Regulation + Random Facts Of Saccharide Metabolism

Front 1

Hexokinase

Back 1

Activated:
Inhibited: Glucose-6-phosphate

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Glucokinase

Back 2

Activated: Insulin, Fructose-1-Phosphate
Inhibited: Fructose-6-phosphate

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6-Phosphofructokinase-1

Back 3

MAIN REG Enzyme
Activated: LOW ATP/AMP ratio, fructose-2,6-biphosphate (if insulin/glucagon ratio is UP)
Insulin
Inhibited: HIGH ATP/AMP ratio,
citrate, acidic pH

Front 4

Pyruvate kinase

Back 4

Activated: Insulin, fructose-1,6-biphosphate
Inhibited: Glucagon via phosphorylation

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Where does glycolysis occur?

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cytoplasm

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where does gluconeogenesis occur

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mitochondria, ER and cytoplasm

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Where is Glucose-6-phosphatase found

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ER of LIVER

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Hormones that influence all three enzymes

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ACTIVATE: cortisol, glucagon, catecholamines
Inhibit: Insulin

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pyruvate carboxylase

Back 9

Activated: aCoA from oxidation of FA= source of ATP
Inhibited:

Front 10

Fructose-1,6-biphosphatase

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Activated: citrate, starvation
Inhibited: AMP, Fru-2,6-bisP (HIGH insulin/glucagon)

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glucose-6-phosphatase

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in ER, liver, kidneys and enterocytes

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Glycogen synthase
(glycogen making)

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exists in 2 forms
Activated a: NON phosphorylated
Inhibited b: Phosphorylated

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hormones that affect glycogen synthase and how

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At muscle: insulin does dephosphorylation
epinephrine does phosphorylation

At liver: activated by Glc
glucagon does phosphorylation

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glycogen phosphorylase
(glycogen degradation)

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2 forms
active a: phosphorylated
inactive b: nonphosphorylated
phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase is catalyse by phosphorylase kinase

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hormones that affect glycogen phosphorylase

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activation: glucagon and epinephrine
inactivation: insulin

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allosteric effectors of glycogen phosphorylase

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Activated: AMP, Ca 2+ muscle
Inhibited: ATP, Glc-6-p, free Glc

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transkeletose

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transfers C2 from one sugar to another

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transaldose

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transfers c3 units from sedo-heptulose-7-phosphate to the aldehyde group of Gra-3-P

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3 Ribose 5 phosphates make

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2 fructose 6 phosphates and 1 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

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OXIDATIVE , what is main regulatory enzyme

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Glc-6-P dehydrogenase which is regulated by NADPH/NADP conc

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regulation of pentose phosphate cycle is?

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one the level of substrate availability.

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uncoupling protein is?

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compound that allows protons to flow through the inner mitochondrial membrane from the intermembrane space, thus not producing ATP

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UCP-1

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Thermogenin, brown fat

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UCP-2

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White fat

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UCP-3

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Skeletal muscle

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UCP-4,5

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brain, hibernating animals

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substrate level phosphorylation is?

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independent of O2

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how does it workL

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cleavage of an energy rich compound (=coupling of the ATP synthesis with an exergonic reaction)

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examples of substrate level phosphorylation

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formation of GTP in the citrate cycle, AND ATP synthesis in reactions of glycolysis.

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CAC has pathways of oxidation for?

Back 30

saccharides, lipids and protens

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CAC plays a key role in the following metabolic reactions?

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gluconeogenesis, transaminations, deaminations, lipogenesis

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CAC is (-bolic)?

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amphibolic
meaning it has catabolic and anabolic processes

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Strongly exergonic reactions of CAC

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citrate synthase,
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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Products of CAC

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2 CO2, 3 NADH+H+'s, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 1 CoASH

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degradation of most amino acids give

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oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate and fumarate

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most important anaplerotic reaction

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pyruvate carboxylase

Front 37

CAC has pathways of oxidation for?

Back 37

saccharides, lipids and protens

Front 38

regulation of citrate synthase

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Activation:
Inhibition: HIGH NADH/NAD+
Succinyl-CoA

Front 39

CAC plays a key role in the following metabolic reactions?

Back 39

gluconeogenesis, transaminations, deaminations, lipogenesis

Front 40

regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase

Back 40

Activation: Low ATP/ADP
Inhibition: HIGH NADH/NAD+
HIGH ATP/ADP

Front 41

CAC is (-bolic)?

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amphibolic
meaning it has catabolic and anabolic processes

Front 42

regulation of alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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Activation: Ca2+
Inhibition: HIGH NADH/NAD+,
HIGH ATP/ADP,
GTP.
succinyl CoA

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Strongly exergonic reactions of CAC

Back 43

citrate synthase,
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 44

Products of CAC

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2 CO2, 3 NADH+H+'s, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 1 CoASH

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degradation of most amino acids give

Back 45

oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate and fumarate

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most important anaplerotic reaction

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pyruvate carboxylase

Front 47

regulation of citrate synthase

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Activation:
Inhibition: HIGH NADH/NAD+
Succinyl-CoA

Front 48

regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase

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Activation: Low ATP/ADP
Inhibition: HIGH NADH/NAD+
HIGH ATP/ADP

Front 49

regulation of alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase

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Activation: Ca2+
Inhibition: HIGH NADH/NAD+,
HIGH ATP/ADP,
GTP.
succinyl CoA

Front 50

regulation of cAMP independent PDH Kinase

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allosteric activator: ATP, aCoA, NADH
inhibitor: Pyruvate

Front 51

regulation of PDH phosphorylase

Back 51

Activator: Ca2+ in muscles