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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What year was the AMA developed?
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1847
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What is significant about Harvard in 1871?
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the first standardized curriculum in medical education
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Describe the significance of 1893 at John Hopkins.
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- further medical education enhanced
- med school became a graduate/residency program |
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In 1910, the Flexner Report produced what?
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accreditation after someone investigated 47 programs and found inconsistencies amongst the programs
- students gradate from a med school accepted by the AMA (state laws were developed) |
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What is the CME?
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council of medical education which became the governing body of the AMA
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How did physicians influence the development of hospitals?
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they had power because Drs. brought patients to fill the beds, after WWI the Drs. salary rose as the public's perception rose
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In 1910-1915 Worker's Compensation developed doing what?
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it provided cash payments to workers for lost wages
- beginning of insurance - public liked this - 1st government assistance/intervention for health care |
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When 16 legislators pushed for hospital insurance, what happened?
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it failed
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What aided in the development of hospitals?
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the expanse of technology
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What is the difference between Blue Cross and Blue Shield?
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Cross -- covers hospitals
Shield -- covers Drs. |
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What is important about Justin Kimball? What year is he associated with?
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1929 (Great Depression)
- a hospital insurance program started at Baylor Hospital (for teachers) - this was the first medical insurance - soon to become BLUE CROSS |
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What did the American Hospital Association provide insurance for? What was the AMA's stipulation behind it?
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insurance for catastrophic events
- Drs. fees had to be kept separate - hospital fees are still billed under DRG whole the physician fees are kept separate |
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By 1946, Blue Cross (non profit) was in how many state? How many people did it cover?
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43 states covering 20 million people
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What percentage of people had hospital insurance in 1950?
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57% had insurance for hospitals even if it was only covering catastrophic events
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What year did Blue Shield begin? What did it cover?
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1953 to cover physician insurance
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In 1939 the California Medical Association was designed to pay what?
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physician fees
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What changes did WWII bring to employers/employees?
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changes in benefits for employees
- insurance was offered because wages were frozen - supreme court ruled it was part of union negotiations/contracts - IRS declared it non-taxable so the benefits were actually benefits |
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What year did Blue Cross and Blue Shield merge in nearly all states?
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1974 = Blue Cross + Blue Shield
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Did the public like the idea of national health insurance? Support your answer.
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it was not popular with the public/AMA
- 1912 Teddy Roosevelt ran on social reform platform - 1940 FDR ran on social reform - 1946 Harry Truman pleaded with public - 1948 Harry Truman ran again, was elected national health insurance was defeated for all these people |
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What year did the AMA finally accept national health insurance? Why?
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2002, Drs. income wasn't rising so AMA began looking for other ways
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What year did social security begin? What were the 18/19 amendments to the social security act?
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1945
18 -- Medicare (not income based) 19 -- Medicaid (had to pass a means test) |
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What year did Medicare and Medicaid start? Describe them at their start?
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1965
Medicare -- for elderly Medicaid -- for elderly, poor, disabled (run by state, OH is poor so we have a lot of them, AZ only state without) |
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In 1957 what did Aimee Forand propose? How did people respond?
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that hospital/nursing home care become and extension of social security benefits
- opposed by AMA - was only for workers or wealthy people (elderly couldn't access benefits) |
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What Bill (in 1960) was the precursor of Medicaid?
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Kerr Mills Bill -- introduced and passed to provide grants federal/state to extend programs to elderly/low income.
- within 3 yrs considered ineffective as elderly were humiliated by the plan |
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In 1964 what was Lyndon Johnson's Great Society?
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health insurance for aged and poor
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Where does Medicare Part A and B come from?
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A -- from the general tax fund
B -- a form of government assistance but individual still pays (75% from general tax revenues and 25% by premiums) |
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Describe Medicare Part A.
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hospital insurance for short term stays/short term nursing care
- designed for elderly regardless of income - people don't have to qualify, get it for free |
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Describe Medicare Part B.
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covers outpatient/non-hospital care
- pay a monthly premium - patient chooses to have this (covers therapies, lab fees, general things) |
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What is significant about Nixon's 1973 health maintenance organization act?
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employers with more than 25 employees offered HMOs (cost cutting plan/price control)
- medicare was extended to disabled regardless of age |
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In 1978 people with ESRD qualified for what?
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medicare
- during this time cost reform switched to DRGs (diagnosis related group), designed to cut costs, based on ICD-9 codes, payment is based on a certain diagnosis code |
