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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The term rad means:
a. required administered dose b. radiation admitted dose c. roentgen absorbed dose d. radiation absorbed dose |
d. radiation absorbed dose
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Which of the following have little penetrating power and are normally a hazard to health only in the form of internal radiation received through ingestion, inhalation or open wounds?
a. X-rays b. Alpha particles c. Beta particles d. Gamma rays |
b. Alpha particles
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Beta radiation is most commonly blocked by which of the following materials?
a. Lead b. Concrete c. Magnesium alloy d. Glass or plastic |
d. Glass or plastic
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Microwaves are reflected by:
a. metals b. plastic c. glass d. polymers |
a. metals
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The energy of ionizing radiation is measured in:
a. ergs of energy per gram b. one electrostatic unit c. electron volts (eV) d. one-person sievert (Sv) |
c. electron volts
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The term frequency cannot be described as:
a. waves b. particles c. vibrations d. oscillations |
b. particles
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The shorter the wave length the:
a. higher the frequency and lower the energy b. lower the frequency and the energy c. lower the frequency and higher the energy d. higher the frequency and energy |
d. higher the frequency and energy
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The roentgen is a measure of the ionization in air produced by exposure to:
a. x-rays or gamma rays b. alpha particles c. beta particles d. all of the above |
a. x-rays or gamma rays
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The absorption of how many ergs(energy per gram) of air represents one roentgen?
a. about 150 b. about 100 c. about 86 d. about 50 |
c. about 86
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The term "rem" is short for:
a. roentgen energy measure b. roentgen equivalent man c. radiation energy measure d. none of the above |
b. roentgen equivalent man
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Which term is used to show the exposure of large populations to low level radiation?
a. person-rem b. gamma-rem c. radiation-rem d. quantum-rem |
a. person-rem
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The rate at which atoms of radioactive sources (radionuclides) disintegrate are measured in:
a. rems b. rods c. curies d. roentgens |
c. curies
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Isotopes of the same element have:
a. the same mass number but different atomic numbers b. the same atomic number but different mass numbers c. different atomic and mass numbers d. the same atomic and mass numbers |
b. the same atomic number but different mass numbers
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Which of the following have little penetrating power and are normally a hazard to health only in the form of internal radiation received through ingestion, inhalation, or open wounds?
a. x-rays b. alpha particles c. beta particles d. gamma rays |
b. alpha particles
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The term "frequency" is not typically described as
a. waves b. particles c. vibrations d. oscillations |
b. particles
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The shorter the wave length
a. the higher the frequency and lower the energy b. the lower the frequency and energy c. the lower the frequency and higher the energy d. the higher the frequency and energy |
d. the higher the frequency and energy
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The roentgen is a measure of the ionization in air produced by exposure to
a. x-rays or gamma rays b. alpha particles c. beta particles d. all of the above |
a. x-rays or gamma rays
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The absorption of how many ergs (energy-per-gram) of air represents one roentgen?
a. about 150 b. about 100 c. about 86 d. about 50 |
c. about 86
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The term "rad" means
a. required administered dose b. radiation admitted dose c. roentgen absorbed dose d. radiation absorbed dose |
d. radiation absorbed dose
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The term 'rem" is short for
a. roentgen energy measure b. roentgen equivalent man c. radiation energy measure d. none of the above |
b. roentgen equivalent man
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Which term is used to show the exposure of large populations to low level radiation?
a. person-rem b. gamma-rem c. radiation-rem d. quantum-rem |
a. person-rem
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The energy of ionizing radiation is measured as
a. electron volts b. thousands of electron volts c. millions of electron volts d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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The rate at which atoms of radioactive sources (radionuclides) disintegrate are measured in
a. rems b. rods c. curies d. roentgens |
c. curies
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Isotopes of the same element have
a. the same mass number but different atomic numbers b. the same atomic number but different mass numbers c. different atomic and mass numbers d. the same atomic and mass numbers |
b. the same atomic number but different mass numbers
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The common types of radiation are
a. x-rays and gamma rays b. alpha and beta particles c. neutrons d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Which of the following have little penetrating power and are normally a hazard to health only in the form of internal radiation received through ingestion, inhalation, or open wounds?
a. x-rays b. alpha particles c. beta particles d. gamma rays |
b. alpha particles
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The only difference between gamma rays, x-rays, and visible light is
a. their charge b. their particle size c. their frequency d. none of the above |
c. their frequency
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Neutrons can have
a. biological effects b. the ability to make other substances radioactive c. both of the above d. none of the above |
c. both of the above
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It takes __________ half-lives to reduce the radioactivity of a radionuclide to about 1% of what it was when first measured
a. 200 b. 125 c. 75 d. 7 |
d. 7
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Which of the following best describes sources of radiation?
a. natural background b. radioactive fallout from nuclear testing or use of nuclear devices c. radiation from medical diagnosis and treatment, industrial, or other man-made sources d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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What material has a high melting point and high atomic number and is used to make a target which stops x-rays?
a. copper b. lead c. aluminum d. tungsten |
d. tungsten
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The term ‘genetic effects’ refers to effects of radiation on
a. the elderly b. generations yet unborn c. all living organisms d. young adults |
b. generations yet unborn
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Which of the following exposures should be considered in assessing radiation hazard?
a. natural background b. medical or occupational c. radiation ingested through air, water, and food d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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“GSD” refers to
a. genetic somatic dosage b. genetically significant dose c. gonadal somatic dosage d. none of the above |
b. genetically significant dose
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Factors that could determine the effect of radiation on the body include
a. rate of absorption b. individual variability c. nutrition, oxygen tension, metabolic state d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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When the whole body is irradiated, the most radiosensitive area(s) is (are)
a. spleen b. lymph nodes c. bone marrow d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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The median lethal dose of radiation (at which about 50% of the persons exposed will probably die in one month) is considered to be
a. 150 to 250 roentgens b. 350 to 550 roentgens c. 550 to 750 roentgens d. 1000 roentgens |
c. 550 to 750 roentgens
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"MPD" is the abbreviation for
a. maximum person dosimeters b. maximum permissible dose c. minimum permissible dose d. none of the above |
b. maximum permissible dose
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Common deficiencies regarding fluoroscopy units may be
a. inadequate shielding b. absence of lead aprons c. timing device not functioning properly d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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CAT scanners are used to locate
a. tumors b. blood clots c. anatomical malformations d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Filters will
a. add haze on the film b. reduce stray radiation c. not effect radiation absorbed by the patient d. cause a greater exposure time |
b. reduce stray radiation
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To reduce patient and individual exposure
a. utilize proper collimation (limit x-ray beam to area needed) b. use of fast film c. tighten tube housing d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Sealed radioactive sources used in medicine include in addition to radium 226
a. gold 198 b. phosphorus 32 c. strontium 89 d. all of the above |
a. gold 198
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A principle(s) for effecting external radiation protection is (are)
a. distance b. time of exposure c. shielding d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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The term "half-value layer" (HVL) is used to designate the thickness of a particular material that will reduce, by one-half, the intensity of radiation passing through the material. Beta radiation is commonly eliminated by
a. lead b. concrete c. glass or plastic d. aluminum |
c. glass or plastic
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Radiation could scatter and bounce off the
a. floor b. wall c. ceiling d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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High radiation area(s) are posted as
a. "Radiation Area” b. "Radiation Zone" c. “Restricted Area” d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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High-level, long-lived liquid wastes are commonly concentrated by
a. evaporation and filtration b. precipitation of a soluble material with an insoluble preceptor c. ion exchange d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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The Department of Energy regulations require solidification of high-level radioactive wastes within __________ of their production.
a. 1 year b. 5 years c. 10 years d. 20 years |
b. 5 years
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The siting of nuclear facilities is subject to extensive regulation and licensing by the
a. federal health department b. national environmental protection agency c. nuclear regulatory commission d. consumer product safety commission |
c. nuclear regulatory commission
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The FDA requires that sunlamps, that radiate UV rays, be equipped with timers which automatically shut-off after
a. 30 minutes or less b. 20 minutes or less c. 10 minutes or less d. none of the above |
d. none of the above
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__________ has the responsibility for internal housekeeping and for monitoring all waste discharges in terms of types and quantities.
a. Industry b. NCR c. NEPA d. State health departments |
a. Industry
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__________ routinely sample air, water, and food supplies for radionuclides.
a. the FDA b. the USEPA c. the NRC d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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A state radiation protection program may involve control of
a. x-ray units and radioactive materials b. waste disposal c. environmental monitoring and surveillance d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Plutonium 239 has a half-life of __________ years
a. 1 year b. 4,600 years c. 10,000 years d. 24,400 years |
d. 24,400 years
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X-ray units are generally due for reinspection
a. every year b. every 2 to 3 years c. every 5 years d. every 6 years |
b. every 2 to 3 years
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An unacceptable use of radiation is
a. osteopathy b. chiropody c. fluoroscopy for the purpose of fitting shoes d. all of the above |
c. fluoroscopy for the purpose of fitting shoes
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Regarding radiation exposure, the state has a responsibility to:
a. carry out training b. evaluate and make recommendations for program improvement c. require that a competent program be conducted d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Lasers emit
a. mechanical radiation b. ionizing radiation c. electromagnetic radiation d. none of the above |
c. electromagnetic radiation
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Microwave ovens use which of the following energy sources?
a. mechanical b. electromagnetic c. ultraviolet d. radio waves |
b. electromagnetic
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Microwave ovens which have magnetron tubes use electrical energy to generate
a. low frequency, short wave energy b. high frequency, long wave energy c. high frequency, short wave energy d. low frequency, low wave energy |
c. high frequency, short wave energy
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To produce thermal effects, microwave energy is converted to __________ in the body or organism.
a. chemical energy b. mechanical energy c. power d. heat |
d. heat
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Microwaves are reflected by
a. metals b. plastic c. glass d. human tissues |
a. metals
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In medical diathermy, heat produced by microwave radiation is used for
a. therapeutic treatment b. cardiovascular disorders c. tumor reduction d. none of the above |
a. therapeutic treatment
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The longer the wave length, the lower the frequency and energy
a. True b. False |
a. True
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The nature of all radiation is the same, and the difference lies only in the frequency and wave length
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Survey meters are usually read in roentgens or milliroentgens per hour
a. True b. False |
a. True
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"R” is the symbol used for the term "roentgen"
a. True b. False |
a. True
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An ordinary chest x-ray produces an exposure of about 0.1 rad, a very heavy diagnostic series, about 10 rads
a. True b. False |
a. True
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The term "rem" does not take into consideration the biological effect of different kinds of radiation from the same dose in rads
a. True b. False |
b. False
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If 5000 persons were exposed to a background radiation of 0.1 rem per year, this would represent a person-rem exposure of 500
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Alpha particles have a negative electric charge
a. True b. False |
b. False
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A thin sheet of paper will stop a beta particle
a. True b. False |
b. False
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In practice, exposure to ionizing radiation is controlled by the use of shields of lead
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Carbon 14, a radioactive isotope of carbon, has a half-life of almost 6000 years
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum
a. True b. False |
a. True
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A radioisotope is an artificially created radioactive isotope of a chemical element that is normally not radioactive
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Beta particles can be a health hazard either as internal or external radiation, because of the ionization in tissues
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Gamma rays come from the nucleus of an atom. X-rays come from the electrons around the nucleus and are produced by electron bombardment
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Neutrons are charged, high-energy particles
a. True b. False |
b. False
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If the radioactivity of a material is not known, the half-life cannot be determined
a. True b. False |
b. False
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The effective half-life of an injected radionuclide is determined by the length of time the nuclide remains in the body and its radioactive half-life
a. True b. False |
b. False
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One of the common types of ionizing radiation is the x-ray
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Sources of x-rays that operate at a voltage above 10 kilovolts may be less hazardous than sources less than 10 kV
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Energy is measured in kilovolts, and quantity of x-rays is measured in milliamperes
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Medical uses can present a hazard to technicians, patients, and others through the improper handling of radionuclides and contaminated wastes
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Long-term effects of radiation are known
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Biological effects of radiation on all living organisms, including human beings, are termed somatic
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Genetic effects from radiation exposure are usually immediately evident
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Most cells, tissues, and organs of the body are independent, and the destruction of one will not affect the other
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Only sperm and nerve cells can apparently replace themselves or recover, to some extent, from radiation exposure if the dose is not excessive
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Biological effects should govern the required standards of radiological protection
a. True b. False |
b. False
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In assessing radiation hazard, the sum total of all exposures should be considered
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Exposure of the gonads (ovaries or testes) is necessary to cause genetic effects from ionizing radiation
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Everyone is subject to natural background radiation
a. True b. False |
a. True
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The genetic harm done by radiation is not cumulative
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Actual amounts of radiation exposure received in different parts of the world will vary with altitude, background, and medical practices
a. True b. False |
a. True
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More information is known about effects of trace amounts of toxic substances than radiation effects
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Large doses of radiation can be applied to local areas, as in therapy, with little danger
a. True b. False |
a. True
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With dental x-rays, it is necessary to establish the correct exposure time for kilovoltage, milliamperage, and source-to-skin distance
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Background radiation cannot be eliminated
a. True b. False |
a. True
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It is believed by some researchers that the hazards of low level radiation may be worse than previously predicted, supporting the principle that "x-rays should be used only when there is good medical reason"
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Fluoroscopy exams should be done before x-rays
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Lead shielding devices are not necessary for chest or upright x-rays
a. True b. False |
b. False
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Common deficiencies regarding therapy units may include filtration, exposure control, and calibration
a. True b. False |
a. True
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A concentration of x-ray machines in one building will not affect scatter radiation
a. True b. False |
b. False
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A CAT scanner is a combination computer and x-ray machine
a. True b. False |
a. True
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It is not necessary for a dental unit to have filters
a. True b. False |
b. False
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In many cases, x-ray beams or fluoroscopes will extend past the fluoroscopic screen and protective lead, thereby exposing the operator to the direct beam
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Many defects in x-ray units are easy to find and need no instruments
a. True b. False |
a. True
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A filter of 2 mm of aluminum will absorb the soft or less penetrative radiation
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Radon is an alpha emitter. Daughter decay products are alpha, beta, and gamma emitters
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Medical personnel involved in radium therapy can become unnecessarily exposed during handling of the source needle
a. True b. False |
a. True
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Radioactive substances used in medicine are always sealed
a. True b. False |
b. False
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