Relational Anatomy Year 1 Semester 2 Lecture Notes Week 3 -

Front 1

Describe the nasal bones.

Back 1

The nasal bones are small bones that form the bridge of the nose. They articulate with each other and also articulate with the frontal and ethmoid bones.

Front 2

Describe the lacrimal bones.

Back 2

The lacrimal bones lie posterior to the nasal bones and form part of the medial wall of the orbit

Front 3

Describe the palatine bones.

Back 3

The palatine bones are located in the posterior aspect of the nasal cavity and lie between the maxilla and the sphenoid. The horizontal portion forms the hard palate with part of the maxilla. The perpendicular portion forms the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

Front 4

Describe the maxillary bones.

Back 4

The maxillary bones contain the maxillary sinuses. They have four processes: the frontal process, the zygomatic process, the alveolar process and the palatine process. They form part of the floor of the orbit.

Front 5

Maxillary Bones, what is a?

Back 5

a. Nasal bone

Front 6

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the nasal bone?

Back 6

a

Front 7

Maxillary Bones, what is b?

Back 7

b. Sphenoid bone

Front 8

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the sphenoid bone?

Back 8

b

Front 9

Maxillary Bones, what is c?

Back 9

c. Zygomatic bone

Front 10

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the zygomatic bone?

Back 10

c

Front 11

Maxillary Bones, what is d?

Back 11

d. Superior nasal concha

Front 12

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the superior nasal concha?

Back 12

d

Front 13

Maxillary Bones, what is e?

Back 13

e. Vomer bone

Front 14

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the vomer bone?

Back 14

e

Front 15

Maxillary Bones, what is f?

Back 15

f. Alveolar processes

Front 16

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the alveolar processes?

Back 16

f

Front 17

Maxillary Bones, what is g?

Back 17

g. Inferior nasal concha

Front 18

Maxillary Bones, letter is the inferior nasal concha?

Back 18

g

Front 19

Maxillary Bones, what is h?

Back 19

h. Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

Front 20

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone?

Back 20

h

Front 21

Maxillary Bones, what is i?

Back 21

i. Lacrimal bone

Front 22

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the lacrimal bone?

Back 22

i

Front 23

Maxillary Bones, what is j?

Back 23

j. Ethmoid bone

Front 24

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the ethmoid bone?

Back 24

j

Front 25

Maxillary Bones, what is k?

Back 25

k. Sphenoid bone

Front 26

Maxillary Bones, what letter is the sphenoid bone?

Back 26

k

Front 27

Describe the zygomatic bones.

Back 27

The zygomatic bones are lateral structures and articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the frontal bone. The zygomatic bones form the zygomatic arch and the lateral wall of the orbit.

Front 28

Describe the inferior nasal conchae.

Back 28

The inferior nasal conchae arise from the maxillary bones and project horizontally and posteriorly into the nasal cavity. They have a scroll-like appearance.

Front 29

Nasal Cavity Bones, what is a?

Back 29

a. Superior concha

Front 30

Nasal Cavity Bones, what letter is the superior concha?

Back 30

a

Front 31

Nasal Cavity Bones, what is b?

Back 31

b. Middle concha

Front 32

Nasal Cavity Bones, what letter is the middle concha?

Back 32

b

Front 33

Nasal Cavity Bones, what is c?

Back 33

c. Inferior concha

Front 34

Nasal Cavity Bones, what letter is the inferior concha?

Back 34

c

Front 35

Nasal Cavity Bones, what is d?

Back 35

d. Superior, middle and inferior meati

Front 36

Nasal Cavity Bones, what letter is the superior, middle and inferior meati?

Back 36

d

Front 37

Describe the vomer.

Back 37

The vomer is a mid-sagittal structure which projects inferiorly from the ethmoid bone to form part of the nasal septum

Front 38

Describe the mandible.

Back 38

The mandible is the largest facial bone. It has horizontal and vertical portions. The horizontal portion is the body and the vertical portion is the ramus. The condyle forms articulations with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint which is the only freely moving joint of the skull.

Front 39

Mandible, what is a?

Back 39

a. Mandibular foramen

Front 40

Mandible, what letter is the mandibular foramen?

Back 40

a

Front 41

Mandible, what is b?

Back 41

b. Condyle

Front 42

Mandible, what letter is the condyle?

Back 42

b

Front 43

Mandible, what is c?

Back 43

c. Ramus

Front 44

Mandible, what letter is the ramus?

Back 44

c

Front 45

Mandible, what is d?

Back 45

d. Angle

Front 46

Mandible, what letter is the angle?

Back 46

d

Front 47

Mandible, what is e?

Back 47

e. Mental foramen

Front 48

Mandible, what letter is the mental foramen?

Back 48

e

Front 49

Mandible, what is f?

Back 49

f. Body

Front 50

Mandible, what letter is the body?

Back 50

f

Front 51

Mandible, what is g?

Back 51

g. Symphysis

Front 52

Mandible, what letter is the symphysis?

Back 52

g

Front 53

Mandible, what is h?

Back 53

h. Alveolar ridge

Front 54

Mandible, what letter is the alveolar ridge?

Back 54

h

Front 55

Mandible, what is i?

Back 55

i. Coronoid

Front 56

Mandible, what letter is the coronoid?

Back 56

i

Front 57

Orbit, what is a?

Back 57

a. Frontal bone

Front 58

Orbit, what letter is the frontal bone?

Back 58

a

Front 59

Orbit, what is b?

Back 59

b. Nasal bone (not part of the orbit)

Front 60

Orbit, what letter is the nasal bone (not part of the orbit)?

Back 60

b

Front 61

Orbit, what is c?

Back 61

c. Lacrimal bone

Front 62

Orbit, what letter is the lacrimal bone?

Back 62

c

Front 63

Orbit, what is d?

Back 63

d. Palatine bone

Front 64

Orbit, what letter is the palatine bone?

Back 64

d

Front 65

Orbit, what is e?

Back 65

e. Maxilla

Front 66

Orbit, what letter is the maxilla?

Back 66

e

Front 67

Orbit, what is f?

Back 67

f. Zygomatic bone

Front 68

Orbit, what letter is the zygomatic bone?

Back 68

f

Front 69

Orbit, what is g?

Back 69

g. Sphenoid bone

Front 70

Orbit, what letter is the sphenoid bone?

Back 70

g

Front 71

Orbit, what is h?

Back 71

h. Ethmoid bone

Front 72

Orbit, what letter is the ethmoid bone?

Back 72

h

Front 73

Describe the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Back 73

The temporomandibular joint is a synovial joint between the condyle of the mandible and the temporal bone. The disc acts as a shock absorber and the ligaments offer stability.

Front 74

Temporomandibular Joint, what is a?

Back 74

a. Zygomatic arch

Front 75

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the zygomatic arch?

Back 75

a

Front 76

Temporomandibular Joint, what is b?

Back 76

b. Zygomatic bone

Front 77

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the zygomatic bone?

Back 77

b

Front 78

Temporomandibular Joint, what is c?

Back 78

c. Coronoid process

Front 79

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the coronoid process?

Back 79

c

Front 80

Temporomandibular Joint, what is d?

Back 80

d. External acoustic meatus

Front 81

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the external acoustic meatus?

Back 81

d

Front 82

Temporomandibular Joint, what is e?

Back 82

e. Articular capsule

Front 83

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the articular capsule?

Back 83

e

Front 84

Temporomandibular Joint, what is f?

Back 84

f. Mastoid process

Front 85

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the mastoid process?

Back 85

f

Front 86

Temporomandibular Joint, what is g?

Back 86

g. Lateral ligament

Front 87

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the lateral ligament?

Back 87

g

Front 88

Temporomandibular Joint, what is h?

Back 88

h. Styloid process

Front 89

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the styloid process?

Back 89

h

Front 90

Temporomandibular Joint, what is i?

Back 90

i. Sphenomandibular ligament

Front 91

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the sphenomandibular ligament?

Back 91

i

Front 92

Temporomandibular Joint, what is j?

Back 92

j. Stylomandibular ligament

Front 93

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the stylomandibular ligament?

Back 93

j

Front 94

Temporomandibular Joint, what is k?

Back 94

k. Ramus of mandible

Front 95

Temporomandibular Joint, what letter is the ramus of mandible?

Back 95

k

Front 96

Describe the paranasal sinuses.

Back 96

The paranasal sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity. They have various functions including lightening the weight of the head, improving the resonance of the speech and serving as a crumple zone to protect vital structures in the event of facial trauma.

Front 97

Paranasal Sinuses, what is a?

Back 97

a. Frontal sinuses

Front 98

Paranasal Sinuses, what letter is the frontal sinuses?

Back 98

a

Front 99

Paranasal Sinuses, what is b?

Back 99

b. Ethmoid sinuses

Front 100

Paranasal Sinuses, what letter is the ethmoid sinuses?

Back 100

b

Front 101

Paranasal Sinuses, what is c?

Back 101

c. Nasal cavity

Front 102

Paranasal Sinuses, what letter is the nasal cavity?

Back 102

c

Front 103

Paranasal Sinuses, what is d?

Back 103

d. Maxillary sinuses

Front 104

Paranasal Sinuses, what letter is the maxillary sinuses?

Back 104

d

Front 105

Paranasal Sinuses, what is e?

Back 105

e. Sphenoid sinuses

Front 106

Paranasal Sinuses, what letter is the sphenoid sinuses?

Back 106

e

Front 107

Paranasal Sinuses, what is f?

Back 107

f. Pharynx (throat)

Front 108

Paranasal Sinuses, what letter is the pharynx (throat)?

Back 108

f

Front 109

Describe the frontal sinuses.

Back 109

The frontal sinuses are located in the vertical portion of the frontal bone. They are typically paired with the septum in the midsagittal plane. They are very variable in size and shape. They are absent at birth and become aerated at about 6 years of age.

Front 110

Describe maxillary sinuses.

Back 110

Maxillary sinuses are paired sinuses located within the body of each maxilla. They are triangular and taper towards the midline posteriorly. They are present but small at birth and develop up to the age of about 15 years.

Front 111

Describe the ethmoid sinuses.

Back 111

The ethmoid sinuses are contained within the ethmoid bone "honeycomb" of air cells of varying number. They are present at birth and develop into puberty.

Front 112

Describe the sphenoid sinuses.

Back 112

The sphenoid sinuses are paired and contained within the body of the sphenoid. They are present at birth but not pneumatised and keep developing up to about 14 years of age.

Front 113

What are the bones in the neck?

Back 113

The cervical vertebrae and the hyoid

Front 114

Describe the hyoid.

Back 114

The hyoid bone is a small thin, horseshoe-shaped bone. More caudal anteriorly, open posteriorly and closed anteriorly. It is located in the midline, caudal to mandible approx. halfway between the crico-thyroid cartilage and the mandible.

Front 115

Pharynx, what is a?

Back 115

a. Nasopharynx

Front 116

Pharynx, what letter is the nasopharynx?

Back 116

a

Front 117

Pharynx, what is b?

Back 117

b. Oropharynx

Front 118

Pharynx, what letter is the oropharynx?

Back 118

b

Front 119

Pharynx, what is c?

Back 119

c. Laryngopharynx

Front 120

Pharynx, what letter is the laryngopharynx?

Back 120

c

Front 121

Pharynx, what is d?

Back 121

d. Soft palate

Front 122

Pharynx, what letter is the soft palate?

Back 122

d

Front 123

Pharynx, what is e?

Back 123

e. Epiglottis

Front 124

Pharynx, what letter is the epiglottis?

Back 124

e

Front 125

Pharynx, what is f?

Back 125

f. Cricoid cartilage

Front 126

Pharynx, what letter is the cricoid cartilage?

Back 126

f

Front 127

What is the superior border and inferior border of the nasopharynx?

Back 127

The superior border is continuous posteriorly with the nasal cavities and the inferior border is the soft palate to the level of the uvula

Front 128

What is the superior border and the inferior border of the oropharynx?

Back 128

The superior border is at the level of the uvula and the inferior border is at the level of they hyoid bone.

Front 129

What is the superior border and inferior border of the laryngopharynx?

Back 129

The superior border is at the level of the hyoid bone and the inferior border is at the level of separation between the oesophagus and trachea. It is continuous with the oesophagus.

Front 130

Describe the laryngeal cartilages.

Back 130

The laryngeal cartilages are tough. Hyaline cartilage protects the vocal cords. They begin a the laryngopharynx and extend to the trachea from about the 3rd to the 6th cervical vertebrae. Nine cartilages make up the larynx which include thyroid cartilage, epiglottis cartilage and cricoid cartilage.

Front 131

Describe the thyroid cartilage.

Back 131

The thyroid cartilage is the largest and most superior. The right and left lamina unite anteriorly to form the laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple). The epiglottis attaches to the posterior aspect of the thyroid notch.

Front 132

Describe the epiglottis.

Back 132

The epiglottis is elastic cartilage which allows movement. It extends posterosuperiorly to the back of the mouth and is attached to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage.

Front 133

Describe the cricoid cartilage.

Back 133

The cricoid cartilage is the most inferior laryngeal cartilage. It is a complete ring. It is broader posteriorly than anteriorly. It marks the junction between the larynx and the trachea/oesophagus.

Front 134

Laryngeal Cartilages, what is a?

Back 134

a. Hyoid bone

Front 135

Laryngeal Cartilages, what letter is the hyoid bone?

Back 135

a

Front 136

Laryngeal Cartilages, what is b?

Back 136

b. Thyroid cartilage

Front 137

Laryngeal Cartilages, what letter is the thyroid cartilage?

Back 137

b

Front 138

Laryngeal Cartilages, what is c?

Back 138

c. Cricoid cartilage

Front 139

Laryngeal Cartilages, what letter is the cricoid cartilage?

Back 139

c

Front 140

Laryngeal Cartilages, what is d?

Back 140

d. Trachea

Front 141

Laryngeal Cartilages, what letter is the trachea?

Back 141

d

Front 142

Describe the oesophagus.

Back 142

The oesophagus is a muscular tube which extends from the laryngopharynx to the stomach. It sits between the trachea and the anterior longitudinal ligament.

Front 143

Describe the trachea.

Back 143

The trachea is an elastic tube reinforced by approx. 16-20 "C" shaped cartilages, closed posteriorly by elastic connective tissue. It extends from the larynx to the lungs and lies immediately anterior to the oesophagus.

Front 144

What are the major organs in the neck?

Back 144

The salivary glands which are the parotid, submandibular and the sublingual salivary glands and the thyroid gland are the major organs in the neck.

Front 145

Describe the salivary glands.

Back 145

The salivary glands are three paired sets of glands which produce and secrete saliva into the mouth.

Front 146

Salivary Glands, what is a?

Back 146

Parotid gland

Front 147

Salivary Glands, what letter is the parotid gland?

Back 147

a

Front 148

Salivary Glands, what is b?

Back 148

b. Submandibular gland

Front 149

Salivary Glands, what letter is the submandibular gland?

Back 149

b

Front 150

Salivary Glands, what is c?

Back 150

c. Sublingual gland

Front 151

Salivary Glands, what letter is the sublingual gland?

Back 151

c

Front 152

Describe the parotid glands

Back 152

The parotid glands lie anteroinferiorly to the ear. They are wedged between the ramus of the mandible and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. They extend inferiorly from the external auditory meatus to the angle of the mandible. When enlarged they are easily palpable as a lump in front of the ear. Stenson's Duct travels under the zygomatic arch and empties into the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar. They produce about 30% of the saliva.

Front 153

Parotid Gland Diagram 1, what is a?

Back 153

a. Parotid stone

Front 154

Parotid Gland Diagram 1, what letter is the parotid stone?

Back 154

a.

Front 155

Parotid Gland Diagram 1, what is b?

Back 155

b. Swollen parotid glands

Front 156

Parotid Gland Diagram 1, what letter is the swollen parotid glands?

Back 156

b

Front 157

Parotid Gland Diagram 2, what is a?

Back 157

a. Normal right parotid gland

Front 158

Parotid Gland Diagram 2, what letter is the normal right parotid gland?

Back 158

a

Front 159

Parotid Gland Diagram 2, what is b?

Back 159

b. Enlarged left parotid gland

Front 160

Parotid Gland Diagram 2, what letter is the enlarged left parotid gland?

Back 160

b

Front 161

Describe the submandibular glands.

Back 161

The submandibular glands lie beneath the mandible extending from the posterior half of the mandible to the level of the hyoid bone. Wharton's Duct opens either side of the lingua frenulum just behind the lower front teeth. The submandibular gland produces 65-70% of saliva.

Front 162

Describe the sublingual glands.

Back 162

The sublingual glands are the smallest of the salivary glands. They lie in the floor of the mouth, under the tongue. They have between 10-20 small sublingual ducts (Rivinus's ducts). They are not commonly imaged.

Front 163

Describe the thyroid gland.

Back 163

The thyroid gland has two lobes (right and left) joined inferocentrally by a thin piece of thyroid tissue called the isthmus. Occasionally we see a thin upward projection of the left lobe which we call the pyramidal lobe. It hugs the lower neck portion of the trachea just above the sternal notch. It is typically about 6cm x 1.5cm x 1.5cm in size.

Front 164

Lower Neck, what is a?

Back 164

a. Sternohyoid muscle

Front 165

Lower Neck, what letter is the sternohyoid muscle?

Back 165

a

Front 166

Lower Neck, what is b?

Back 166

b. Sternothyroid muscle

Front 167

Lower Neck, what letter is the sternothyroid muscle?

Back 167

b

Front 168

Lower Neck, what is c?

Back 168

c. Omohyoid muscle

Front 169

Lower Neck, what letter is the omohyoid muscle?

Back 169

c

Front 170

Lower Neck, what is d?

Back 170

d. Strap muscles

Front 171

Lower Neck, what letter is the strap muscles?

Back 171

d

Front 172

Lower Neck, what is e?

Back 172

e. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 173

Lower Neck, what letter is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 173

e

Front 174

Lower Neck, what is f?

Back 174

f. Major neurovascular bundle (MNB)

Front 175

Lower Neck, what letter is the major neurovascular bundle?

Back 175

f

Front 176

Lower Neck, what is g?

Back 176

g. Internal jugular vein

Front 177

Lower Neck, what letter is the internal jugular vein?

Back 177

g

Front 178

Lower Neck, what is h?

Back 178

h. Vagus nerve

Front 179

Lower Neck, what letter is the vagus nerve?

Back 179

h

Front 180

Lower Neck, what is i?

Back 180

i. Common carotid artery

Front 181

Lower Neck, what letter is the common carotid artery?

Back 181

i

Front 182

Lower Neck, what is j?

Back 182

j. Longus colli muscle

Front 183

Lower Neck, what letter is the longus colli muscle?

Back 183

j

Front 184

Lower Neck, what is k?

Back 184

k. Oesophagus

Front 185

Lower Neck, what letter is the oesophagus?

Back 185

k

Front 186

Lower Neck, what is l?

Back 186

l. Minor neurovascular bundle

Front 187

Lower Neck, what letter is the minor neurovascular bundle?

Back 187

l

Front 188

Lower Neck, what is m?

Back 188

m. Thyroid

Front 189

Lower Neck, what letter is the thyroid?

Back 189

m

Front 190

Lower Neck, what is n?

Back 190

n. Parathyroid glands

Front 191

Lower Neck, what letter is the parathyroid glands?

Back 191

n

Front 192

Lower Neck, what is o?

Back 192

o. Trachea

Front 193

Lower Neck, what letter is the trachea?

Back 193

o

Front 194

Lower Neck, what is p?

Back 194

p. Isthmus

Front 195

Lower Neck, what letter is the isthmus?

Back 195

p

Front 196

What are the two main groups of muscles in the neck?

Back 196

The anterior triangle muscles and the posterior triangle muscles

Front 197

Neck Muscles, what is a?

Back 197

a. Anterior triangle

Front 198

Neck Muscles, what letter is the anterior triangle?

Back 198

a

Front 199

Neck Muscles, what is b?

Back 199

b. Posterior triangle

Front 200

Neck Muscles, what letter is the posterior triangle?

Back 200

b

Front 201

Neck Muscles, what is c?

Back 201

c. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 202

Neck Muscles, what letter is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 202

c

Front 203

Describe the anterior triangle.

Back 203

The anterior triangle of the neck is an anatomical division created by muscles of the head and neck. It is used clinically to locate structures through the neck. The borders are superior ie inferior border of the mandible, lateral ie medial border of the sternocleidomastoid and medial ie imaginary sagittal plane.

Front 204

What are the borders of the posterior triangle.

Back 204

The borders of the posterior triangle are the anterior border which is the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the posterior border which is the anterior border of the trapezius muscle and the inferior border which is the middle third of the clavicle.

Front 205

What muscles are in the anterior triangle?

Back 205

Many of the muscles in the anterior triangle are shaped like a belt or a strap and so are called the "Strap" muscles. These are: the sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid and the sternothyroid.

Front 206

Muscles of the Neck, what is a?

Back 206

a. Mylohyoid muscle cut and reflected

Front 207

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the mylohyoid muscle cut and reflected?

Back 207

a

Front 208

Muscles of the Neck, what is b?

Back 208

b. Geniohyoid muscle

Front 209

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the geniohyoid muscle?

Back 209

b

Front 210

Muscles of the Neck, what is c?

Back 210

c. Stylohyoid muscle

Front 211

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the stylohyoid muscle?

Back 211

c

Front 212

Muscles of the Neck, what is d?

Back 212

d. Thyrohyoid muscle

Front 213

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the thyrohyoid muscle?

Back 213

d

Front 214

Muscles of the Neck, what is e?

Back 214

e. Thyroid cartilages of the larynx

Front 215

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the thyroid cartilages of the larynx?

Back 215

e

Front 216

Muscles of the Neck, what is f?

Back 216

f. Cricothyroid muscle

Front 217

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the cricothyroid muscle?

Back 217

f

Front 218

Muscles of the Neck, what is g?

Back 218

g. Sternothyroid muscle

Front 219

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the sternothyroid muscle?

Back 219

g

Front 220

Muscles of the Neck, what is h?

Back 220

h. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 221

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 221

h

Front 222

Muscles of the Neck, what is i?

Back 222

i. Clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 223

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 223

i

Front 224

Muscles of the Neck, what is j?

Back 224

j. Sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 225

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 225

j

Front 226

Muscles of the Neck, what is k?

Back 226

k. Sternum

Front 227

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the sternum?

Back 227

k

Front 228

Muscles of the Neck, what is l?

Back 228

l. Sternohyoid muscle

Front 229

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the sternohyoid muscle?

Back 229

l

Front 230

Muscles of the Neck, what is m?

Back 230

m. Cut heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 231

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the cut heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 231

m

Front 232

Muscles of the Neck, what is n?

Back 232

n. Clavicle

Front 233

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the clavicle?

Back 233

n

Front 234

Muscles of the Neck, what is o?

Back 234

o. Omohyoid muscle

Front 235

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the omohyoid muscle?

Back 235

o

Front 236

Muscles of the Neck, what is p?

Back 236

p. Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle

Front 237

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

Back 237

p

Front 238

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

Back 238

p

Front 239

Muscles of the Neck, what is q?

Back 239

q. Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle

Front 240

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle?

Back 240

q

Front 241

Muscles of the Neck, what is r?

Back 241

r. Sternocleidomastoid muscle (cut)

Front 242

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the cut sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 242

r

Front 243

Muscles of the Neck, what is s?

Back 243

s. Hyoid bone

Front 244

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the hyoid bone?

Back 244

s

Front 245

Muscles of the Neck, what is t?

Back 245

t. Digastric muscle

Front 246

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the digastric muscle?

Back 246

t

Front 247

Muscles of the Neck, what is u?

Back 247

u. Anterior belly of the digastric muscle

Front 248

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 248

u

Front 249

Muscles of the Neck, what is v?

Back 249

v. Posterior belly of the digastric muscle

Front 250

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

Back 250

v

Front 251

Muscles of the Neck, what is w?

Back 251

w. Mylohyoid muscle

Front 252

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the mylohyoid muscle?

Back 252

w

Front 253

Muscles of the Neck, what is x?

Back 253

x. Mandible

Front 254

Muscles of the Neck, what letter is the mandible?

Back 254

x

Front 255

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is Tr?

Back 255

Trachea

Front 256

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is the trachea?

Back 256

TR

Front 257

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is T?

Back 257

T. Thyroid gland

Front 258

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is the thyroid gland?

Back 258

T

Front 259

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is S?

Back 259

S. Strap muscles

Front 260

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what are the strap muscles?

Back 260

S

Front 261

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is Sc?

Back 261

Sc. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 262

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Back 262

Sc

Front 263

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is C?

Back 263

c. Common carotid artery

Front 264

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is the common carotid artery

Back 264

c

Front 265

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is V

Back 265

V. Internal jugular vein

Front 266

Axial View of the Neck Muscles, what is the internal jugular vein?

Back 266

V.

Front 267

What muscles does the posterior triangle have?

Back 267

The superficial muscles are the trapezius. The deep muscles are the levator scapulae, splenius capitis and the scalene muscles

Front 268

Describe the trapezius muscle.

Back 268

The trapezius muscle is the largest posterior triangle muscle. It is quite superficial. It extends from the occiput down to about T12 along the spine and then stretches laterally to attach onto the clavicle, acromion and the spine of the scapula.

Front 269

Posterior Neck Muscles, what is a?

Back 269

a. Levator scapulae

Front 270

Posterior Neck Muscles, what letter is the levator scapulae?

Back 270

a

Front 271

Posterior Neck Muscles, what is b?

Back 271

b. Rhomboideus minor

Front 272

Posterior Neck Muscles, what letter is rhomboideus minor?

Back 272

b

Front 273

Posterior Neck Muscles, what is c?

Back 273

c. Rhomboideus major

Front 274

Posterior Neck Muscles, what letter is the rhomboideus major?

Back 274

c

Front 275

Posterior Neck Muscles, what is d?

Back 275

d. Trapezius

Front 276

Posterior Neck Muscles, what letter is trapezius?

Back 276

d

Front 277

Posterior Neck Muscles, what is e?

Back 277

e. Seventh cervical vertebrae

Front 278

Posterior Neck Muscles, what letter is the seventh cervical vertebrae?

Back 278

e

Front 279

Where does the levator scapulae attach to?

Back 279

The levator scapulae is a deep muscle and it attaches to the transverse processes C1-C4 and the vertebral border of the scapula

Front 280

What are the attachments of splenius capitis?

Back 280

Splenius capitis is a deep muscle. The attachments are the occipital bone, the mastoid process and the spinous processes of C7 to T3 or T4.

Front 281

What are the attachments of the scalene group?

Back 281

The scalene group are a deep muscle group. Their attachments are the transverse processes of C2-C7 and the first 2 ribs. These muscles are clinically important as the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery run between the anterior and the middle scalenes.

Front 282

Scalene Muscles, what is a?

Back 282

a. Scalene muscle tangle

Front 283

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the scalene muscle tangle?

Back 283

a

Front 284

Scalene Muscles, what is b?

Back 284

b. Anterior scalene muscle

Front 285

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the anterior scalene muscle?

Back 285

b

Front 286

Scalene Muscles, what is c?

Back 286

c. Clavicle

Front 287

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the clavicle?

Back 287

c

Front 288

Scalene Muscles, what is d?

Back 288

d. First rib

Front 289

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the first rib?

Back 289

d

Front 290

Scalene Muscles, what is e?

Back 290

e. Axillary (subclavian) artery

Front 291

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the axillary (subclavian) artery?

Back 291

e

Front 292

Scalene Muscles, what is f?

Back 292

f. Brachial plexus

Front 293

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the brachial plexus?

Back 293

f

Front 294

Scalene Muscles, what is g?

Back 294

g. Middle scalene muscle

Front 295

Scalene Muscles, what letter is the middle scalene muscle?

Back 295

g

Front 296

What are the blood vessels in the neck?

Back 296

The carotid arteries which include the common carotid artery (CCA), the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the external carotid artery (ECA) and the vertebral arteries.

Front 297

Describe where the common carotid arteries arise?

Back 297

The right common carotid artery arises off the brachiocephalic artery. The left common carotid artery arises of the aortic arch. The common carotid arteries bifurcate into the internal carotid artery and external carotid artery at about C3/C4 level posteriorly or thyroid cartilage level anteriorly. The common carotid arteries lie medial to the internal jugular vein and posterolateral to the thyroid.

Front 298

Describe the internal carotid arteries.

Back 298

The internal carotid arteries arise at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. The dilatation of the first portion of the internal carotid artery is called the carotid sinus. The internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck. It enters the skull through the carotid foramina. The major branches of the internal carotid artery are the ophthalmic and anterior and middle cerebral artery. The internal carotid artery lie posterolateral to the external carotid artery proximally but posteromedial distally.

Front 299

Describe the external carotid arteries

Back 299

The external carotid artery arises at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. It has many branches in the neck. It supplies blood to the face, scalp and neck through various branches.

Front 300

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is a?

Back 300

a. Anterior cerebral arteries

Front 301

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the anterior cerebral arteries?

Back 301

a

Front 302

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is b?

Back 302

b. Anterior communicating artery

Front 303

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the anterior communicating artery?

Back 303

b

Front 304

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is c?

Back 304

c. Middle cerebral artery

Front 305

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the middle cerebral artery?

Back 305

c

Front 306

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is d?

Back 306

d. Posterior cerebral artery

Front 307

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the posterior cerebral artery?

Back 307

d

Front 308

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is e?

Back 308

e. Basilar artery

Front 309

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the basilar artery?

Back 309

e

Front 310

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is f?

Back 310

f. Vertebral artery

Front 311

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the vertebral artery?

Back 311

f

Front 312

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is g?

Back 312

g. Common carotid artery

Front 313

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the common carotid artery?

Back 313

g

Front 314

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is h?

Back 314

h. External carotid artery

Front 315

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the external carotid artery?

Back 315

h

Front 316

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is i?

Back 316

i. Internal carotid artery

Front 317

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the internal carotid artery?

Back 317

i

Front 318

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what is j?

Back 318

j. Circle of Willis

Front 319

Circle of Willis Diagram 3, what letter is the Circle of Willis?

Back 319

j

Front 320

Describe the vertebral arteries.

Back 320

The vertebral arteries arise from the subclavian artery bilaterally. They travel posteriorly and enter the transverse foramina of the cervical spine at about C6 level. The enter the cranium through the foramen magnum and join to form the basilar artery in the brain. They are markedly smaller than the carotid vessels usually.

Front 321

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is a?

Back 321

a. Superficial temporal artery

Front 322

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the superficial temporal artery?

Back 322

a

Front 323

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is b?

Back 323

b. Clavicle (cut)

Front 324

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the clavicle (cut)?

Back 324

b

Front 325

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is c?

Back 325

c. Brachiocephalic trunk

Front 326

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the brachiocephalic trunk?

Back 326

c

Front 327

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is d?

Back 327

d. Subclavian artery

Front 328

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the subclavian artery?

Back 328

d

Front 329

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is e?

Back 329

e. Common carotid artery

Front 330

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the common carotid artery?

Back 330

e

Front 331

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is f?

Back 331

f. External carotid artery

Front 332

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the external carotid artery?

Back 332

f

Front 333

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is g?

Back 333

g. Internal carotid artery

Front 334

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the internal carotid artery?

Back 334

g

Front 335

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what is h?

Back 335

h. Vertebral artery

Front 336

Arteries of the Head and Neck, what letter is the vertebral artery?

Back 336

h

Front 337

What are the veins in the neck?

Back 337

The jugular veins which are the internal and external jugular veins and the vertebral veins.

Front 338

Describe the internal jugular veins.

Back 338

The internal jugular veins are the largest neck vessels. They lie lateral to the common carotid artery. They enter the neck at the jugular foramen at the base of the skull. They join with the subclavian veins to form the large brachiocephalic veins at the thoracic inlet.

Front 339

Describe the external jugular veins.

Back 339

The external jugular veins begin near the angle of the mandible and they cross the sternocleidomastoid muscle to drain into the subclavian vein.

Front 340

Describe the vertebral veins.

Back 340

The smaller vertebral vein runs alongside the artery in the transverse vertebral foramen. They drain into the brachiocephalic vein posteriorly. They drain the cervical portion of the spinal cord and the posterior skull surface.

Front 341

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is a?

Back 341

a. Superior ophthalmic vein

Front 342

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the superior ophthalmic vein?

Back 342

a

Front 343

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is b?

Back 343

b. Facial vein

Front 344

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is c?

Back 344

c. Superior thyroid vein

Front 345

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the superior thyroid vein?

Back 345

c

Front 346

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is d?

Back 346

d. Subclavian vein

Front 347

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the subclavian vein?

Back 347

d

Front 348

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is e?

Back 348

e. Brachiocephalic vein

Front 349

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the brachiocephalic vein?

Back 349

e

Front 350

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is f?

Back 350

f. Axillary vein

Front 351

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the axillary vein?

Back 351

f

Front 352

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is g?

Back 352

g. Internal jugular vein

Front 353

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the internal jugular vein?

Back 353

g

Front 354

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is h?

Back 354

h. Vertebral vein

Front 355

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the vertebral vein?

Back 355

h

Front 356

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is i?

Back 356

i. Occipital vein

Front 357

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the occipital vein?

Back 357

i

Front 358

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is j?

Back 358

j. Superficial temporal vein

Front 359

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the superficial temporal vein?

Back 359

j

Front 360

Veins of the Head and Neck, what is k?

Back 360

k. Dural sinuses

Front 361

Veins of the Head and Neck, what letter is the dural sinuses?

Back 361

k

Front 362

Axial View of the Neck, what is a?

Back 362

a. Superficial layer of deep cervical fascia

Front 363

Axial View of the Neck, what layer is the superficial layer of deep cervical fascia?

Back 363

a

Front 364

Axial View of the Neck, what is b?

Back 364

b. Pretracheal fascia

Front 365

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the pretracheal fascia?

Back 365

b

Front 366

Axial View of the Neck, what is c?

Back 366

c. Sternohyoid muscle

Front 367

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the sternohyoid muscle?

Back 367

c

Front 368

Axial View of the Neck, what is d?

Back 368

d. Sternothyroid muscle

Front 369

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the sternothyroid muscle?

Back 369

d

Front 370

Axial View of the Neck, what is e?

Back 370

e. Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 371

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 371

e

Front 372

Axial View of the Neck, what is f?

Back 372

f. Omohyoid muscle

Front 373

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the omohyoid muscle?

Back 373

f

Front 374

Axial View of the Neck, what is g?

Back 374

g. Trapezius muscle

Front 375

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the trapezius muscle?

Back 375

g

Front 376

Axial View of the Neck, what is h?

Back 376

h. Cervical vertebra

Front 377

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the cervical vertebra?

Back 377

h

Front 378

Axial View of the Neck, what is i?

Back 378

i. Superficial fascia

Front 379

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the superficial fascia?

Back 379

i

Front 380

Axial View of the Neck, what is j?

Back 380

j. Prevertebral fascia

Front 381

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is prevertebral fascia?

Back 381

j

Front 382

Axial View of the Neck, what is k?

Back 382

k. Skin

Front 383

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is skin?

Back 383

k

Front 384

Axial View of the Neck, what is l?

Back 384

l. Retropharyngeal space

Front 385

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the retropharyngeal space?

Back 385

l

Front 386

Axial View of the Neck, what is m?

Back 386

m. Carotid sheath

Front 387

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the carotid sheath?

Back 387

m

Front 388

Axial View of the Neck, what is n?

Back 388

n. Vagus nerve

Front 389

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the vagus nerve?

Back 389

n

Front 390

Axial View of the Neck, what is o?

Back 390

o. Internal jugular vein

Front 391

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the internal jugular vein?

Back 391

o

Front 392

Axial View of the Neck, what is p?

Back 392

p. Common carotid artery

Front 393

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the common carotid artery?

Back 393

p

Front 394

Axial View of the Neck, what is q?

Back 394

q. Oesophagus

Front 395

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the oesophagus?

Back 395

q

Front 396

Axial View of the Neck, what is r?

Back 396

r. Platysma muscle

Front 397

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the platysma muscle?

Back 397

r

Front 398

Axial View of the Neck, what is s?

Back 398

s. Thyroid gland

Front 399

Axial View of the Neck, what is the thyroid gland?

Back 399

s

Front 400

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the thyroid gland?

Back 400

s

Front 401

Axial View of the Neck, what is t?

Back 401

t. Trachea

Front 402

Axial View of the Neck, what letter is the trachea?

Back 402

t

Front 403

Describe the lymph nodes.

Back 403

The neck contains 1/3 of the body's total number of nodes. There are up to 75 lymph nodes on each side. Normal nodes are readily visible on ultrasound of the carotid chain. They are typically <6mm AP diameter when normal although they can be 1-2cm long in other plane

Front 404

Where is the hyoid bone located?

Back 404

The hyoid bone is inferior to the mandible, mid-way between the cricothyroid cartilage (Adam's apple) and the mandible.

Front 405

Name two structures that pass within the confines of the cervical spine.

Back 405

Spinal cord, vertebral artery, vertebral vein

Front 406

What is the slang term for the anterior neck muscles?

Back 406

Strap muscles

Front 407

Why are they called this?

Back 407

Their shape resembles a strap or belt

Front 408

What structure separates the anterior and posterior neck triangles?

Back 408

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 409

What are the attachment points for the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Back 409

Mastoid process, medial clavicle and the sternum

Front 410

What arteries come off the arch of aorta?

Back 410

Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery.

Front 411

The internal carotid artery is usually posterolateral to the external carotid artery. True or false?

Back 411

True at the proximal section but becomes posteromedial more distally.

Front 412

The external carotid artery has no branches in the neck. True or false?

Back 412

False. It bifurcates at the level of the temporomandibular joint. The internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck.

Front 413

The internal jugular vein is usually lateral to the common carotid artery. True or false?

Back 413

True

Front 414

The internal jugular vein drains immediately into the superior vena cava. True or false?

Back 414

False. It unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

Front 415

The parotid gland is located posterolateral to the ear. True or false?

Back 415

False. It is anterior to the ear.

Front 416

The submandibular gland has a duct which enters the oral cavity called Stenson's duct. True or false?

Back 416

Stenson's duct is in the parotid gland. The submandibular gland has Wharton's duct.

Front 417

The thyroid gland is located posterior to the trachea. True or false?

Back 417

False. It wraps around the sides of the trachea from the front.

Front 418

The thyroid gland is located medially to the common carotid artery. True or false?

Back 418

True

Front 419

The party of the thyroid joining the right and left lobes is called:

a. the pyramidal lobe

b. the isthmus

c. the missus

d. the central lobe

Back 419

b. the isthmus

Front 420

With which bones do the nasal bones articulate?

Back 420

Each other, frontal bone and the ethmoid bone.

Front 421

The only paranasal sinuses not present at birth are the ____________.

Back 421

Frontal

Front 422

The most posterior of the paranasal sinuses are the _______________________

Back 422

Sphenoid

Front 423

At birth the sphenoid sinuses are filled with _______________.

Back 423

Red bone marrow

Front 424

The sinuses that are described as a "honeycomb" of air cells are the _______________

Back 424

Ethmoid

Front 425

The temporomandibular joint is a fibrous joint. True or false?

Back 425

False. It is a synovial joint

Front 426

The temporomandibular joint is a modified hinge joint. True or false?

Back 426

True.

Front 427

The articular disc acts as a shock absorber. True or false?

Back 427

True

Front 428

The articular eminence acts to stop posterior dislocation of the temporomandibular joint. True or false?

Back 428

False. The articular eminence is anterior to the mandibular fossa and acts to stop anterior displacement of the mandible.

Front 429

Name the largest immovable bone of the facial bones.

Back 429

The maxilla