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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concentration of ECF
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33%
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Concentration of ICF
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67%
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Fluid balance is maintained by
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regulating osmolarity of ECF
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During dehydration ECF becomes
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hypertonic
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Direction of water movement during dehydration
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from ICF to ECF
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Condition which occurs during dehydration
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Hypernatremia
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Symptoms of dehydration
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severe thirst, dryness & wrinkling of skin
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During dehydration, Increased fluid intake causes
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fluid shift from ECF to ICF
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Hormones secreted during dehydration
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ADH & renin
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During excess water gain, ECF becomes
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hypotonic
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Direction of water movement during excess water gain
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water shifts to ICF
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What happens to urine volume in excess water gain
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volume increases
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Effects of excess water gain
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cell function disrupted, cells become distorted
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Symptoms of excess water gain
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Hyponatremia, drunken behavior, confusion, hallucination, convulsion, cooks & then death
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Causes of overhydration
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ingestion of large volumes of freshwater, chronic renal failure or heart failure, endocrine disorders
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How is overhydration treated
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administration of diuretics, infusion of a concentration salt solution
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Amount of sodium invested each day
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1.1-3.3g
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Amount of potassium ingested each day
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1.9-5.8g
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What happens when we eat salty foods
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concentration of Na in plasma increases, fluid leaves ICF goes to ECF lowering Na concentration, ADH secreted due to osmoreceptors in pharynx and hypothalamus
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What does the concentration of potassium affect
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the secretion at DCT
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Regarding Na concentration, what does Aldosterone cause
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it acts on Na/K pump causing reabsorption of Na in exchange for K
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Hormone secreted at high K levels
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aldosterone
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Amount of calcium ingested daily
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0.8-1.2g
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Hormones that maintain calcium balance
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, calcitonin
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Hormone that increases calcium concentration
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PTH & calcitriol
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Hormone that decreases calcium concentration
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calcitonin
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Causes of hypercalcemia
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hyperthyroidism, cancers (breast, lungs, kidney & bone marrow), excessive calcium or vitamin D supplements
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Causes of hypocalcemia
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hypothyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, chronic renal failure
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Area of nephron magnesium is reabsorbed
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PCT
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Amount of magnesium needed daily
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0.3-0.4g
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Magnesium is higher in the ECF or ICF?
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ICF
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Amount of phosphate needed daily
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0.8-1.2g
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Hormone that stimulates reabsorption of phosphate at PCT
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calcitriol
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Most abundant ion in ECF
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chloride
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Amount of chloride needed daily
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1.7-5.1g
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Where along nephron is chloride and sodium reabsorbed
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renal tubule
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pH of ECF
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7.35-7.45
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Acidosis
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physiological state resulting from plasma pH falling below 7.35
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Alkalosis
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physiological state resulting from plasma pH rising above 7.45
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Systems affected by alkalosis & acidosis
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cardiovascular & nervous systems
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How H+ transported
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by buffer
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The types of acids
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organic, volatile & fixed acids
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What are organic acids
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participants in or by-products of aerobic metabolism
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What are volatile acids
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can leave solution and enter atmosphere
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What are fixed acids
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they do not leave solution & remain in body fluids until eliminated at kidneys
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Types of buffer systems
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protein, bicarbonate, phosphate
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Proteins that can act as buffers
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plasma proteins, extracellular protein fibers in interstitial fluid, structural proteins in ICF
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Respiratory Compensation
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a chance in the respiratory rate that helps to stabilize the pH of the ECF
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Renal Compensation
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a change in the rates of H+ & HCO3- secretion and reabsorption by the kidneys in response to change in plasma pH
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Buffers involved in renal compensation
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bicarbonate, phosphate, ammonia
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Renal responses to acidosis
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1. secretion of H+
2. buffer activity in tubules 3. removal of CO2 4. reabsorption of NaHCO3 |
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Renal responses to alkalosis
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1. H+ secretion decreases
2. tubular cells do not reclaim the bicarbonates in the tubular fluid 3. HCO3- secrets and a strong acid such as HCl is reabsorbed along the collecting duct |
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Respiratory Acidosis
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develops when the respiratory system cannot eliminate all the CO2 generated by tissues
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Primary sign off respiratory acidosis
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low plasma pH due to hypercapnia (elevated plasma CO2)
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Usual cause of respiratory acidosis
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hypoventilation
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Body's response to respiratory acidosis
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increasing respiratory rate
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Cause of respiratory alkalosis
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hypocapnia
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Cause of hypocapnia
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hyperventilation
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Initial symptoms of respiratory alkalosis
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tingling of hands, lips and feet & lightheadedness
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Treatment for respiratory alkalosis
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breathing into a paper bag
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Causes of metabolic acidosis
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1. production of a large number of fixed or organic acids
2. impaired ability to excrete H+ at kidneys due to glomerulonephritis our diuretics Whig inhibit the Na/H transport system 3. severe bicarbonate loss due to diarrhea |
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Cause of metabolic alkalosis
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increase in HCO3-
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When does metabolic alkalosis become serious
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repeated vomiting
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Why does vomiting cause serious metabolic alkalosis
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it removes stomach acids resulting in parietal cells being stimulated to produce more HCl and therefore more HCO3-
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