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279 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where was zoastrianism founded?
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Persia
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"The one god" that spoke to the prophet in Zoastrainism?
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Ahura Mazada
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The prophet of Zoastrianism?
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Prophet Zarathustra (6th-7th BCE?)
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Center of Zoastrianism?
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Mumbai, India
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Zoastrian liturgical book
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Avesta
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Good spirit of zoastrainism
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spenta mainyu
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Bad spirit of zoastrianism
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angra mainyu
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What does fire symbolize in zoastrianism?
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God's power, purity
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What is a Dakhma in zoastrianism?
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"tower of silence" where bodies are put to be eaten by birds
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Meaning of Israelite
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Descendent of Patriarch Jacob
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Jew means _____
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one who lives in Judas
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Hebrew means ____
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Children of Eber
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Half a percent of the world's population is ______
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Jewish
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TaNak
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Hebrew bible explains history how Jews have experienced it
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Torah
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Law of Moses, First 5 books-"the teaching"
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Nev'im
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The Prophets, recordings of those who speak for God (Jewish)
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Kethuvim
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Writings-psalms, wisdom lit (Jewish)
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Patriarchs of Judiasm
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Abraham, Isaac, Jacob/Israel, 12 sons of Israel
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Circumcision is a sign of ______
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The Jewish covanent with God
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Abraham sacrifices his son, the son of Sarah _____ to prove his faith to God
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Isaac
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____ led slaves (Israelites) out of Egypt to Caanan
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Moses in the "Exodus"
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Passover was
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a plague that moved over the doors marked with sacrificial blood to kill the first-born sons
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Philistines
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seafaring people who had iron weapons and moved from Crete to Caanan when Jews occupied Land
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Kings of Jerusalem
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Saul, David, Solomon (11th to 10th BCE)
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Solomon's Temple
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Build by David finished by Solomon as sanctuary for Yaweh
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When did Solomon die and Israel was divided?
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10th BCE
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What was Israel divided into?
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Judah in the sotuh, Israel in the north
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Who destroyed the kingdom of israel?
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assyrians in 722 BCE
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Who destroyed the first temple?
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Nebuchadnezzar II (bablylonia) 586 BCE
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When was the Bablyonian exile (Israelites deported to Babylonia)?
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586 BCE
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Consequences of the Exile
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Jews assimilated, written word took significance over temple rituals after it was destroyed
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Cryus, ruler of Pesia took over Baylonia in the 6th BCE and let the Jews do what?
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Return to their homeland
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Diaspora
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Jewish who stayed in Babylonia for a time
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Septuagint
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Greek language Hebrew Bible was translated into because Jews didn't understand Hebrew anyomre
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Romans took over in?
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63 BCE
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Saducees
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members of priestly land-owning class in charge of temple
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Essenes
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most conserative Jews, ascetics, celibate, produced Dead Sea scrolls
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Pharisees
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anyone could interpret Torah as long as they believed it was a divine text, all lay people required to follow diet
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Zealots
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sought to rid Judea of Roman Rule, led rebellion for Jewish independence that destroyed second temple
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Destruction of Second Temple
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70 CE, power taken from priests to rabbis, ritual to lit
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Rabbi
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"my master" teacher who interpreted religious text
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Rabbinic Judaism
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Phariseest ook control, all Jewish people not just priests were holy, rabbis replaced priests
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Synagogue
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power shifted from temple led by priests to synagogue led by rabbis
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Oral and Written Torah
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Oral Torah is interpeting of written Torah and commenting by Priests and Rabbis
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Midrash
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line by line commentaries on biblical text
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Talmud
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(Mishna + Gemera) "repitions" teachings and opinions of scholars on ethics + "tradition" commentary
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The most complete Talmud is the _______
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Babylonian Talmud, 600 CE
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Ashkenaz
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Jews who emigrated to Europe only to be expelled, some moved to Poland
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Sepharad
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Jews who fled from Spain to the Middle East under Christian rule
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Kabbalahn
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mystical biblical interpration that looked for secret meaning in text
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Zohar
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"Book of splendor" mystical commentary on Hebrew Bible
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Hasidism
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meditative prayer for devotion, instead of knowledge, use faith and piety to be close to God
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Israel Ben Eliezer
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18th Century, known as BESHT "Master of the Good Name" Founded Hasidism
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Tzaddik
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one chosen as link between man and heaven
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Haskalah Movement
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Enlightenment, 18th CE, Jews should interact with state and be a participating citizen
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Orthodox Judaism
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ritually rigorous, men only in rituals, follow sabbath, read in Hebrew
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Conserative Judasim
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halfway strict, keep prayer shawl, mixed congregation, dietary restrictions
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Reform Judasim
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Jews aren't "people of the land" but a religious community, no diet required, no prayer shawl, mixed congregation, local text
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Zionism
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Founded by Theodor Herzl, Jews needed own homeland to be protected, British allowed for colonization of Palestine
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Jesus of Nazareth
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4 BCE to 30 CE, messiah, Jewish teacher who healed, executed by Roman authorities
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Teachings of Jesus
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coming of kingdom of God, Love God and Neighbor
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Parable
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a short story from everyday life that suggests reality of kingdom, "a wedding feast in which everyone dines"
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Kingdom of God
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place where poor take care of each other, violence abandoned, religious rule doesn't overcome human need
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Paul, Apostle to the Gentiles
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64 CE, letters in new testament, converted pagans, gentiles required to follow law not circumcision
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Destruction of Second Temple (70 CE)
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developed christology after destruction of temple, 4 gospels written after
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Difference between Matthew and Luke gospels
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Matthew wrote for Jewish, Luke for gentiles (and poor)
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Baptism
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in infants washing away orignal sin, in adults the spirit rising and dying with God
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Eucharist
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eating the body and blood Christ by eating bread and wine
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Christology
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understanding of Christ's nature, is he God or inferior to God?-father, son and holy spirit
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Roman Emperor-Constantine 337 CE
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converted to Christianity by vision of cross, edict of toleration, sunday
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Asceticism
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response to rich hierchical Constantine church
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First Hermits lived alone in Egyptian desert in ______
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Third century CE
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Benedict of Nursia
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6th CE, established first monastary in Italy, created benedictine code of monks, manual labor, religious code,
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Council of Nicea
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325, Christ is God (Nicene Creed)
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Council of Constantinople
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381, Trinity, God is one of three beings: father, son, holy ghost
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Council of Chalcedon
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451, Christ is fully God and fully human
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Three major branches of Christianity are
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Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant
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Two major schisms in christianity are...
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Great Schism (1054) and Great Reformation (16th Ce)
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Orthodox Christianity
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Pope in Constantinople (Istanbul), baptism by immersion, mass in vernacular, pope leader of church and state, no celibacy
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Catholic Christianity
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Pope in Rome, clerical celibacy, mass in latin
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Icons
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paintings that are windows to God and assist in devoion
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iconostasis
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panel of icons that hides altar in orthodox churches,
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Reformation led by ______ in 1483-1546
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Martin Luther
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Reformation focused on
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faith, scripture authority not priests, vernacular language
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John Calvin
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believed in pre-destination
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Anglicans
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16th CE, King Henry, England, when he couldn't get a divorce seperated Church of England from Pope, upheld priest class
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Anabaptists
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16th CE, Switzerland, adult baptism, simple practice w/o gov. intervention, non-violence
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Baptists
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17th CE, England, like anabaptists only not pacifists
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Society of Friends (Quakers)
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17th CE, England, George Fox, ardent pacifists no clergy, service in silence
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Pentecostals
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US, late 19th CE, emotional christianity, "speaking in tongues", screaming and fainting gift of the lord
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Fundamentalism
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belief that divide between christianity and modern science is fault of science, ban teaching of evolution from schools
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Vatican Council II
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1960-62, permit modern christianity, consult laypeople, service in local language, decentralized church clergy
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Catholic Reformation, Council of Trent (1545-1563)
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Counter reformation to Protestants, bible and church equally important-not just scripture, more virtuous popes, good actions bring salvation
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Seven Sacrements of Christianity
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Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation (Christmation), Confession, Marriage, Ordination, Extreme Unction
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Church Year
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Advent (2nd coming of Christ), Christmas, Epiphany (Lent), Holy Week, Pentecost (holy spirit, birth of Church)
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Holy Week (the week before Easter)
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Psalm Sunday-Jesus entrance into Jerusalem, Thursday-last supper, Good Friday-his death, Easter Sunday-his resurrection
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Muhammad's First Revelation
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610
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Hijra, Muhhamad's flight from Mecca to Yathrib
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622
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Death of Muhammad
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632
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Death of Ali, beginning of Ummayad Empire
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661
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Karbala
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680
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End of Ummayad, beginning of Abbassid empire
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750
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End of Abbassid Empire
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1250
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Muslims see Jews and Christians as...
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"People of the book" who deny Muhammad is the last prophet
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influence of Islam on western civilization
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renaissance, healing, counting
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Islam means
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submission, surrender, obedience to God
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Muslim means
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"one who submits to God"
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Demography
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one in five Muslim, 18% Arab, Bangledesh, India, Pakistan, indonesia
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Allah
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one supreme Geat God
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Prophet Muhammad
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born in Mecca, orphoned and illerate, married older widow and became a merchant/caravan driver, had revelation in Mecca cave
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Quran
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single authoritative text of God's words spoken to Muhammad
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Sura
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chapter of the Quran, arranged according to length not chronologically
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Mecca
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Pre-Islamic trade and religious center
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Kaaba
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cube-shaped shrine at Mecca, focal point of Muslim prayers and annual pilgrimage, contains black meteor
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Miraj
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"ascension" refers to ascent of Muhammad to heaven
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Medina
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orignally Yathrib, warring tribe that offered Muhammad protection in return for peace-making skills
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Hijra
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Muhammad and companions migration to Medina from Mecca in 622 CE, marking beginning of Muslim calender
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Quraysh Tribe
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herding-base tribe that was Muhammad's tribe, guarded shrine
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Quranic revelations threatened Tribal obligarchy because?
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instead of listening to tribal elders people listened to authoritative text of God and all were equal
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Difference between Mecca and Medina suras _____?
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Mecca suras are more passive and peaceful while Muhammad lived in a easy supportive tribe. Medina suras are more assertive and violent as his life became harder, and harsher towards Jews.
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Status of Women before and after Islam?
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Islam banned female infanticide, women were allowed their inheritance no longer an object of inheritance, polygamy if all wives treated well
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Qibla
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direction of Muslim prayer, towards Mecca
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Hadith
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report and sayings of the prophet of his excellent deeds, model for good behavior (sunna), second text to the Qu'ran
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Sunna
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"trodden path", orignally the pre-tribal path of customs, after prophets death-model of how a good Muslim should live
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Umma
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world-wide Muslim community
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Abu Bakr
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first caliph, consolidated Muslim rule in Arabia
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Umar
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2nd caliph, Sryia, Egypt, Jerusalem, Palestine came under Muslim rule
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Uthman
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3rd caliph, of a tribe that orignally opposed Muhammad (Ummayad) dissenion arose and he was assasinated
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Ali
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4th Caliph, prophet's cousin, his rule never accepted, quaralled with ruler of Syria who wanted Uthman's murderer's handed over, killed
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Shii and Sunni
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Shii believed rule kept in family of prophet, Sunni Ummayads) believed rule kept in tribe of prophet, started with Ali's rule
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Husayn
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grandon of Ali, called by people of Iraq to lead but ambushed and killed by Umayyads who then ruled while Shi'ites viewed him as a martyr
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Karbala
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city where Husayn was ambushed and killed
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Ashura
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annual festival to conmemmorate Husayn's death, men whip thmeselves to identify with his suffering
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Imam in Shi'ism
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"legitimate successor of Prophet", means Ali and his descendents
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The Twelvers
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twelve imams after Husayn, last dissapeared but will return prior to the last judgment
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Ummayad Empire
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Sunni, capital in Syria, co-existed with Christians and Jews, non-arab muslims resented paying taxes and rebelled
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Abbasid Empire
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enemies of Ummayds, descendents of prophet's uncle, Shii
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Shariah
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Islamic law, "the way to the watering hole"
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The four Madhabs are _____
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legal schools
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Sufism
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Islamic Mysticism
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Sufi master is called ____
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Sheykh
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Sufi brotherhood is called
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Tariqu "wool"
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Dhkir
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"remembrance" applies to Sufi group invoking name of Allah
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Famous Islamic Empires
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Ottoman Empire and Mughal Empire
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Shahada
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profession of faith to Allah (5 pillars of Islam)
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Salat
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ritual prayer (5 pillars)
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Hajj
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pilgrimage to Mecca (5 pillars)
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Zakat
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alms giving (5 pillars)
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Sawn
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Ramadan (5 pillars)
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5 pillars of Islam
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Shahada, Salat,Hajj, Zakat, Sawn
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Eid Al-Fitr
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Muslim festival celebrating beraking fast of Ramadan
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Eid Al-Adha
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"Day of sacrifice" God asking Abraham to sacrifice Isaac
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Rig Veda
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oldest and most important one of the Vedas
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Sunna
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"trodden path", orignally the pre-tribal path of customs, after prophets death-model of how a good Muslim should live
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Umma
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world-wide Muslim community
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Abu Bakr
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first caliph, consolidated Muslim rule in Arabia
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Umar
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2nd caliph, Sryia, Egypt, Jerusalem, Palestine came under Muslim rule
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Uthman
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3rd caliph, of a tribe that orignally opposed Muhammad (Ummayad) dissenion arose and he was assasinated
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Ali
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4th Caliph, prophet's cousin, his rule never accepted, quaralled with ruler of Syria who wanted Uthman's murderer's handed over, killed
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Shii and Sunni
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Shii believed rule kept in family of prophet, Sunni Ummayads) believed rule kept in tribe of prophet, started with Ali's rule
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Husayn
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grandon of Ali, called by people of Iraq to lead but ambushed and killed by Umayyads who then ruled while Shi'ites viewed him as a martyr
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Karbala
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city where Husayn was ambushed and killed
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Ashura
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annual festival to conmemmorate Husayn's death, men whip thmeselves to identify with his suffering
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Laws of Manu
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200 BCe to 200 CE
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Hindu epics
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Mahabhartata and Ramayana
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Puranas
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stories about exploits of Trumurti
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Trumurti
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Brahma (creator) Vishnu (love and preservation) Shiva (destruction and rebirth)
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Ganesh Chaturthi
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summer festival celebrating God Ganesh
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Consorts of Hindu Gods
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Sarvasti (brahma) Lakshmi (Vishnu) Parvati (Shiva)
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Difference between Hinduism and Buddhism?
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Buddhism rejected vedas, priesthood and instead of a pernament relity an ever-changing one
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Theravada
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Sri Lanka, "small vehicle", monkhood, buddha a man
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Mahayna
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China, Japn, Korea "large vehicle" laypeople, divine Buddha
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Vajrayana
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Tibet "Diamond Vehicle" "flashes of light" enlightenment, shamanism and trantric
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Guatama Siddhatha (Shakyamuni)
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born in wealthy Kshatriya class, predicted political leader or monk if he saw suffering, left temple and family to be wandering holy man
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Four Noble Truths
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1. suffering pervades life 2. suffering is from desire 3. suffering ends when craving ends 4. desire ends by 8-fold path
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Dharma
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Buddha's teaching how to live
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Sangha
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women accepted, Buddha monastic community
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Arhat
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perfect Buddha being who has reached enlightenment
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Lotus Sutra
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cosmic Buddha who assists people to reach heaven
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Bodhisattva
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future Buddha who returns to help people reach salvation
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Avalokitshvra
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Bodhisattva of Compassion
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Guan Yin
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Goddess of Mercy, Buddha, also Avalokitshvra
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Pure Land (Amitabha)
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heavenly Buddha of afterlife is people have faith and repeat Amitabah's name
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Zen Buddhism
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goal of meditative school is enlightenment, experience self-nature to reach salvation to break rationalism
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Yellow Hat School (14th CE)
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strict monastic discipline, to find succesor of Abbot test children for familiarity with his things and markings
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Bardo Thodol
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main tibetan scripture, "liberation through hearing" instructions for those caring to dying in Buddhism
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Sikhism located in _____
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Punjab
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Sikhism emerged in ______
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15th to 16th CE
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Nam the True Name
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Nanak's God, Sikhism
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Guru Nanak
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founder of Sikhism
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Langar
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Sikhis communal feast
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Guru Granth Sabib
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sacred book,final and last prophet of Sikhism
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Khalsa
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military fraternity
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Jainism located in
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Mumbia, india
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Ahimsa
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non-violence
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Mahavira
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"Great hero" founder of Janisim, practiced Ahimsa, last of 2 tirthankaras
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Agamas
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"traditions" writings of Jain Mahavira
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Jiva and Ajiva (Janism)
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Jiva=soul, good Ajiva=body, matter, evil
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Qi
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primordial energy/breath of life (Dao)
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Yin
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dark,earth, passive, female
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Yang
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light, warm, heaven, male
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Laozi (6th BCE)
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"founder" of Daoism, wandering state librarian, forbid to leave West china til he wrote Daodejing, sometimes divine
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Daodejing
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The Classic of the Way and Its Power (4th to 3rd BCE)
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Wu-wei
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non-action, inaction, nonpurposiveness
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The Way of the celestial Masters
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1st to 2nd CE, founded by Zhang Daoling, hereditary system of heavenly masters, visions of Laozi, helpd Daoism into present
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Celestial Worthies
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Three Purities made up of Laozi, primordial Dao, and the diety of heavenly insight (Heavenly Worthy of Numerous Treasure)
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Three Officials
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Officals of Heaven, Earth, Water, kept records of human deeds and control life span, when sick submit petition (Daoism)
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Confucuis Life 6th BCE
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once noble family but educated like a gentleman, became a teacher and gov. minister
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Jun-zi
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ideal person of Confucuis, gentleman, nobleman of service to society
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Ashram
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Hindu spiritual community
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Bhakti Yoga
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spiritual devotion in discipline
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Devi
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mother goddess of Hindu
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Dhayana
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meditation
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Durga
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distant mothergoddess, awe-inspiring
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Hatha Yoga
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spiritual discipline of posture and exercise
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Jnan Yoga
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knowledge discipline
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Kali
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dark form of Devi associated with destruction
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Krishan
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form of Vishnu, associated with divine playfulness
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Kundalini Yoga
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form of raja yoga where energy moving from center to head creates joy
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Maya
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illusion
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Monsim
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all seperate realities are actually one thing
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Raga Yoga
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royal form of meditation
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Samadhi
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inner peace from meditation
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Sannysin
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wandering holy man
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Anatta
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"no self" no pernament essence in people or things
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Anicha
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impermenance, constant change
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Bodhi
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enlightenment
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Dukkha
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sorrow, misery
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Karuna
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compassin, empaty
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Koan
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question that can't be answered logically, breaks grip of rationalism and brings conciousness
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Lama
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Tibetan Buddhist teacher
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Maitreya
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Boddhisatva returning to earth in future
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Mandala
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circular design that represents totality of universe
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Mudra
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symbolic hand gesture
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Satori
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in zen, enlightened awareness
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Shunyata
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Buddhist idea of emptyness or emptyness becuase of change
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Stupa
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shrine used to mark Buddhist relics
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Sutra
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sacred text that records word of Buddha
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Tathata
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"thatness" the uniqueness of changing reality
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Trikaya
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the three bodies of Buddha celestial, cosmic and historical
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Tripitaka
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three baskets, or collectio of Buddhist writings
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Vajra
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diamond sceptor used in Tibetan rituals
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Adi Granth
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"orignal collection" primary Sikh scripture
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Gurdwara
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Sikh temple
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Hylozism
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belief all physical matter has feeling
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Japji
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poem by Gura Nanak recited daily by Sikhs
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Sallekhana
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ritual starving, holy suicide
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Sikh
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disciple
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Tirthankara
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one of 24 ideal human beings, Mahavira is the first, Janism
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Sthanakasavi
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"building person" member of Jain sect that refuses using statues and temples
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Terepanthi
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'Thirteen" member of new Jain sect
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Legalists
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strictest of Chinese schools, believe human are selfish and inhernatly bad
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Li
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appropiate action, ritual, propiety
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Five Classics
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classic lit preceding Confucius poetry, history, divination
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Four Books
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major Confucian writings of confucuis and mencius
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Mohists
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chinese school of philosophy that taught universal love
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Qi
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life force
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Ren
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empathy, humaneness
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Shu
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reciprocity
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Wen
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cultural refinement
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Xiao
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filial piety
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Zhuangzi
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books of whimsical stories that express Daoist thought
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Ameratsu
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Sun Shinto Goddess
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Ise
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location in traditional Shinto shrine to Ameratsu
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Izanagi
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"He who invites" primordial male God of Shinto
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Izanami
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"she who invites" primordial female God of Shinto
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Tenrikyo
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new religion devoted to human betterment
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Bushido
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warrior knight code for samurai of honor
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Gagaku
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stately ceramonial music of Shinto
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Jinja
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Shinto shrine
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Kamidana
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shelf or home alter for kami
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Kamikaze
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suicide fighter pilots of WW!!
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Kojiki
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earliest chronicle of Japanese history
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Misogi
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ritual of purification in standing under a waterfall
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Nihongi
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second chronicle of Japanese history
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Noh
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Shinto dramas performed with masks
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Omoto
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new religion that stresses art and beauty
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Shimenawa
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twisted rope marking holy spot
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Torii
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gate-like structure that marks holy spot
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