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37 Cards in this Set
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Social Scientist |
The people who study the world in which humans live are known as social scientist. |
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Historians |
Study written records of past events. Historians are concerned with the examination of written records from the past. Historians study Primary and secondary sources. (example of Social Scientist) |
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Geographers |
Study the Earth's surface and its impact on human. Geographers often examine topography climate, human migrations, and the way in which humans adapt to different environments. Geographers will often examine political and physical maps. (example of social scientist) |
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Topography |
Physical land features |
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Climate |
Weather |
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adapt |
learn to live in |
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human migrations |
movement |
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Political Maps |
Show countries, their borders, and capital cities. |
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Physical Maps |
Shows Topography. (land features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, lakes, etc.) |
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Economists |
Study how societies use available resources. They often ask and try to answer the following 3 questions about civilizations. What good and services are produced? How are goods and services produced? How are goods and services distributed? (example of Social Scientist) |
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Anthropologists |
study past and present human cultures. Archaeologist are a type of Anthropologist. They examine the culture of past human societies through analysis of physical remains (artifacts) (example of Social Scientist) |
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Primary Sources |
A firsthand record of a historical event created by an eyewitness who actually experienced the event. (ex: diaries, photographs, artifacts, autobiographies) |
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Secondary Sources |
A secondhand record of a historical event created by a person who did NOT actually experience the event. (ex: textbooks, encyclopedias, biographies) |
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Neolithic Age (8000-3000 BC) |
Also called the " New Stone Age". -Humans first discovered how to perform agriculture and domesticate for food and drink. -Humans switched from being nomads to being settled farmers who lived in permanent villages. -Farming created a steady food supply called a food surplus -The permanent villages created during the Neolithic age eventually turned into civilizations -The development of farming during this period was so important for humans that it is often called Neolithic Revolution. |
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Agriculture |
Farm |
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Domesticate |
Raise animals |
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Civilization |
- a complex and highly organized society that includes a government, social classes, job specialization, a food surplus, writing, and religious beliefs. - developed soon after human discovered farming and settled down in permanent villages during the Neolithic Age. - Thee first civilization developed around 3000 BC in areas of land known as river valleys. The reason civilization developed in river valleys is because these areas had favorable geography: a.) the flooding of rivers deposited silt on nearby lands that created fertile soil for farming. b.) people irrigated their crops with nearby rivers. c.) Rivers provided a source of transportation d.) early river valley civilizations developed around the following rivers: The Nile River in Egypt, The Tigris River and Euphrates River in the Middle East , the Indus River in India, and the Yellow River and Yangtze River in China. |
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Ancient River Valley Civilizations (c.3000-1000 BC) |
A) Egypt 1)Location: Northeastern Africa 2) Major Rivers: Nile River 3) Characteristics and Achievements: developed hieroglyphics (writing using picture symbols). Constructed pyramids- massive structures used to bury Egyptians Pharaohs (kings) B) Mesopotamia (Sumer) 1)Location: Middle East 2)Major Rivers: Tigris Rivers and Euphrates 3) Characteristics & Achievements developed cuneiform - writing system using wedge-shaped symbols. Code of Hammurabi- oldest written set of laws in the world that is known for its strict punishments of crimes. C) Harappan Civilization 1) Location: India 2) Major Rivers: Indus Rivers 3) Achievements: The urban (city) areas of Harappan civilizations were organized and well planned. Early societies in India (and areas of Southeast Asia) very affected by seasonal monsoons (winds that brought rain needed to farm (but too much rain caused dangerous flooding) D) China 1) Major Rivers: Yellow River (Huang He) River and Yangtze River 2) Early Chinese societies were very isolated from other civilization because China is surrounded by natural boundaries (ex:mountains and deserts) E) Common Features: Many ancients societies had important traits in common. 1. They existed in river valley regions 2. They were all polytheistic 3. They often had traditional economic systems with the following characteristics: a) Barter- Trade without using money b) subsistence agriculture- farming in which the crops are used only to feed the farmer and his family. Food is not usually sold for a profit. c) people have the same occupation as their parents (usually related to farming/agriculture) |
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Classical Civilization (1000 BC-500 AD) |
The societies that were more advanced and more recent than the ancient river valley civilizations. Most classical civilizations had a Golden Age |
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Golden Age |
A period of great achievements in art, literature, math, and science |
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Greece |
1) Located on a peninsula with an irregular coastline in Southeastern Europe 2) Has a very mountainous geography. It was not one united civilization. divided into many independent city-states. Each city state (polis) had its own government and land. Most famous city-states (Athens, Sparta) 3) People in ancient Greece believed in many Gods (polytheistic) |
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Sparta |
-Military society- men spent almost all their lives training for warfare - People in Sparta had very little freedom |
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Athens |
-First Democracy in the World -Direct Democracy -focused on culture known for its philosophers (Socrates, Aristotle, Plato) and writers (Homer) |
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Democracy |
form of government in which people can vote |
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Direct Democracy |
all citizens (adult males born in Athens) were able to vote on laws |
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Alexander the Great |
Famous leader who conquered Greece, Egypt, Persia (Iran), and part of India. Alexander spread Greek culture to all of the areas that he conquered |
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Hellenistic |
mixture of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture that took place in the areas that Alexander conquered. |
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Rome |
Located on peninsula of Italy. Rome began a small city-state but eventually created large empire by conquering the regions that surrounded the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans were able to unite the areas of their empire and grow wealthy from trade because of the roads they built on land and because the Mediterranean connected within their empire. Twelve Tables of Rome is a written set of laws that stated the rules of behavior for members of Roman Society. Although these laws favored the wealthy, these laws created stability since they were displayed in public for people to see. Ideas about Law- Innocent Until Proven Guilty Pax Romana- "Roman Peace" . 200 Year Golden Age. Extensive Trade. Great achievements in Art, Literature, Math, and Science. |
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India |
During the classical period, India was ruled by two successful dynasties( Families of rulers) The Maurya Dynasty and Gupta Dynasty. The Maurya Dynasty: Asoka- Famous ruler of India who wrote the laws of India on tall rock pillars (columns) that were displayed throughout India. Asoka converted to Buddhism during his reign and is known for his kind treatment of people and animals. The Gupta Dynasty: The Gupta Dynasty is considered the Golden Age of India since there were many achievements in art, literature, math, and science. Some of the achievements include the invention of zero in mathematics , the development of Sanskrit writing, and beautiful Buddhist paintings. Caste System: The Caste system was the social hierarchy of India in which people were born into a social class(called a caste) and remained in that class for the remainder of their lives. The four main caste were Brahmins (priest), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaisyas (merchants and artisans),and Sudras (laborers). The lowest group included people who were know as untouchables (they had the worst jobs). Since people could not move up or down in a caste system,it provided structure and order to society. Caste system closely associated with the Hindu religion. |
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China |
During the classical period, China was also ruled by two main dynasties(families of rulers) the Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty: Qin Dynasty- Lasted only 15 years. Qin rulers based their government on the philosophy of Legalism - believes that humans are evil and that harsh punishments are needed to keep order in a society. Note: Legalism was similar to the Code of Hammurabi in Ancient Mesopotamia since both noted that harsh punishments were necessary in a society. Han Dynasty- Lasted 400 years. Key features and achievements: Trade and Transportation Networks- As with the Roman Empire, the Han Dynasty grew wealthy through trade because of the system of roads that were developed throughout the region. Civil Service System- system in which government positions were given only to skilled people who passed difficult exams. The Chinese were the first to use this kind of system. |
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Silk Road |
Long trade route that extended about 4,000 miles from China in the East to the Mediterranean Sea in the West. Connected the different classical civilizations. Cultural Diffusion- The exchange of goods and ideas between societies. The Silk Road led the exchange of many products (like silk) and religious ideas (like buddhism) between civilizations. |
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The Monotheistic Religions |
Monotheistic religions believe in only one God. The 3 Main monotheistic religions are Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Codes of Conduct- All 3 monotheistic religions have codes of behavior issued by God that state the religious and moral/ethical obligations (duties) of followers: Ten Commandments: Code of behavior for Jews and Christians Five Pillars: Code of behavior for Muslims |
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Religions and Philosophies of India |
Hinduism: Reincarnation- The idea that after humans die, their souls are reborn into another body. Hindus believe that humans go through many round of carnation (death & birth). Karma- Karma refers to all of the good and bad deeds that one does during their lifetime. Those who do good deeds develop good karma and are reborn at a higher level in the next life. Those who do bad deeds develop bad karma and are reborn at a lower level in the next life. Hindus follow the caste system and believe that the social class they are born into in this life is based on karma they developed in a previous life. The goal of Hindus is to achieve Moksha - Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth. Buddhism: Was founded by Siddhartha Gautama (also called the Buddha). Very Similar to Hinduism. Both religions believe in reincarnation and karma. The goal of buddhism is to achieve Nirvana - Ending reincarnation and stopping the cycle of death and rebirth (similar to Hindu concept of Moksha). Buddhists believe that Nirvana can be achieved when people accept the Four Noble Truths (the idea that all of life is suffering and that suffering is caused by our selfish desires). People must work to end suffering and desire by following the Eightfold Path ( a code of behavior for Buddhists that requires them to resist evil, act in a kind manner, and mediate, etc.) |
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Philosophies of China |
Legalism: Philosophies based on the idea that humans are evil and that harsh punishments are needed in order to prevent crime and keep order in society. Confucianism: Major philosophy of China: The Five Relationships- the idea that every single person has specific roles and obligations that must be followed in order to keep order and stability (calmness) in society. For example, subjects must obey their ruler, wives must obey their husbands, and children must obey their parents) Filial Piety- The idea that people must honor and respect the elders of their family. |
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Nature Religions |
Nature religions believe that both living and non-living things in nature have a spirit. Note: The two most common nature religions are Shinto ( practiced in Japan ) and Animism (practiced in Africa) |
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Byzantine Empire (500-1453 AD) |
A) After the western area of the Roman Empire was conquered by invading Germanic tribes in the year 476 AD, the eastern portion of the Roman Empire survived and became known as the Byzantine Empire. B) Key Features and achievements of the Byzantine Empire: 1)The people of the Byzantine Empire were mainly Greek in language and culture. 2) Constantinople - The capital city of the Byzantine Empire. It was a great location for trade because it was located along major waterways and it was a crossroads of ( link between) Europe and Asia 3) Eastern Orthodox Religion - This was the branch of Christianity that was practiced by the people of the Byzantine Empire ( The Hagia Sophia was a famous church in canstantinople. 4) Justinian Code - Written system of laws created by Emperor Justinian that was later adopted by various European civilizations . It was largely based on laws of the Roman Empire. 5) Preservation of Greek and Roman Culture - The Byzantine preserved (saved) and passed on important texts created by the Greeks and Romans C) Cultural Diffusion - the byzantine empire had a major influence on the neighboring civilization of Russia. Through contact with the Byzantine Empire, Russia received: 1) The Eastern Orthodox Religion (Which is still practiced in Russia today) 2) The Cyrillic Alphabet (writing system still used in Russia Today) |
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Legal Systems |
1) Code of Hammurabi - written set of laws used in ancient Mesopotamia. It is known for its Harsh Punishments of Crime. 2) Twelve Tables of Rome - Written set of laws used in Roman Empire. Laws favored the wealthy. 3) Justinian Code - Written set of laws used in the Byzantine Empire. It was based on old Roman laws and was later adopted by many countries in Europe. |
