 42

Founding of Israel 1948

Back 42

1948 following war determined Jews need a state

Front 43

First four Shi’a Imams

Back 43

Ali, Hasan, Husayn, Ali-Zayn... then the division start

Front 44

Talmud

Back 44

A central text in rabbinic Judaism
• Talmud is very big
• Heart of the Talmud is the Mishnah (oral Tora), with its surrounding Gemara, surrounded by interpretations]
• Talmud is filled with debates about law (remember the big slide he showed us)

Front 45

Abu Talib

Back 45

leader of the Banū Hāshim clan of the Quraysh tribe of Mecca in Arabia. He was married to Fāṭimah bint Asad and was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad

Front 46

Acculturation

Back 46

process of cultural and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures.[1] The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both interacting cultures. At the group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, customs, and social institutions

Front 47

al Baqir (an Imam)

Back 47

Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī al-Bāqir (Arabic: محمد ابن علي الباقر ‎) (676-733 AD or 1 Rajab 57 AH – 7 Dhu al-Hijjah 114 AH)was the Fifth Imām to the Twelver Shi‘a and Fourth Imām to the Ismā‘īlī Shī‘a. His father was the previous Imām, Husayn.

Front 48

Aisha

Back 48

Wife of Muhammad
Consummated at age 9... ew..
Her father was Abu Bakr

Front 49

Arius

Back 49

Arius was an ascetic North African Christian presbyter and priest in Alexandria, Egypt, of the church of Baucalis, who was of Libyan origins. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father's divinity over the Son, and his opposition to Trinitarian Christology

Front 50

Battle of Badr

Back 50

was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraish[1] in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory attributable to divine intervention, or by secular sources to the strategic genius of Muhammad. It is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Quran.

Front 51

Battle of Karbalah

Back 51

680 n Karbala, in present day Iraq was between a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson Hussein ibn Ali, and a much larger military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph, whom Hussein had refused to recognise. Hussein and all his supporters were killed, including Hussein's six-month-old infant son, Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, and the women and children taken as prisoners. The dead are regarded as martyrs by Muslims, and the battle has a central place in Shia history and tradition, and has frequently been recounted in Shia Islamic literature.

Shias believe Hussain's sacrifice was ordered by God and was necessary to awaken the ummah and stop Yazid hijacking Islam.

Front 52

Battle of Sifin

Back 52

fought between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah

Front 53

Battle of Uhud

Back 53

625 CE occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan ibn Harb from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated. The Battle of Uḥud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, preceded by the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated a larger Meccan army.

Front 54

Crucifiction

Back 54

slow and painful execution in which the condemned person is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross and left to hang until dead.

Front 55

Crusades

Back 55

religious conflicts in the High Middle Ages through to the end of the Late Middle Ages conducted under sanction of the Latin Catholic Church. Pope Urban II proclaimed the first crusade in 1095 with the stated goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.

Front 56

Paul (Apostle to the Gentiles)

Back 56

was an apostle who took the gospel of Christ to the first-century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age. In the mid-30s to the mid-50s, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Paul used his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to advantage in his ministry to both Jewish and Roman audiences.

He zealously persecuted the early followers of Jesus of Nazareth and violently tried to destroy the newly forming Christian church. Paul's dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus radically changed the course of his life. After his conversion, Paul began to preach that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God.

Front 57

Marcion (bishop in early Christianity)

Back 57

Marcion of Sinope was a bishop in early Christianity.

Demiurges (evil) were behind creation, Judaism, and the Hebrew Bible
rejected Gospel of Matthew from his canon

His theology, which rejected the deity described in the Jewish Scriptures as inferior or subjugated to the God proclaimed in the Christian gospel, was denounced by the Church Fathers and he chose to separate himself from the Catholic and Orthodox Church. He is often considered to have held a pivotal role in the development of the New Testament canon.

Front 58

Messiah

Back 58

the promised deliverer of the Jewish nation prophesied in the Hebrew Bible.

Front 59

Constantine

Back 59

In 4th ce 306 Constantine becomes Roman emperor (Christian emperor with Christian army)
• Constantine makes Christianity legal
• Night before a critical battle in 306 he has a dream (while he is general trying to become emperor)
• Goes into battle with Chi Rho (Chr) in Latin
• First thing he does is make Christianity legal
• It will be some years later until Christianity is the only legal religion
• For 200 years Christians persecuted for refusing to fight for the Roman army and they’re being fed to lions
• Lining up to be fed to lions as a statement of their rejection to take part in violence

Front 60

Mecca

Back 60

As the birthplace of Muhammad and a site of Muhammad's first revelation of the Quran (the site in specificity being a cave 3.2 km (2 mi) from Mecca),[4][5] Mecca is regarded as the holiest city in the religion of Islam[6] and a pilgrimage to it known as the Hajj is obligatory for all able Muslims. Mecca is home to the Kaaba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. Mecca was long ruled by Muhammad's descendants, the sharifs, acting either as independent rulers or as vassals to larger polities.

Front 61

Midrash

Back 61

An ancient commentary on part of the Hebrew scriptures, attached to the biblical text.

Midrash is a method of interpreting biblical stories that goes beyond simple distillation of religious, legal, or moral teachings. It fills in gaps left in the biblical narrative regarding events and personalities that are only hinted at.

Midrash is taken just to be stories, not as truth.

Front 62

Yahweh

Back 62

Hebrew name of God - taken from transliteration YHWH
Because it was considered blasphemous to utter the name of God it was only written and never spoken. This resulted in the original pronunciation being lost.

Front 63

Ummah

Back 63

Arabic word meaning "nation" or "community".

commonly used to mean the collective community of Islamic peoples.

Front 64

Torah

Back 64

• Torah: means law or instruction in Hebrew. Is made up a variety of narratives and laws. Laws about how priesthood should function, how things should be built, clothing one should wear, food one should eat, commandments

Christians call this the Pentateuch (for five: the 5 books of Moses)

Front 65

Theodor Herzl

Back 65

Father of Zionism/founder of Israel

Front 66

The Tanakh

Back 66

also Tenakh, Tenak, Tanach) is the canon of the Hebrew Bible including the Torah, Nevim, Ketuvim, (TNK)

Front 67

Yazid

Back 67

Yazid was the Caliph as appointed by his father Muawiyah I and ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE.

Front 68

Zecharias Frankel

Back 68

Frankel was the founder and the most eminent member of the school of historical Judaism, which advocates freedom of research, while upholding the authority of traditional Jewish belief and practice. This school of thought was the intellectual progenitor of Conservative Judaism.

Front 69

Diet of Worms

Back 69

an imperial diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany at the Heylshof Garden. (A "diet" is a formal deliberative assembly.

Addressed Martin Luther and the effects of the Protestant Reformation. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with Emperor Charles V presiding.

Despite the fact the diet decided Luther would return home safely, it was privately understood that he would be arrested and punished

Front 70

Dome of the Rock

Back 70

Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem

The site's significance stems from religious traditions regarding the rock, known as the Foundation Stone, at its heart, which bears great significance for Jews, Christians and Muslims. It is considered “the most contested piece of real estate on earth.”[3]

Front 71

Dhikr

Back 71

an Islamic devotional act, typically involving the recitation—mostly silently—of the Names of God, and of supplications taken from hadith texts and Qur'anic verses, according to Sunni Islam

Front 72

Diaspora of Judaism

Back 72

historical exile and dispersion of Jews from the region of the Kingdom of Judah and Roman Judaea, as well as the later emigration from wider Eretz Israel.
The diaspora began with the 6th century BCE conquest of the ancient Kingdom of Judah by Babylon, the destruction of the First Temple (c. 586 BCE), and the expulsion of the population, as recorded in the Bible

Front 73

Edict of Milan

Back 73

Emperor Constantine I, who controlled the western part of the Roman Empire, and Licinius, who controlled the Balkans, met in Milan and, among other things, agreed to treat the Christians benevolently.

Stability across the empire
Christianity grows exponentially
Combination of church and state
Political Christianity

Front 74

Mishnah

Back 74

• Pharisees exist are the one who redefine Judaism after destruction of the temple. Pharisees redefine Judaism into Rabbinic Judaism. They take their oral Torah and around 200, Rabbi Judah Ha-Nasi puts this oral Torah down into writing and calls that text the Mishnah (a text for the first time).
• Jewish communities are set on interpretation of their written text, so the Mishnah gets interpreted and Jewish communities collect those interpretations and those interpretations get called Gemara.

Front 75

Abraham

Back 75

Abraham was called by God to leave his father Terah's house and native land of Mesopotamia in return for a new land, family, and inheritance in Canaan, the promised land. Threats to the covenant arose – difficulties in producing an heir, the threat of bondage in Egypt, of lack of fear of God – but all were overcome and the covenant was established.[2] After the death, and burial of his wife, Sarah, in the grave that he purchased in Hebron, Abraham arranged for the marriage of Isaac to a woman from his own people. Abraham later married a woman called Keturah and had six more sons, before he died at the recorded age of 175, and was buried by his sons Isaac and Ishmael. (Genesis 25:1–10)

Front 76

Isaac

Back 76

The only son Abraham had with his wife Sarah, and was the father of Jacob and Esau. Isaac was one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites. According to the Book of Genesis, Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah was beyond childbearing years.

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Ishmael

Back 77

Ishmael was born of Abraham's marriage to Sarah's handmaiden Hagar (Genesis 16:3). According to the Genesis account, he died at the age of 137.

Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to be the ancestor of Arab people.

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Ishmaelites

Back 78

Ishmaelites are the descendants of Ishmael, the elder son of Abraham.

Front 79

Israelites

Back 79

The Israelites (בני ישראל, Standard: Bnai Yisraʾel; Tiberian: Bnai Yiśrāʾēl; ISO 259-3: Bnai Yiśraʾel, translated as: "Children of Israel" or "Sons of Israel") were a Semitic Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited part of the Land of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th to 6th centuries BCE), later evolving into the Jews and Samaritans

Front 80

Jesus

Back 80

Born around 4 CE - the central figure of Christianity, whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God. Christianity holds Jesus to be the awaited Messiah of the Old Testament and refers to him as Jesus Christ, a name that is also used in non-Christian contexts.

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Jewish Christian

Back 81

original members of the Jewish reform movement that later became Christianity.[1] In the earliest stage the community was made up of all those Jews who accepted Jesus as a venerable person or even the messiah, and was thus equivalent to all Christians.

As Christianity grew and evolved, Jewish Christians became only one strand of the Christian community

Front 82

Gentile

Back 82

Non-Jew

Front 83

Anglicans

Back 83

Adherents of the Church of England in Christianity

Front 84

Luther

Back 84

16th century German monk credited with starting the Protestant reformation

Martin Luther OSA (German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German monk, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of a reform movement in 16th century Christianity, subsequently known as the Protestant Reformation.[1] He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Front 85

Calvin

Back 85

Influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism

Front 86

Damascus

Back 86

chosen as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate from 661 to 750. After the victory of the Abbasid dynasty, the seat of Islamic power was moved to Baghdad.

Front 87

Hasan

Back 87

Son of Ali, 2nd caliph

Front 88

Hasayn

Back 88

Son of Ali, 3rd caliph

Front 89

Galilee

Back 89

Area in Northern Israel "Galilee of the non-Jewish Nations", Hebrew "galil goyim" (Isaiah 9:1), it previously had other suffixes and following the end of the Phoenecian Empire had different suffixes to the Hebrew culture and its derivatives interchangeably. The "nations" would have been the foreigners who came to settle there, during and after Hiram I of Sidon, or who had been forcibly deported there by later conquerors such as the Assyrians.

Front 90

Pesach

Back 90

Passover (Hebrew)"On the Thursday, which is known as Maundy Thursday, Christians remember the Last Supper which Jesus had with his disciples. It was the Jewish Feast of the Passover, and the meal which they had together was the traditional Seder meal, eaten that evening by the Jews everywhere."

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The Passion

Back 91

the short final period in the life of Jesus covering his visit to Jerusalem, and leading to his execution by crucifixion, an event central to Christian beliefs.
It begins with his Triumphal entry into Jerusalem and includes his Last Supper, Agony in the Garden and his arrest and trial.

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Asia Minor

Back 92

Modern Turkey

Front 93

Heresy

Back 93

Any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs

Front 94

Arius

Back 94

4th c.
Arius, from Alexandria
believed Jesus was not eternal but created
Jesus was homoi-ousion: similar substance to God

His teachings about the nature of the Godhead, which emphasized the Father's divinity over the Son

Front 95

Athanasius

Back 95

Fom Alexandria
co-eternity between God the Father and Jesus the Son.
Jesus was homo-ousion: one being of the same substance as God

Chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism

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Trinity

Back 96

The doctrine of the Trinity defines God as three divine persons or hypostases:[1] the Father, the Son (Jesus), and the Holy Spirit; "one God in three persons".

Established by the Nicean creed

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Nicea/Nicene Creed

Back 97

Nicene creed is the profession of faith or creed that is most widely used in Christian liturgy. It forms the mainstream definition of Christianity for most Christians. It is called Nicene because, in its original form, it was adopted in the city of Nicaea.

Nicea was a Hellenic city in northwestern Anatolia, present Turkey, and is primarily known as the site of the First and Second Councils of Nicaea (the first and seventh Ecumenical councils in the early history of the Christian Church), the Nicene Creed (which comes from the First Council), and as the capital city of the Empire of Nicaea.

Establishes a CO-EQUAL father/son/holy spirit - trinitarianism

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Homoousian (NO 'I')

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technical theological term used in discussion of the Christian understanding of God as Trinity. The Nicene Creed describes Jesus as being homooúsios with God the Father — that is, they are of the "same substance" and are equally God.

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Homoiousian (with I)

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Goes against Homoousian idea of Nicene creed that the theological doctrine that Jesus the Son of God and God the Father are of similar (ὁμοιο- homoio- or homeo-) but not the same substance, a position held by the Semi-Arians in the 4th century. It contrasts with the homoousia of orthodox Trinitarianism and the heteroousia of Arianism.

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Archbishop of Canterbury

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the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury

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Immaculate conception

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1854 a dogma of the Catholic Church maintaining that from the moment when she was conceived in the womb, the Blessed Virgin Mary was kept free of original sin, [1][2] so that she was from the start filled with the sanctifying grace normally conferred in baptism. It is one of the four dogmas in Roman Catholic Mariology.

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Monophysites

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the human element of Jesus was completely swallowed up into the divine one
Jesus had one nature – mono + physis.

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Constantnipole

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Christian period of 330–1453, preferring "Istanbul" for the city's name in later centuries.

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Crusades against Christianity

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637 CE – fall of Jerusalem to Umar
1010 CE – Church of the Holy Sepulcher burned down by a Muslim caliph
1071 CE – Turkish Muslims persecute Christians in Jerusalem

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95 Theses of Luther

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Luther's Theses argued that the sale of indulgences was a gross violation of the original intention of confession and penance, and that Christians were being falsely told that they could find absolution through the purchase of indulgences.

Luther's theses are the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation

Challenges many Catholic ideas directly

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Wittenburg

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All Saints' Church in Wittenberg, Saxony, in the Holy Roman Empire, where the Ninety-Five Theses famously appeared, held one of Europe's largest collections of holy relics.

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Excommunication

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Placing one outside the community of believers

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Sola fides/Sola gratia/Sola scriptura

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A radical idea of Luther

“by faith alone” / “By grace alone”
Humans can do nothing to effect salvation

Sola scriptura
“By scripture alone”
All practice and belief must be found in scripture

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Mordecai Kaplan

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(June 11, 1881 – November 8, 1983), was a rabbi, essayist and Jewish educator and the co-founder of Reconstructionist Judaism that views Judaism as a progressively evolving civilization.

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Wahhabis

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An ultra-conservative branch of Sunni Islam, (though some people dispute that a Wahhabi is a Sunni).[4] It is a religious movement among fundamentalist Islamic believers, with an aspiration to return to the earliest fundamental Islamic sources of the Quran and Hadith

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Roman Catholicism

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In the East-West split of Christianity there was 1054 CE – official split of Bishop of Constantinople from Bishop of Rome
Bishop of Rome = the Pope
Creation of Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism

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Filioque Clause

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Filioque means of the son

a phrase included in the form of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (commonly called the Nicene Creed) used in most Western Christian churches

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Eastern Orthodoxy/Orthodox Christianity

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Cyril (826-69 CE)
vernacular
new alphabet based on Greek letters
Cyrillic Alphabet – Russian

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Cyril

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Saint Cyril the Philosopher, believed to have co-invented the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Slavic alphabet, and translated the Bible into Old Church Slavonic

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Iconoclast vs Iconodule

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7th ce Debate in eastern orthodoxy

Iconoclast: destruction of a culture's religious symbols or, by extension, established dogma or conventions. Iconoclasm may be carried out by people of a different religion, but is often the result of sectarian disputes between factions of the same religion

Iconodule: People who revere or venerate religious images are (by iconoclasts) are known as "iconodules", or "iconophiles".

Sometime between 726 and 730, the Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian began the iconoclast campaign.[13] He ordered the removal of an image of Jesus prominently placed over the Chalke gate, the ceremonial entrance to the Great Palace of Constantinople, and its replacement with a cross. Some of those assigned to the task were murdered by a band of iconodules.[14]

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Protestants

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Starts with reformation and Luther

Protestantism is one of the major divisions within Christianity. It has been defined as "any of several church denominations denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the primacy of the Bible as the only source of revealed truth" and, more broadly, to mean Christianity outside "of an Orthodox or Catholic church

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Rumi

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Muslim poet of the mystic Sufi tradition

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Sabbath

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Weekly day of rest or worship

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Pope

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Bishop of Rome and the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church

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Priest

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A priest is a person authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities.

Today the term "priest" is used in Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, and some branches of Lutheranism to refer to those who have been ordained to a ministerial position through receiving the sacrament of Holy Orders,

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Prophet

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a prophet is an individual who is claimed to have been contacted by the supernatural or the divine, and to speak for them, serving as an intermediary with humanity, delivering this newfound knowledge from the supernatural entity to other people

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Prophecy

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The message brought by a prophet

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Qu'ran

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is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God

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Rabbi

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Teacher of the Torah...

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Sadducees

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a sect or group of Jews that were active in Judea during the Second Temple period, starting from the second century BCE through the destruction of the Temple in 70CE. The sect was identified by Josephus with the upper social and economic echelon of Judean society.[1] As a whole, the sect fulfilled various political, social, and religious roles, including maintaining the Temple. The Sadducees are often compared to other contemporaneous sects, including the Pharisees and the Essenes. Their sect is believed to have become extinct sometime after the destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, but it has been speculated that the later Karaites may have had some roots or connections with old Sadducee views.

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The Siege/sacking of Baghdad

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The Siege of Baghdad, occurring from January 29 until February 10, 1258, entailed the investment, capture, and sacking of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops

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Mitzvah

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refers to precepts and commandments as commanded by God. It is a word used in Judaism to refer to the 613 commandments given in the Torah (at Mount Sinai, where all the Jews accepted the Torah, saying "We will do, and we will listen")

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Kharijites

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a general term describing various Muslims who, while initially supporting the authority of the final Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law and cousin of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, then later rejected his leadership. They first emerged in the late 7th century, concentrated in today's southern Iraq, and are distinct from Sunni Muslims and Shiʿa Muslims. With the passing of time the Kharijite groups fell greatly in their numbers and their beliefs did not continue to gain any traction in future generations.

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Khadija

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First wife of Muhammad and first person to convert to islam

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King James

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The King James Version (KJV), commonly known as the Authorized Version (AV) or King James Bible (KJB), is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611

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covenant

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A biblical covenant is a religious covenant that is described in the Bible. All Abrahamic religions consider biblical covenants important. Of these covenants, the Noahic Covenant is unique in applying to all humanity, while the other covenants are principally agreements made between God and the biblical Israelites and their proselytes.

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Israelites/Ashkenazi

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a Semitic Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited part of the Land of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods

The Ashkenazi are a Jewish ethnic division who trace their origins to the indigenous Israelite tribes of the Middle East

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Assyria

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kingdom, existing from the late 25th or early–24th century BC until 605 BC

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Augustine/Confessions (book)

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an early Christian theologian whose writings are considered very influential in the development of Western Christianity and Western philosophy. He was bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria) located in the Roman province of Africa.

He is viewed as one of the most important Church Fathers. Among his most important works are City of God and Confessions, which continue to be read widely today.

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Confessions (book)

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Written by Augustine of Hippo (African province) about his conversion to Christianity. St. Augustine writes about how much he regrets having led a sinful and immoral life

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Canaan/Canaanites

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In modern usage, the name is often associated with the Hebrew Bible, where the "Land of Canaan" extends from Lebanon southward to the "Brook of Egypt" and eastward to the Jordan River Valley.

Canaanite movement is a political movement out of Zionism

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Circumcision

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Removal of foreskin

Obligatory in Judaism - covenant is made with Abraham in the Torah for his descendants to undergo circumcision

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Episcopalian

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Describe themselves as "Protestant, yet Catholic"- organized after the American revolution and split from Church of england

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Doscetism

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the doctrine according to which the phenomenon of Christ, his historical and bodily existence, and thus above all the human form of Jesus, was altogether mere semblance without any true reality." [3][4] Broadly it is taken as the belief that Jesus only seemed to be human, and that his physical body was a phantasm.

Regarded as heretic by nicene creed.

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Exodus

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Second book of Hebrew bibletells how children of Israel leave slavery in Egypt

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Fatimah

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daughter of prophet Muhammad and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Hussein

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Ezra (the scribe)

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According to the Hebrew Bible he returned from the Babylonian exile and reintroduced the Torah in Jerusalem

"Purified" Israel by confessing and working to get rid of mixed marriages

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Fana (Suffism)

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the complete denial of self and the realization of God that is one of the steps taken by the Muslim Ṣūfī (mystic) toward the achievement of union with God. Fana may be attained by constant meditation and by contemplation on the attributes of God, coupled with the denunciation of human attributes.

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First Temple (Solomon's temple)

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n ancient Jerusalem, on the Temple Mount (also known as Mount Zion), before its destruction by Nebuchadnezzar II after the Siege of Jerusalem of 587 BCE. There is no direct archaeological evidence for the existence of Solomon's Temple,[1] and no mention of it in the surviving contemporary extra-biblical literature.

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Solomon

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King of Israelites

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Second Temple

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stood on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem during the Second Temple period, between 516 BCE and 70 CE. It replaced the First Temple which was destroyed in 586 BCE, when the Jewish nation was exiled to Babylon. Jewish eschatology includes a belief that the Second Temple will in turn be replaced by a future Third Temple.

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Ten commandments

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a set of biblical principles relating to ethics and worship, which play a fundamental role in Judaism and Christianity

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Three Patriarchs(Judaism)

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Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob (aka Israel) used significantly in revelations and promises by God

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Warith Deen

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disbanded the original Nation of Islam in 1976[1] and transformed it into an orthodox mainstream Islamic movement, the World Community of Al-Islam in the West which later became the American Society of Muslims.

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Vatican II

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Vatican II: 1962-65
Modernisation of some Catholic practices, not others

Ecumenical council conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice

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shema

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the first two words of a section of the Torah, and is the title (sometimes shortened to simply "Shema") of a prayer that serves as a centerpiece of the morning and evening Jewish prayer services

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Siccarii

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to an extremist splinter group[1] of the Jewish Zealots, who attempted to expel the Romans and their partisans from Judea using concealed daggers (sicae).[2]

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Dead sea

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a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west.

Said to have been a refuge for king david (2nd king of kingdom of israel... david and goliath)

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Gemarrah

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component of the Talmud comprising rabbinical analysis of and commentary on the Mishnah

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Four gospels

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4 accounts of the life of jesus (matthew, mark, luke, john)

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Jacob/Israel

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son of Isaac

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Joshua

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is a figure in the Torah, being one of the spies for Israel (Num 13–14) and in few passages as Moses' assistant.

Leads the Israelites after Moses

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Moses

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scripture, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew (מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ, Lit. "Moses our Teacher/Rabbi"), he is the most important prophet in Judaism;[1][2] he is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths.

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Judah

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12 tribes of the united monarchy were divided into two - with Judah in the south and israel north of the dead sea

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Mt. Zion

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s a hill in Jerusalem just outside the walls of the Old City. Mount Zion has been historically associated with the Temple Mount.[1] In the Bible, Mount Zion is synonymous with Mount Moriah, the site of the binding of Isaac and the Jewish Temple. The term is also used for the entire Land of Israel.[2]

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Saadia

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rabbi

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Mt. Sinai

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mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt that is the traditional and most accepted identification of the biblical Mount Sinai. The latter is mentioned many times in the Book of Exodus in the Torah, the Bible,[1] and the Quran.[2] According to Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition, the biblical Mount Sinai was the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments.

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Henotheism

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worship of one god while accepting the existence of others

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david

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1000-960 BCE)
Model king
Consolidation of the kingdom - Israel
Peace and prosperity
Jerusalem

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Nebuchadnezzar

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Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar
levels Jerusalem 587 BC
destroys the First Temple
scatters the aristocracy and land owners

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The Septuagint (LXX)

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a translation of the Hebrew Bible and some related texts into Koine Greek. The title and its Roman numeral acronym "LXX" refer to the legendary seventy Jewish scholars that completed the translation as early as the late 2nd century BC

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King cyrus of persia

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king of persia

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jewish war

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66-73 CE
Jewish War
Rome destroys Second Temple in 70 CE
Second Temple Judaism = 515 BCE – 70 CE

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bar kokhba revolt

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132-35 CE
Revolt by the Jewish
Bar Kochba Revolt
squashed by Rome