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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What are the five basic components of a reflex arc?
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a. Receptor
b. Afferent pathway c. Central integrator d. Efferent pathway e. Effector organ |
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2. What is the function of the baroreceptor reflex?
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a. Serve as a buffer to minimize moment-to-moment variations in mean arterial pressure
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3. What is the span of onset of the baroreceptor reflex? How long does it last?
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a. Rapid onset
b. Lasts minutes |
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4. What are the essential elements of the baroreceptor reflex arc?
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a. Baroreceptors
b. CN IX and X c. Medullary centers d. Autonomic pathways e. Heart, arterioles, and venules/veins |
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5. What is the process of regulation of arterial pressure by baroreceptors?
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a. Detection of arterial blood pressure by baroreceptors
b. Afferent transmission to CNS c. Comparison to sent point d. Efferent transmission to effectors |
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6. Where are baroreceptors located?
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a. Carotid sinus bilaterally
b. Aortic arch c. Subclavian arteries |
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7. What are the characteristics of baroreceptors?
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a. Highly arborized
b. Nerve endings enmeshed within elastic matrix |
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8. What nerve supplies the carotid sinus baroreceptors?
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a. IX
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9. What is the activity of the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus?
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a. Tonically active
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10. What are the most sensitive baroreceptors?
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a. Carotid
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11. What nerve innervates the aortic baroreceptors?
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a. X
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12. What is the sensitivity of the aortic baroreceptors?
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a. Not as sensitive as the carotid baroreceptors
b. 100-110 mmHg |
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13. Upon what does tonic baroreceptor firing rate depend?
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a. Magnitude of MAP
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14. To what does the sensitivity of the receptors correspond on a baroreceptor sensitivity curve?
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a. Slope of the line (sigmoid shaped)
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15. At what pressure do baroreceptors try to keep arterial pressure?
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a. 90-100 mmHg
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1. Upon what does phasic baroreceptor firing rate depend?
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a. Rate of change of pressure from systole to diastole
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17. What can change the set point of baroreceptors?
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a. Chronic changes in the system
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18. What happens to the baroreceptor curve if a patient has HTN?
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a. Shifts to the right
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19. What is the role of the medulla oblongata in baroreceptor activity?
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a. Integrating center for both CV and respiratory systems
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20. What is the role of the nucleus tractus solitarius in baroreceptor activity?
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a. Receive afferent info
b. Relay it to pressor, depressor, cardioinhibitory and cardiostiimulatory centers |
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21. What are the pressor and depressor centers?
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a. Vasomotor centers that control peripheral vascular resistance
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22. What is the activity of the pressor center?
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a. Tonically active
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23. What does the pressor center control?
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a. Sympathetic outflow to peripheral vasculature-- controls TPR
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24. What is the location of the pressor center?
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a. Lateral C1
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25. What is the activity of the depressor center?
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a. Not tonic
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26. What is the function of the depressor center?
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a. Modulate the activity of the pressor center
b. It can either activate or deactivate the pressor center |
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27. What is the location of the depressor center?
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a. Medial A1 area
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28. What is the activity of the cardioinhibitory center?
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a. Tonically active
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29. What does the cardioinhibitory center control? With what structure is it associated?
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a. Parasympathetic output to the heart
b. Nucleus ambiguus |
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30. What is the activity of the cardiostimulatory center?
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a. Tonically active
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31. What does the cardiostimulatory center control?
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a. Sympathetic output to the heart through the SA and AV nodes and the ventricular myocardium
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32. From what does the hypothalamus receive pressure input?
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a. Cardiopulmonary baroreceptors
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33. How do the hypothalamus and the cardioinhibitory center work together?
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a. The hypothalamus can activate the cardioinhibitory center
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34. What portion of the brain is important in thermoregulation?
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a. Hypothalamus
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35. What is the function of the cerebral cortex in cardiovascular volume?
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a. Strong emotional stimuli like fear, anxiety, blushing, and the sight of blood can trigger a response in the CV system
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36. What is the role of spinal centers in CV volume?
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a. Painful stimuli can evoke powerful sympathetic stimulation
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37. With what are α-1 receptors associated?
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a. Sympathetic innervation to vascular smooth muscle
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38. With what are β1 receptors associated?
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a. Positive chronotropic effect
b. Positive inotropic effect c. Positive dromotropic effect d. Release of renin in kidney |
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1. With what is the vagus nerve associated in the PNS?
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a. SA node--negative chronotropic effect
b. AV node-- negative dromotropic effect |
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40. How does the craniosacral outflow participate in PNS regulation of the CV system?
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a. Vascular smooth muscle in vessels of heart, brain, and external genitalia vasodilate in response to postganglionic release of Ach
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41. How do endothelial cells participate in PNS regulation of the CV system?
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a. Possess muscarinic receptors
b. Cause relaxation via NO |
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42. How do cholinergic sympathetic nerve fibers participate in PNS regulation of the CV system?
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a. Act via muscarinic receptors
b. Mediate transient vasodilation of skeletal muscle c. NOT INVOLVED IN REULATON OF BLOOD PRESSURE |
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43. What causes orthostatic hypotension?
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a. Perceived hypovolemia
b. Cadiostimulatory effect activated c. Pressor effect activated |
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44. What causes acute orthostatic hypotension?
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a. Drug actions
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1. What causes chronic orthostatic hypotension?
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a. Specific diseases (diabetes) that cause vascular dysfunction and peripheral neuropathies or CNS degeneration
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46. What is in charge of long-term regulation of body fluid volume?
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a. Regulation of effective circulating volume via the renal system
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