Relations By 1629 (Chapter 6)

Front 1

What did the Petition of Right fail to address in 1628?

Back 1

Two fundamental points of disagreement between Charles and Parliament:

-Not explicitly mentioning the customs duty, impositions or tonnage and poundage

-Charles' open favour to anti-Calvinists

Front 2

Why was there distrust between Crown and Parliament?

Back 2

Charles did not reply to the Petition in the proper manner.

Front 3

What happened on 2nd March 1629?

Back 3

Radical MPs Denzil Holles and Benjamin Valentine held down the speaker of the Commons, as he was preparing to read the royal order to suspend parliamentary session. The speaker was held down until Three Resolutions were passed condemning the king's conduct.

Front 4

What did the Three Resolutions express?

Back 4

Opposition to Arminianism and to the collection of tonnage and poundage without parliamentary approval.

Front 5

What happened after the dissolution of Parliament?

Back 5

Charles had his leading critics: Eliot, Holles and Valentine arrested for treason. He realised that the passing of the Three Resolutions was a revolutionary act. For the next 11 years, he governed without calling a parliament.

Front 6

Summarise the argument of historian Coward

Back 6

Historians must take care not to let subsequent events (Personal Rule and Civil War), unduly colour the interpretation of events in 1629. Although there were practical problems that caused tensions, there was no fundamental breakdown of a relationship between Charles and the Political Nation at this time.

Front 7

Summarise the argument of historian Durston

Back 7

The 'damaging results' of these events were 'made worse by the king's refusal to listen to pleas for a change of direction. Charles' dismissal of all criticism and unwavering support for Buckingham had, by 1629, opened a huge divide between Crown and Parliament.'

Front 8

Summarise the argument of historian Russell

Back 8

There is more emphasis on the 'burden of war' as the 'war and Buckingham bought relations between central and local government, and hence between king and Parliament, to the point of collapse in 1629.'

Front 9

Summarise the argument of historian Reeve

Back 9

By 1629 'there was overwhelming evidence to justify the deepest suspicion of Charles among the Political Nation.' It is argued that 'Buckingham's financial and foreign policy failures had combined with the fundamental conflict over religion to produce a constitutional breakdown. Thus, in 1629, those excluded by the inner circle of the court were forced into opposition.'

Front 10

Summarise the argument of historian Smith

Back 10

Presents a more balanced view of the state of relations between Charles and the Political Nation in 1629. Although the debates of 1628 may have 'witnessed the hardening of attitudes and the emergence of political alignments based on deeper divisions of principle these developments were 'not necessarily irreparable' and, particularity after Buckingham's assassination there were 'widespread hopes' that relations between Crown and Parliament would improve.

Front 11

List the causes of tension between Charles and the Political Nation

Back 11

-Ideology

-Religion

-Functional reasons

-Buckingham

-War

-Finance

-Charles' character

Front 12

What was the root of tensions in James I's later parliaments?

Back 12

The interrelated issues of religion, foreign policy, favourites and finance.

Front 13

What did James I's stance on the Thirty Years War enable?

Back 13

James was able to manage tension emerging from the interrelated issues, due to his resistance against involvement.

Front 14

What was the impact of Charles I's involvement in the Thirty Years War?

Back 14

In contrast to his father, Charles I's decision to intervene in the European conflict escalated the tension with Parliament over the interrelated issues, particularly in light of foreign policy failures.

Front 15

Summarise tensions between Crown and Parliament by 1629

Back 15

While there was undoubtedly tension between Charles and the Political Nation in 1629, the fundamental breakdown in the relationship did not come until the outbreak of civil war in 1642.