Rehs Radiation Uses And Protection

Front 1

TRUE or FALSE:

Most cells, tissues, and organs of the body are independent, and the destruction of one will not affect the other.

Back 1

FALSE.

Front 2

Plutonium 239 has a half-life of ___ years.

Back 2

24,000 years.

Front 3

The term "rad" means:

Back 3

Radiation Absorbed Dose.

Front 4

An ordinary chest x-ray produces an exposure of about ___ rad; a very heavy diagnostic series, about ___ rads.

Back 4

Chest x-ray: 0.1 rad

Heavy diagnostic series: 10 rad

Front 5

The rate at which atoms of radioactive sources (radionuclides) disintegrate are measured in:

Back 5

Curies.

Front 6

The siting of nuclear facilities is subject to extensive regulation and licensing by the:

Back 6

Nuclear regulatory commission.

Front 7

Medical personnel involved in radium therapy can become unnecessarily exposed during handling of the ___ ___.

Back 7

Source needle.

Front 8

Neutrons can have:

Back 8

-Biological effects.

AND

-The ability to make other substances radioactive.

Front 9

The longer the ___, the lower the frequency and energy.

Back 9

wavelength

Front 10

The energy of ionizing radiation is measured in:

Back 10

Electron volts, thousands of electron volts, and millions of electron volts.

Front 11

Microwave ovens use what energy sources?

Back 11

Non-ionizing electromagnetic.

Front 12

A ___ ___ is a combination computer and x-ray machine.

Back 12

CT scanner.

Front 13

____ ____ effects of radiation on an individual are not predictable.

Back 13

Long term.

Front 14

Gamma rays come from the nucleus of an atom; x-rays come from the electrons around the nucleus and are produced by electron bombardment.

Back 14

Gamma rays: from nucleus

X-rays: from electrons around nucleus

Front 15

Radiation could scatter and bounce off the:

Back 15

Floor, wall, ceiling

Front 16

Beta radiation is commonly eliminated by:

Back 16

glass or plastic and aluminum

Front 17

The shorter the wavelength, ___

Back 17

The higher the frequency and energy.

Front 18

CT scanners are used to locate: ___, ___, and ___.

Back 18

Tumors, blood clots, and anatomical malformations.

Front 19

Biological effects of radiation on all living organisms, including human beings, are termed ___ or ___.

Back 19

Somatic or genetic.

Front 20

The absorption of how many ergs (energy-per-gram) of air represents one roentgen?

Back 20

about 86.

Front 21

It is believed by some researchers that the hazards of ___ ___ radiation may be worse than previously predicted, supporting the principle that "x-rays should be used only when there is good medical reason."

Back 21

low level.

Front 22

TRUE or FALSE.

Genetic effects from radiation exposure are usually immediately evident.

Back 22

FALSE.

Front 23

TRUE or FALSE.

More information is known about effects of trace amounts of chemical carcinogens than radiation effects.

Back 23

FALSE.

Front 24

Survey meters are usually read in ___ or ___ per hour.

Back 24

Roentgens or Milliroentgens.

Front 25

High radiation areas are posted as:

Back 25

-Radiation Area

-Radiation Zone

-Restricted Area

Front 26

The term "rem" is short for:

Back 26

Roentgen Equivalent in Man

Front 27

___ have little penetrating power and are normally a hazard to health only in the form of internal radiation received through ingestion, inhalation, or open wounds.

Back 27

Alpha particles.

Front 28

"R" is the symbol used for the term:

Back 28

Roentgen.

Front 29

Regarding emergency radiation exposure, the state has a responsibility to:

Back 29

-Carry out training.

-Evaluate and make recommendations for program improvement.

-Require that a complete program can be conducted.

Front 30

Principles for effecting external radiation protection are:

Back 30

Distance, Time of exposure, shielding.

Front 31

TRUE or FALSE.

Neutrons are charged, high-energy particles.

Back 31

FALSE.

Front 32

If 5000 persons were exposed to a background radiation of 0.1 rem per year, this would represent a person-rem exposure of:

Back 32

500.

Front 33

The only difference between gamma rays, x-rays, and visible light is:

Back 33

Frequency.

Front 34

The roentgen is a measure of the ionization in air produced by exposure to:

Back 34

X-rays or gamma rays.

Front 35

TRUE or FALSE.

Radioactive substances used in medicine are always sealed.

Back 35

FALSE.

Front 36

To reduce patient and practitioner exposure:

Back 36

-Utilize proper collimation (limit x-ray beam to area needed).

-Use fast film.

-Use lead aprons.

Front 37

Common deficiencies regarding therapy units may include ___, ___ ___, and ___.

Back 37

filtration, exposure control, and calibration

Front 38

With dental x-rays, it is necessary to establish the correct exposure time for ___, ___, and ___ .

Back 38

kilovoltage, milliamperage, and source-to-skin distance

Front 39

Factors that could determine the effect of radiation on the body include:

Back 39

-Rate o absorption

-Individual variability

-Nutrition, oxygen tension, metabolic state

Front 40

MPD is the abbreviation for:

Back 40

Maximum permissible dose.

Front 41

The median lethal dose of radiation (at which about 50% of the persons exposed will probably die in one month) is considered to be:

Back 41

550-750 roentgens.

Front 42

In assessing radiation hazard, the ___ ___ of all exposures should be considered.

Back 42

sum total

Front 43

Medical uses can present a hazard to technicians, patients, and others through the improper handling of ___ and ___ ___ .

Back 43

radionuclides and contaminated wastes.

Front 44

The dose or energy absorbed by an irradiated object is a function of both the ___ and the ___ settings of the machine.

Back 44

Kilovolt and the milliampere settings.

Front 45

Isotopes of the same element have:

Back 45

The same atomic number but different mass numbers.

Front 46

TRUE or FALSE.

Alpha particles have a negative electric charge.

Back 46

FALSE.

Front 47

___ routinely sample air, water, and food supplies for radionuclides.

Back 47

FDA, USEPA, NRC

Front 48

A filter of 2 mm of ___ will absorb the soft, or less penetrating, radiation.

Back 48

aluminum

Front 49

Which of the following are sources of radiation?

-Natural background

-Radioactive fallout from nuclear testing or use of nuclear devices

-Radiation from medical diagnosis and treatment, industrial, or other man-made sources

-All of the above

Back 49

ALL:

-Natural background

-Radioactive fallout from nuclear testing or use of nuclear devices

-Radiation from medical diagnosis and treatment, industrial, or other man-made sources

Front 50

TRUE or FALSE.

It is not necessary for a dental unit to have filters.

Back 50

FALSE

Front 51

A ___is a naturally occurring or artificially created radioactive isotope of a chemical.

Back 51

radioisotope

Front 52

TRUE or FALSE:

The term "rem" does not take into consideration the biological effect of different kinds of radiation from the same dose in rads.

Back 52

FALSE

Front 53

Microwave ovens that have magnetron tubes use electrical energy to generate:

Back 53

High frequency, short wave energy.

Front 54

The nature of all electromagnetic radiation is the same, and the difference lies only in the ___ and ___.

Back 54

frequency and wavelength.

Front 55

___ ___ can be a health hazard either as internal or external radiation because of the ionization in tissues.

Back 55

Beta particles

Front 56

The effective half-life of an injected radionuclide is determined by:

Back 56

The length of time the nuclide remains in the body and its radioactive half-life.

Front 57

When the whole body is irradiated, the most radiosensitive areas are:

Back 57

-Spleen

-Lymph nodes

-Bone marrow

Front 58

What term is used to describe the exposure of large populations to ionizing radiation?

Back 58

Person-rem.

Front 59

Common deficiencies regarding fluoroscopy units may be:

Back 59

-Inadequate shielding

-Absence of lead aprons

-Timing device not functioning properly

Front 60

A state radiation protection program may involve control of:

Back 60

-X-ray units and radioactive materials.

-Waste disposal.

-Environmental monitoring and surveillance.

Front 61

The common types of radiation are:

Back 61

-X-rays and gamma rays

-Alpha and beta particles

-Neutrons

Front 62

The genetic harm done by radiation is:

Back 62

Cumulative.

Front 63

To produce thermal effects, microwave energy is converted to ___ in the body or organism.

Back 63

Heat.

Front 64

___ radiation cannot be eliminated.

Back 64

Background.

Front 65

Many defects in ___ ___ are easy to find and need no instruments.

Back 65

x-ray units

Front 66

Microwaves are reflected by:

Back 66

metals.

Front 67

Beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of:

Back 67

aluminum.

Front 68

Lasers emit:

Back 68

Electromagnetic radiation.

Front 69

In medical diathermy, heat produced by microwave radiation is used for:

Back 69

Therapeutic treatment.

Front 70

In many cases, x-ray beams or fluoroscopes will extend past the fluoroscopic screen and protective lead, thereby:

Back 70

exposing the operator to the direct beam.