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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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California Safe Drinking Water Act (CA SDWA) |
-Builds on the SDWA, est. 1974 -Department of Health Services establishes MCLs that are as strict or more so than those set by the EPA. -Part of the Health Safety Code
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Bulletin 74-90 and 74-81 |
-Deparment of Water Resources (DWR) est. to fufill responsibilities defined in Cal Water Code. -Well Standards
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Drinking Water Standards |
MCLG - Goal MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level (highest allowable level) |
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Radioactive Contaminants |
-Created by erosion of natural deposits, medical waste, etc. -Increase cancer risks |
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Organic Contaminants |
Petroleum products, herbicides, benzene |
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Volatile Contaminants |
VOCs |
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Inorganic Contaminants |
Metals (Copper, lead), Chromium, Nitrate, Nitrite, Fluoride |
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Biological Contaminants |
Total and fecal coliform bacteria -If total found, then analyzed for fecal -Acceptable limit = 1.0 colonies/ 100 mL |
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Secondary Contaminants |
Taste Odor - indicates effectiveness of treatment Appearance - indicate dissolved organic material (iron, manganese)
Not a health, problem, but people may not drink the water. |
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Public water systems |
15 or more service connections or
Regularly serve at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. |
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Community System |
Includes Residences Monitor for acute and chronic affects
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Non-transient non-community |
Schools, Businesses Monitor for acute and chronic affects |
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Transient non-community |
Bars, restaurants, rest stops, campgrounds Monitor for acute affects only |
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Water System Sampling |
Frequency determined by public water sys requirements, based on: -system type -population of system -surface, ground, or purchased water -chemicals based on previous samples |
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Giardia (Hiker's/ Daycare Disease) |
-Protozoan -Resistant to disinfection -Contamination from human & animal waste -Diarrhea, cramps, pale greasy stool, weight loss -Incubation 6-22 days -Add 4 -5 drops of chlorine to 1 L water, let stand for 20 min |
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Cryptosporidium |
-Protozoan -Resistant to disinfection -Contamination from human & animal waste (cattle) -Contam. water from mountain streams, lakes -Diarrhea, cramps, pale greasy stool, weight loss -Incubation 6-22 days -Add 4 -5 drops of chlorine to 1 L water, let stand for 20 min |
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E. coli |
-Present naturally in the environment & in animal waste, cows -Incubation 12-60 hrs -Cramps, fever, watery stools |
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Salmonella |
-Wells contaminated with waste -Contamination from human & animal waste (rat, dog, cat) -Enters well through runoff, sewage overflows, floodwater, etc. -Incubation 12-24 hrs -Nausea, fever, vomit, diarrhea
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Shigella |
-Contamination from waste -Common in tropical/sub tropical areas with poor sanitation -Diarrhea, fever, vomit, cramps/pain, chills -Incubation 1-7 days -Bean dip |
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Campylobacter |
-#1 cause of diarrhea in U.S. -Contamination from human & animal waste -Enters wells through sewage overflow, runoff, floodwater -Boil water for 1 minute to remove -
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Ground water |
Zone of saturation in an aquifer
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Water Table |
Top of the saturated zone |
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Ground water under the influence of surface water |
Must be treated or shown to be safe |
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Water sources prone to contamination |
Springs, surface water |
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First draw |
When monitoring for lead or copper, must collect the "first draw" of the day (6 hours of inactivity from faucet) |
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Potential Contamination of Source Water |
-Poorly constructed landfills -Poorly constructed wells -Underground storage talks -Naturally occurring (arsenic, radioact.) -Agricultural activities -Sewage disposal systems -Mining activities -Industrial activities -Improperly abandoned wells |
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First sign of contamination |
Odor |
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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) meter |
-Used to detect TDS -High TDS due to potassium, chlorides, sodium |
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Sodium Thiosulfate |
-Dechlorinating agent -Neutralizes water prior to sampling or disposing |
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Sample Size & Location |
-300 mL -Taken 2 feet below the surface -Fill 1/2 - 1/4 inch to top of the lid -Location of sample should be rotated |
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Coli-alert Test |
-Tests for total Coliforms & E. coli in water. -Indicator bacteria -Positive = yellow |
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Membrane Filter Test |
-Positive = Spotty filter -Portable |
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Multiple Tube Fermentation |
-Durham test tubes used to determine MPN -Sample then diluted to determine # per 100 mL -Takes the longest time (of all sampling techniques) |
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Amt of Water Humans Consume per Day |
3-5 lbs |
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Check Valve |
-Allows water to flow in one direction -Closes when water attempts to flow in opposite direction |
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Reduced Pressure Princple Backflow Device (RPP) |
-Shut off valves on either end of assembly with check valves in between. -Pressure differential valve between the check valves, allows water to run into a backup system when the pressure is too great. -Health or Non-health hazards |
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Cross Connection |
Any actual or potential connection between the public water supply and a source of contamination or pollution. |
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Backflow |
The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of water from any source or sources other than its intended source. -Ex: backflow, backsiphonage |
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Backpressure |
Backflow that occurs when the pressure in an unprotected downstream piping system exceeds the pressure in the supply piping. -Direct cross connection (make-up water line to boiler, waterline connected to other water supply). -RPP device or complete separation can prevent |
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Backsiphonage |
Backflow resulting from negative pressures in the distributing pipes of a potable water supply (submerged inlets). -Air gap, AVB, PVB can prevent |
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Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker (AVB) |
-Protects against backsiphonage only -Cannot place shut off valves downstream |
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Pressure Vacuum Breaker (PVB) |
-Check valve & Air inlet valve -Shut off valve on either end of the assembly -Non-health hazards only -Protects Backsiphonage -Used with auto-fill lines |
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Double Check Assembly |
-2 spring loaded check valves -Shut off valve on either end of the assembly -Non-health hazards only -Protects Backsiphonage & Backpressure -Used with espresso machines |
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Air Gap |
-At least twice the diameter of the inlet -Health & Non-health hazards |
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Turbidity |
Caused by soil, silt, algae, bacteria Jackson Turbidity Meter measures
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Temperature |
Helps determine if groundwater is influenced by surface water |
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Drinking Water Treatment Processes Surface Water Treatment Rule (SDWA) |
-Prevents waterborne diseases -Requires that water systems filter and disinfect water from surface water sources to reduce the occurrence of unsafe levels of microbes. |
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Grab Sample |
A single sample or measurement taken at a specific time or over as short a period as feasible.
Monitors for disinfection residual, microbes, turbidity, etc. |
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Water Monitoring Locations |
-At the source -Treatment -At entry to the distribution system -Within the distribution system -In storage/reservoirs |
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Log Removal of Microbes |
Expresses levels of decreased biological contamination in water by factors of 10
-1 log = # of germs is 10 x smaller than prior to cleaning, 90% of organisms removed -2 log = 100 x smaller, 99 % removed -3 log = 1,000 x smaller, 99.9% removed -4 log = 10,000 x smaller, 99.99% removed |
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Concentration and Treatment Time |
Based on performace of equipment and Log Removal |
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CT |
CT =disinfectant Concentration x contact Time = mg/L x minutes
-Used to calculate amt of disinfection required
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Aeration |
Can remove taste & odor contaminants |
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Coagulation |
-Neutralizes charge on small particles in water -Allows particles to get close to each other to form aggregates/clumps |
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Aluminum Sulfate (Alum) |
-Used as a coagulant -Synthetic polymers can also be used as coagulants |
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Coagulation pH dependence |
-pH is very important for coagulation -Optimal pH = 5 - 7 -Solubility of aluminum compounds is dependent on pH |
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Flocculation |
-After coagulation -Water is mixed with paddles -Particles stick together to form larger aggregates (floc) |
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Sedimention |
The floc settles to the bottom of the tank during sedimentation - removes turbidity |
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Slow Sand Filters |
-Oldest method of filtration, used by Romans -Composed of fine sand on top, thin layer of gravel on bottom, layers of bacteria in sand -Requires constant water flow -Good for springs -Does not filter out viruses -No pre-treatment |
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Granular Media Filters |
-Carbon filters remove chemical residuals, organic compounds -Cartridges remove oocysts, but not bacteria -For surface water, only used on small systems with high quality water source |
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Bag Filters |
-Being phased out -Mesh bag |
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Rapid Sand Filters |
-Common in pools -Pre-treatment required -Composed of sand or sand & anthracite coal -Clean via backwashing -Operates faster than slow sand |
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Bicarbonate Carbonate Hydroxide |
3 forms of alkalinity |
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Used to measure turbidity |
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) |
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Measures degree of saturation of calcium carbonate in water |
Langelier Index |
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Epsom Salt |
Magnesium sulfate |
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Required before UV disinfection |
5 micron cartridge filter |
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Carcinogenic byproduct formed when chlorine is added to water containing organic material |
Trihalomethane |
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Disinfection method not effective against cysts/oocysts (Giardia/Cryptosporidium) |
UV light |
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Radiological-contaminated water |
Abandon source or mix with clean water to achieve MCL |
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Size of Annular Space |
2 inches |
