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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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NOAH
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who:Human chosen by God to survive the flood and continue humankind.
Where:Genesis 6-9 Old Testament Bible 1. God chose his a he was a wise man being a virtue that the Gods acknowledged was good human trait 2. After the flood God made a convenant this humans that he would not do this again. Put a rainbow in the sky. Bow may be linked to the shape of the "heavens". 3.God gave Noah a blessing to go forth a multiply and fill the earth. All plants and animals would be for his use. Idea that man above all others on the planet. 4. Similar to Atrahasis meso myth story of the flood and hero. God Enki tells Atrahasis to build boat and take in family to survive. Enki, Enlil, Anu devise a new way of controlling the population though birth. 5. Noah makes sacrifice to God thank him. Boundry that God still decides man's fate and humans are rewarded for complying to those wishes. |
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Gilgamesh
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Who: Main character, a hero, King, friend and warrier in the Epic Gilgamesh.
Where: Gilgamesh Epic. Written 2000 BCE Sumerian author Sin Leqe Unnini 1. King who was causing conflict with his people or Urku. Being willful, talking young girls, people not happy. Boundries between human and gods. On his journey he gathers knowledge and wisdom but has to leave the known world to get it. it is a treasure found. Gods always in control. 2. Links to Adam and Eve story as Gilgamesh gets the plant of life and then leaves it on a bank and a serpant smells it and come and takes it. Like the serpant that tempted Eve to each of the tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden. Similar character in the story. 3. Kingship - Kings are chosen of the Gods and even though they are not perfect are to be supported. Humans can petition the Gods above the King if they are no happy with how the king is acting. King is still the Gods choice. 4.Growing up. Gilgamesh starts out an impetuous, selfish, willful king but through his |
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BC (before Christ) vs.
BCE (Before Common Era) - AD (ad dominci latin christian) CE (Common Era jewish) |
All define the perspective of the text based on time and society.
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AD
CE BCE BC |
ad - ano domini Christ's birth
CE - Common era (same as AD) BCE - before common era BC - before Christ (same as BCE) |
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Sumerians
Akkadian |
Sumerians - 6 millennium BCE civilized land - black headed people
AKKADIAN - 4 millennium BCE -nomadic people, came 1st millennium, peaceful symbiosis with people there, possibly from India likeness in language, shemish/SUN god Arabic & Hebrew |
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meanings of the following:
Water Sun En Nin Cuneform |
Water - wisdom
Sun - knows everything En - Lord Nin - Lady of... Cuneiform= latin Cunus = "wedge shaped" , lines pressed into clay, defined concepts (stars), Changed from pictures to phonetic sounds to letters. |
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meaning of the following:
Ziggurat City State |
Ziggurat - Akkadian high tower in a temple within a city state,where the Gods came down to be with humans.
City State - economic unit, all servants of one God, contributed to supplies and society |
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What is a myth
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1. story that influences cultural values and ideas
2. conveys notions that cannot be verified 3. conveys collective attitude important to many people 4. narratives told orally by community members |
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Fundamental features of religion
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1. Theoretical - each group own ideas
2. Basic worldview - how the universe is set up, map of the invisible world God - the "ultimate" what is the source and ground of all things Origin of the world - where it came from origin of humans - were we came from destiny - where we are going revelations or mediation between the ultimate/God and humans. Jesus, Moses, Buddha, Mohammad, ... |
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Practical features of religion
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1. what is expected of humans: worship, practices, behaviour. Rituals like baptism, meals, holidays.
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Sociological features of religion
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Major social institutions: how the religion is set up to preserve and implement its teaching and practices.
Leadership and how it interacts with larger society. ten commandments, Sabbeth, how society behaves. |
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ENUMAH ELISH
Main Characters - define essence Tiamat Apsu Lahmu/Lahamu Anshar/Kishar Mummu Qinqu Anu (An) Nintu (Ki) Enlil Ninlil Enki Damkina Marduk Igigi Bab ili |
Tiamat - goddess of salt water
Apsu - god of sweet water Lhmu/Lahamu - mud carried by the rivers (tigris eurphratis) Anshar/Kishar - gods sky and earth Mummu - god of mist Qinqu - Tiamat's partner. after Apsu's death leads Tiamat's army, his blood used to create mankind. Anu (An) head of older gen. gods (sky) Nintu (Ki) Goddess of earth Enlil - god of wind and air Ninlil - lady of wind/air Enlil's partner Enki - god of the waters/wisdom/magic Damkina - Enki's consort Marduk - patron god of Babylon Igigi - great gods of the younger generation Bab ili - Gate of the Gods |
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Enumah Elish Story theme and issues
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Theme: story of the origins of where everything came from. Chaos/Tiamat in the beginning mixes water with Apsu and everything comes into being from the 1st Gen gods. An orderly universe and kingship is defined and organized supporting how the society should operate.
-Written Akkadian - middle to end of 1st millennium BCE - 7 tablets of 150 lines each - recited at news year festivals in front of dignitaries and re pledge allegiance to the King. No rivalry, loyal support is absolute. - similar to Epic of Anuz (table of destinies where God names and their essence were contained), weapons used in the big fight(bow), title of victor - (King of the Gods of heaven and earth) THEME: 1. Birth and emergence of Gods 2. How the universe was created. Heaven earth Marduk divides Tiamat's body. 3. regulation of continuous time -calendar 4. Creation of human beings from Qingu's blood. Do work of Gods on earth. 5. original right of Kingship - passed down from the Gods, early democracy, city God Marduk as the most powerful |
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Gilgamesh Epic myth story
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Many versions:
- Sumerian 2000 BCE -Old babylonian version OBV 1600 akkadian -Author Sin Leqe Unnini -Similar to greek Odyssey of Homer share a common background in underworld context. -echos of both greek and akkadian stories found in Arabian Nights. - Theme: Gilgamesh (probably real ruler 27th century BC) and companion Enkidu. -Enkidu wild man created by gods from nature as Gilgamesh's equal to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. -They undertake dangerous quests that displease the gods. -at Cedar Mountain they defeat Humbaba, fire breathing servant of God Wer(storm God) protector of Cedar Forest. -Kill Bull of Heaven Ishtar sent to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. -Enkidu dies and Gilgamesh searches for immortality. -Gil attempts to learn secret of eternal life from immortal flood hero Utnapishtim (Noah) -"The life you seek you will never find. When the gods created man they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own keeping" - Gil - celebrated by posterity for h |
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Gilgamesh Epic Themes
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1. Boundries: Divine and Human are separate, cannot cross. Gil goes out of this world to get knowledge. Gil gains knowledge and wisdom which is a treasure that is found. Humans weak -he has plant of life but leaves it on a bank for snake to take while he baths (careless human quality undeserving of immortality)
2. Death and Immortality: cultural hero brings back wisdom and experience - advice from Sifuri to embrace life and live it - that is human destiny. 3. Growing up - starts as a tyrant and ends up a responsible king. Writes knowledge on the walls or Uruk. 4. Kingship - Gil representative of a good kind of King. Not only in hands of humans but God intervened so always a higher voice people can petition to. Just and considerate were kingly attributes. Kings not always perfect but are to be supported. 5. Shift from Nature to Culture - compare to Adam and Eve story. 6. Free will of man - he can occasionally thwart the wishes of heaven. |
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Flood Story Atrahasis
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-1646-1626 BCE
order: Atrahasis Gilgamesh utnapishtim-2000 BCE Summarian Noah - gen 6-9 bible Story found in the writings of many cultures. 1. story of Sumerian Gods Anu/Father King Gods Sky, Enlil/wind + war ruled earth + Enki/water. 2. Gods rebel over too hard work complain to Enki. 3. Enki suggest create humans. 4. Mother goddess Mami creates from clay, spit of Gods, flesh and blood from slain god Geshtu-e (name means wisdom) 5. Humans didn't die, overpopulation and noisy. Gods cant rest and send plagues. Drought... 6. Enlil decides to drown all with a flood. Enki - kind and helpful tells Atrahasis through a reed wall to build ark with details take family and animals. 7. Storm lasts for 7 days. everything, everyone destroyed not in the boat. 8. Atrahasis offers sacrifice to the gods. 9. Ellil mad at Enki for violating his oath. 10. They agree on other ways to control human population. Babies die, some women can conceive, some celibate or taboo. 7a Atrahasis is given a form of immortality. 8.Genesi |
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Flood Story Themes
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Story is in 3 places. Atrahasis, Gilgamesh -utnapishtim and Noah.
1. Conflict between Gods and Humans: Gods want to limit power and impose death. Humans too noisy. Impose disease, famine then flood. Human after flood are mortal. 2. Threat to the Gods: too many of them. Gods didn't want humans to get to much "like them". Made with part of God Ilawela. 3. Boundries between human and divine. Gods create man, give him a purpose, get rid of when they want. Always more powerful. 4. Gods connection with humans: Gods taking care of man - Enki kind was to help man and selects a wise man. Man who "stands in awe of Enki" 5. Power of the Gods. Gods able to destroy all humans (nothing said about animals). Gods are in control of the destiny of humans. 6. Immortality - this story introduces the idea that humans became mortal after the flood to control the population so they wouldn't be too noisy and disturb the Gods. |
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Decent of Ishtar to the Underworld
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Akkadian end of the 2nd Millennium BCE
Descent of Innana - Sumerian - first half of 2nd millennium BCE Ishtar - daughter of Sin (moon God of Ur) decides to go to the underworld 2. She decendes through 7 gates have to remove one article of clothing/symbols of power at each gate. 3. Ishtar attacks Ereshkigal her sister. Ereshkigal's servant Namtar imprisons Ishtar unleashes 60 diseases against her. 4. After Ishtar descends to the underworld all sexual activity ceases on earth. 5. Ea - King of the God send Asushunamir to bring her back. 6. Ereshkigal has to give water of life, sprinkled on Ishtar who comes back through the gates with clothing & crown back. 7. In exchange for her, Dumuzi, lover of her youth is exchanged. Send Dumuzi back down into the underworld / Kurnugi 8. Dumuzi's sister Belili laments and rips the jewelry from her body. Kurnugi = underworld (or Kur) Nergal = chief God of the underworld. |
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Decent of Ishtar Themes
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Underworld:
1. Democratic notion - where everyone went- no good and bad 2. Regulated world: roads, rules, gates, gatekeepers. 3. Gods ruled the underworld - part of the panthion and active world view. 4. Connected with the earth layer. 5. LINK-Gilgamesh tries to get there after his beloved friend Enkidu dies. Sacred Marriage Rite: 1. God would peform the right. Taking a women of high rank(could be a prositute) and a King and performed sex. Representing the start of the new life cycle or new beginning. Also done with a new King to show a new Kingly cycle or beginning. Notion of Death: 1.No proof of what happens after death so made up stories to better understand death. 2. Use earthlike things. Dark, light, food, organization. 3. Timmu = soul or spirit of human. Can move around is linked to a person. 4. Families buried together, take care of your ancestors. Ancestor's TIMMU could help the living they had a deeper knowledge. encourage respect and having lots of children. Contradictions: different entry poin |
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Kergal and ereshkigal story
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The gods have a great banquet in heaven, to which Erershkigal, queen of the underworld, cannot come. She sends her vizier, Namtar, to bring her down her portion from the feast. While fetching the meal, Namtar is not treated with respect by Nergal. Nergal then plans to visit the underworld, bringing a throne down with him. He is warned by Ea, his father, not to participate in the underworld, i.e. he is not to eat or drink, bathe or engage in sexual activity. Namtar tries to keep Nergal out, but Ereshkigal reminds him that each god has his own domain, and one should not try to usurp the role of another. With this rebuke, she allows Nergal to enter. He withstands all the invitations to eat, drink and bathe, but he ultimately gives in to his lust and lies with Ereshkigal for a week. On the seventh day, Nergal extrictaes himself from Ereshkigal and returns to heaven. He then disguises himself so that when Namtar returns, seeking to bring him back to the underworld, he cannot at first find him. Ereshkigal appeals
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Kergal and Ereshkigal theme
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Underworld:
1. similar to earthly things. One way road, once you enter you can't leave. HUMAN WEAKNESS 1. Nergal undone by his lust for a woman. 2. after his 'sin' he hides disguising himself for her vizier. 3. try to escape committment. 4. Namtar/vizier wants more power and to punish Nergal. 5. both end up being put in their place. They have power and authority, but only within a specific domain. LINKS to Descent of Ishtar - threat to make the dead eat the living and outnumber the living. link D of Ishtar - descending through the 7 gates. |
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Enkidu
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who/purpose: Companion made by the Gods for Gilgamesh. Wild man made from nature by the Gods as an equal to Gilgamesh and to distract Gilgamesh from his oppression of the citizens of Uruk.
Goes on adventures with Gil. become civilized and dies. Where: Gilgamesh Epic 2000 BCE Sumerian Sin Leqe Unnini 1. Nature vs civilization. He is created from nature a wild man, naked and living in the forest. He become civilized through having sex with a women for 7 days, then he is in a changed state, more controlled and starts to wear clothing. Seen as a good thing to do and was acceptable to the King Gilgamesh. 2. Sexuality theme in that he and Gilgamesh are close and story leads to believe they were lovers. Notion that men were sexual with each other and may have been an acceptable behaviour in that time. 3. Death and the underworld. Enkidu dies even though he was created by the Gods. He was not a God and died like human's die. Understood that he went to the underworld where all went and Gilgamesh leaves behind civ |
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Ishtar
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Who: Goddess of Love and War, Sister of Ereshkigal, daughter of Sin the Moon God.
Where: The Descent of Ishtar to the Underworld. Written end of 2nd millennium Akkadian 1. She is a willful God who want to go to the underworld which was her sisters domain. 1a . She is a character representative of contradictions and a paradox. War and Love, Motherly and violent. 2. She breaks boundries. in the beginning of the story she simply decides to go down to the underworld, there is no explanation why. She goes where she should not really be. 2. Sexuality is a theme, showing that her sexuality is linked to a life force, as was the young Gods in there moving about and full of life and why the older 1st generation of Gods could get no rest and wanted to kill them. Tiamat the mother figure also contradictions. She loved them and wanted to protect them but also waged war against them. 4. Fertility. When she is gone to sexual activity on earth. No new life or growth. 5. Sacred Marriage Rite: celebrated every new ye |
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Hammurabi
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Not a myth story. Article Baggs on the Babylonians.
Who: A realistic King 1. Selection. It was the gods who gave him the laws. he was chosen by them. Man does not make the laws, they are devine. 2. Link this to the similar theme in Noah, in that he was chosen by the gods to survive because he was a good and riteous man, wise and respectful of the gods so they treated him in a kind way. Shamash was the God of Justice who gaves these laws to hammurabi. 3. he was the guardian of riteousness and justice. Stele (tall tablets) were created showing Shamash, god of justice giving Hammurabi rod and ring, symbols of justice. 4. his people were called the Black Headed People as an identification of the mesopotamian people. Gap between Bible and myth as the bible talks of the meso people in a lesser way. He considered himself a shepherd of the people, in accordance of the will of the great gods, so people could live in safety and peace. Strong not to take advantage of the weak. - He wrote many of the laws, as is ev |
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Etana
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King of Kish
Desperate to have a child. Saves eagle from starving, takes him up in the sky to find plant of birth. Lead to son Balih's birth. details: serpent and eagle live together in a tree agreed to get along. eagle eats serpents children. Utu(son god) tells Serpent to hide in belly of dead bull. Eagle come to eat bull, serpent captures and throws into bit of hunger and thirst. Etana saves eagle, eagle help get plant of birth - on second attempt gets it. |
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Adapa
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First of the antediluvian seven sages sent by Ea to bring arts of civilization to mankind.
First sage, introduced correct rites of religious observance. All sages anger Ea so do not get immortality. Adapa fisherman, represented by composite fish-man. Ea may have tricked him into not eating so didn't get immortality. -THEME man's folly due to misunderstanding. |
