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214 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Society and the Lutheran message
Explanations for the success of the Lutheran message form 1520 onwards: |
Criticism of the church as an institution:
Connection between Luther and German Patriotism: Support by humanists (since 1519/20) Luther’s religious impact: |
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Luther's Criticism of the church as an institution:
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-Denounced the abuses that had been complained about for decades w/ new force and new perspective.
-Even Erasmus agreed with his criticism. -An anti-clerical attitude can be observed in many parts of Germany. |
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Connection between Luther and German Patriotism:
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Could serve as a focal point for German nationalist sentiments (found with humanists like Hutten) given life by Luther’s attacks of Rome in To Christian Nobility which many Germans could agree with
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Support by humanists (since 1519/20)
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• Correspondence with Humanist struggle against obscurantism and ritualism.
• Liked back to the original languages of Bible • Originally many humanist liked Luther (Erasmus, Lazarus Spengler, Bucer, Capito, Hutten) but later only younger humanists (w/ exception of Capito in Strasbourg) |
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Luther’s religious impact (why people accepted it)
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• Addressed religious expectations:
• certainty in the face of death • Immediate access to God • Saintliness in the world • Re-evaluation of preaching • Service in the language of the faithful • Critical re-evaluation of external elements and emphasis on internal piety • Renewed attention to message of bible (in many layers of society, these ideas were already accepted) |
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Luther's New morality
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Monks and nuns had reasons to leave order (when thought they weren’t called)
Chaplains, vicars and other preachers (often badly paid) were integrated into the community instead of being dependent on an ecclesiastical hierarchy. The above could now get married. (The established clergy were much more hesitant-bishops rarely followed path of Luther) |
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Urban Phenomenon of Reformation
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50 out of 85 free imperial cities, the Reformation was able to take root.
Literacy increased. Lay people felt empowered through Luther’s message to continue to widen policy that that already begun in 15th C. – gap between clergy and laity largely close (clergy now paid taxes). Working class favored the public care (in cities like Strasbourg [1523] and Nuremberg]) Middle Class liked the reevaluation of manual labor found in Luther’s writings and monasteries being turned back to the community for schools, etc. Upper Class less enthusiasm, but did like the increased political power of the urban community. Knights – lower nobility = crisis of identity in early 1500’s and interested in Luther’s call to Christian nobility – hoped for possible secularize the positions of clergy and to regain position in Empire. Peasantry – attracted by autonomy of laity and local congregation and creating new laws based on the bible (Jubilee principle was influential in onset of peasant’s war) |
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THE PEASANTS’ WAR Date
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1524-1525
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Other earlier peasants’ movements
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• 18 Rebellions between 1423-1517
• Bundschuh Movement (1493-1517) – named so for tied shoe on flag • Poor Conrad’ Rebellion (1514) |
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Attraction of Peasant's War in relation to Luther
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1. Here, the common man could express beliefs
2. These were restricted to certain regions in South and Southwest 3. The peasants resisted the princes attempt at a uniform government, increase in taxes, and reduction of peasants’ rights, common property and its use. 4. They wanted to ‘old law’ -- Turned into the ‘divine law’ intensified with the Reformation |
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Peasents’ War facts
(deaths, demands, reason for fighting, support, how did it end?) |
• Death tolls up to 100,000
• Accumulation of uprisings (Salzburg, Tyol, Allgäu, Swabia, Upper Rhine Valley, Franconia, and Thuringia) • Peasants demanded: reduction in taxes, abolition of bondage, restitution of old rights for hunting and grazing, and right of local community to choose pastor (summarized in 12 Articles of the Upper Swaben Peasants (drafted by Lotzer and Schappeler in March, 1525) • Thomas Müntzer (from Thuringia) supported the peasants o Used it to propagate his millenarian and communist ideas • Certain knights and burgers supported it due to its success • Mixture of fight to gain certain rights and raw violence. • Peasants’ War ended when they were crushed near Frankenhausen by the allied army of the princes of Hesse, Soxony, and Brunswick (after the constitution of the city of Mühlhausen was abolished). • Münster was beheaded |
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LUTHER’S ‘ROLE’ in Peasant's War
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Luther’s treatise against the Peasants’ War
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants Here he called the princes to attack them without mercy and accused the peasants of 3 things: 1. They appointed themselves as judges 2. Broken the peace of the land through their robberies and murders 3. Blasphemed God through citing the Gospel (Rom. 13 sts only authorities can use sword) |
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Others who rejected the Peasants’ War (besides Luther)
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Melanchthon
Bucer Brenz And many others But Luther saw it worse, in eschatological sense, against the Gospel and creation and for the devil. After the revolts had been put down, Luther reprimanded the princes for their excessive violence and asked them to show mercy. |
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Result of Peasants’ War In Criticism of Reformation
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Princes like Duke George of Saxony held Luther responsible
Peasants’ War would come up in Catholic critique of Luther Some who had been allies now distanced themselves (eg. Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg) Many lost their zeal in following Luther; Many thought it would lift their living conditions |
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Luther’s Change After Peasants’ Revolt
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Saw that it was not enough to ‘let the Word run its course’
Structure was necessary Time of visitations and church orders had arrived Time to establish Protestant churches in towns. |
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RESULT OF P.W.
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Princes were winners – their positions as sovereigns were strengthened
Peasants no longer a factor in politics, but still played social role in some territories |
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Reasons for New Structures after the PW
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1. To have a uniform theological training of clergy of one territory
2. To organize the election and salaries of pastors 3. To introduce uniform worship 4. To reorganize schools and religious education 5. To reorganize municipalities which had been affected by the so-called ‘Sickingen conflict’ (provoked by Franz von Sickingen who had plundered the Kaiserslautern) and the Peasants War 6. To administrate the possessions of the dissolved monasteries 7. To clarify the question as to whether or not the Lutheran movement, which was illegal in the Empire, was to be tolerated in the individual territories 8. To reorganize legislation by supplanting canon law. Since 1525 the demands by Luther (and others) were mirrored by those princes who had turned Protestant (since the PW showed danger of uncontrolled theology and rebellion) |
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Why were visitations arranged?
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Diet of Speyer (1526) gave individual sovereigns certain leeway in dealing with religion which could be used to establish new structures
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Outline visitations?
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• Organized by secular authorities along lines of traditional visitations by Bishop
• Here, the ruler of territory or town council appointed committee of theologians and lawyers o First areas to have visitations: • Thuringia (since summer 1524) • Prussia (since 1525) • Electorate of Saxony (1526-30) • Papism and blameless lives - ‘Visitors’ made sure pastors have not turned away from ‘papism’ and made sure no errors were taught, blameless lives were lived, • Fixed income - Visitors tried to guarantee the income of pastors through benefices or taxes of believers. |
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Basic Documents of Visitations
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Melanchthon – Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528)
Luther – Catechisms (1529) |
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Edict of Worms reaction of secular authorities
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Varied widely
Fully implemented in Albertine Soxony Some southern German cities (but with less enthusiasm) |
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Diet reactions to Edict of Worms
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Diets of Nuremberg (1522, 1523, 1524) – not much to curb spread of evangelicalism
2nd diet stated that preachers had to proclaim Gospel ‘as accepted by the Christian church’ 3rd diet decided the Edict of Worms should be implemented as widely as possible |
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Princes who sympathized with evangelical movement
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Fredrick the Wise
Frerick’s brother, John the Steadfast Albert, Grand Master of Teutonic Knights – convert to Lutheranism – then Duchy of Prussia (first state to adopt Prot. as official state religion) Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse Ernest I, Duke Brinswick-Lüneburg |
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Regensburg Alliance define and 1st meeting
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June 1524, Catholic loyal princes – reaction to protestant princes’ alliance
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Who was the leading voice next to Melanchthon in Wittenberg after 1521 when Luther was away?
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Andreas Karlstadt
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First German Mass Celebrated
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1521, lead by Andreas Karlstadt
Other towns in Electoral Saxony followed his example |
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Karlstadt’s model for Wittenberg
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Under Karlstadt’s influence, Order of the Town of Wittenberg published – pescribed removal of images and celebration of mass according to Karlstadt’s model.
Public care financed by ecclesial stipends. (care of poor moved from monasteries to communities). Luther did not disagree with Karlstadt but thought it was too fast |
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Was Wittenberg the fastest in liturgical changes
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In other places the liturgical changes were much more quickly introduced (Basel, Pforzheim, Reutlingen, Worms, Nuremberg, Strasbourg, etc)
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Original use of term ‘Reformatio’ as concept of value
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• Still prevalent in the 16th C., especially among humanist circles, which sought to improve the morality of the curia and clergy.
• In the secular usage (administration and university), Reformatio signifies change in sense of renewal. • Luther’s contemporaries already applied this term to his work and impact. • Reformatio was occasionally used in eschatological by Luther and his combatants. |
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‘Reformation’ usage after 1570
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‘Reformation’ came to be used in institutional sense among Calvinists (calling themselves the ‘Reformed Church’)
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‘Reformation’ as name for specific period of history
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Since 18th C. “Reformation” has been used as name for period from 1517-1555.
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Leopold von Ranke and ‘Reformation’
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Established by work of Leopold von Ranke (secular!) (1795-1886) in ‘German History in the Age of the Reformation’ --
Ranke calls the period after 1555 the counter-reformation, he calls the period 1517-1648 (end of 30years War and Peace of Westphalia) the reformation and the counter reformation. |
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Catholic name for Counter Reformation
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Recent Catholic historiography, the name ‘counter-Reformation’ has been supplanted by term ‘Catholic Reform’ (esp. in German Literature)
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Protestant Perspective on years 1555-1648
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Often called the Age of (Old/early) Protestant Orthodoxy, or Age of Confessionalism.
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Enlightenment (18th C) view of Reformation
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Seen as end of supposedly ‘sinister’ Middle Ages
Beginning of the modern era as an era of freedom Reinforced by German Idealism and liberalism (freedom from institutional constraints) Thus in 19th and 20th Centuries, still seen as dawn of age of individual responsibility. |
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Toeltsch’s ‘turning point’ view of Reformation
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Lutheran Reformation anchored in medieval tradition
Attributed modern approaches only to humanists and nonconformists Considered the Enlightenment of 18th C to be true beginning of modernity Question: Does the Reformation represent a new era at all? |
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Various intertwined aspects of Reformation
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Religious, ecclesial, theological, social, cultural, economic, constitutional, and domestic and foreign policy changes.
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What we call the ‘Reformation’ as set of complex subproblems
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• The continuity with antecedents or the determination by preconditions
• Luther as merely catalyst OR as main designer of the Reformation • Historical significance or varieties of Reformation in Wittenberg, Zurich, and Strasbourg AND the so-called ‘radical Reformation’ of the Anabaptists and Spiritualists. • Development of grassroots renewal (popular movement, communal reformation) to a regulated institution imposed from above (reformation of the princes) • Relationship of early forms of Reformation to later forms (after 1555), period of the ‘late’ Reformation or ‘confessionalism’ • Relationship between Catholic Reformation and Protestant Reformation |
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Example of ‘no uniform understanding of Reformation’
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Controversies between Church and social historians
Importance of religion and theology in this period |
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Common understanding (between Social Hx and Church)
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‘Reformation’ not only covers the work of Luther, Zwingly, and Calvin, etc. but also includes the change in social conditions triggered by the religious renewal or change.
An open approach to understanding the Reformation is also theologically well grounded as it assumes that our human attempts at interpretation and explanation do not suffice to explain......an open approach gives glory to God as the guide of history. |
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Define Reformation (Hauschild)
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‘Reformation is the definition detachment of significant Christian groups from the church of the pope underpinned by a new theology, in which the traditional system of imparting salvation and religious hierarchy is replaced by new forms of the church.’
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Characteristics of Hauschild’s Definition of Reformation
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• Renewed appeal to the Gospel changed individual piety and created new religious mentality
• New religious mentality resulted in structural changes within the church o Solo Christo, Sola fide, Sola gratio and form of Soloa Scriptura (instead of magisterium) |
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Beginnings of the Reformation (date)
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Usually dated 1517-1525
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Marks of Beginning of Reformation
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Spread of evangelical sermons and church services
A plurality of positions |
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Implementation of Reformation (dates)
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1525 until 1555 (peace of Augsburg) or 1648 (Peace of Westphalia)
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Marks of the implementation of Reformation
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• Church order takes shape based on evangelical doctrines
• Clarification of theological options leads to implementation of structural boundaries o Also increased confessional rigidity o Long disputes between the Emperor and regional authorities, between Empire and territories (due to Germany’s peculiar boundaries) |
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Unity of Reformation
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Unified because:
Abandonment of traditional ecclesial system is everywhere provoke by Luther’s teachings Anti-catholic aspect (even still) shared by all protestant groups |
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Political Situation in Europe in c 1519
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W. Europe: dominated by strong national monarchies of Spain, France and England
N. Europe: Personal union (since 1397) of Northern Kingdoms (Denmark, Norway, and Sweeden) E. Europe: Leading powers = Muscovite Dynasty – not yet troubling the W. World Jagiellonian Dynasty (Poland-Lithuania) – lineage of this dynasty ruling both Bohemia and Hungary since 1490 Central Europe: Strong nation states had arisen all around C. Europe and only Germany and Italy were left fragmented and powerless |
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Causes of the Reformation
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- The decline of the Catholic Church during the 14th and 15th Centuries
- This general decline strengthened the call for a restructuring of the church at the beginning of 16th C. - Growing social, cultural and political participation of the laity (esp. bourgeoisie in prosperous German cities) led to demands for greater religious participation (such as mysticism) - Discovery of America – world became bigger and people’s eyes opened to other options - universality of Christianity increasingly called into question - Political and economic conditions called for reorganization of the church o Church loosing authority due to rise of independent states (e.g. Germany’s Landeskirchen o Shift from barter system to a money-based economy (changed living conditions in society and church urgently needed to adapt) |
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Contributing Factors to decline of Catholic Church in 14th and 15th C.
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Overthrow of papal world denomination and papacy’s dependence on France
The Great (papal) Schism (1378-1415) resulting in duality of popes (devastating to trust in papcy) The dissolution of Scholasticism through nominalism led to criticism of traditional religion and society (esp nominalism of William of Ockham (c. 1288-1348) and Gabriel Biel (d. 1495) Professors from University of Paris became more radical and modern in their views of chuch politics in the era of the reform councils University claimed hegemony over the authority of church (U. of Paris claimed it was called by God to judge ecclesiastical affairs) – led to Luther’s views on role of ‘doctor of theology.’ Results of reform councils remained inconclusive Development of German Mysticism (1300’s - Eckhart, Tauler, Suso, etc) |
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Main reason why Reformation broke from Catholic church but remained Christian
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Basically, people of that period were strictly religious. This living devotion was the main cause........a strong and unique piety developed vis-à-vis the older forms of Christianity.
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Predecessors to the Reformation
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- Arnold of Brescia (d. 1155)
- The Waldensians (since late 12th C) – preaching penance and apostolic poverty - Wyclif and Lollards in England - Hus and Hussites in Bohemia - Reform councils (of Constance [1414-1418] and Basel/Ferrara-Florance [1431-49]) - The ‘One Hundred Grievances of the German Nation’ (first issued 1456) – protested again financial exhaustion of Germany by papacy; would be reformulated again and again until Reformation. |
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Luther’s birthplace
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Eisleben, son of Hans and Margarete Luder, 8 siblings
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Luther’s studies
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1497-98 – Cathedral school in Magdeburg and lived with ‘Brethren of the Common Life’
(devotio moderna) 1501-1505 – Liberal arts at Erfurt – acquainted here with Nominalism (Gabriel Biel) – 1502 – BA 1505 – MA The studied law |
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Thunderstorm Event
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July 2nd 1505 in Stotternheim
Entered Hermits of St Augustine in Erfurt, July 17th 1505 |
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Nominalism influence as monk
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Read Gabriel Biel’s Explanation of the Order of the Mass - stressed that Mass had to be duly performed in which case the priest would encounter the presence of God or Christ during the Mass. – Christ as judge, new source of fear and temptations
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Luther as teacher
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1507 - Lecturer in Philosophy at monastery – began to study theology in Erfurt
1508-09 – Lecturer of Phil at Uni. Of Wittenberg, while studying theology 1509 – promotion to biblical Bachelor Studying mysticism, and in works of Bernard or Clairvaux found Christ-centered mysticism. |
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Johann von Staupitz
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Vicar general (d. 1524)
Proposed unification of Observant branch of Augustinian order with other branches. Luther first opposed this with his Erfurt Monastery, but later stopped resistance against Staupitz. Staupitz transferred lither to Wittenberg in Autumn 1511. |
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Luther’s Severe Crisis
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Began Autumn 1511
In Wittenberg after being transferred there by Staupitz. Fear of Christ as judge and fear of final judgment Man before God is unable to fulfill demands Nominalist theology thought God does not refuse man’s grace as long as he does everything in his power.....but Luther continued to doubt Staupitz helped Luther to not focus on judgment, but look on Christ – Christ’s suffering as sign of God’s mercy to sinner Overcame distress by study of Scripture (esp. Romans) and writings of Augustine |
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Catholic Priest hiding during visitations
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In "priest holes" under their staircases or such places
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Summepiscopate
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The idea that the Protestant sovereign is the supreme bishop (summus episcopus) of the church of his realm – (due to the Elector of Saxony [first] banishing those from his realm who did not obey his instructions in the visitations)
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Summepiscopate lasted how long in Germany?
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until 1919, Weimar constitution
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Luther vs Melanchthon in regards to power of rulers over church matters
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Luther = much more hesitant
Luther thought only in special circumstances should prince intervene in church matters (as 'emergency bishop') Luther would rather have type of 'bishop' to guard the church's rights against state Melanchthon thought the prince should watch over both offices, even worship and doctrine and appointing pastors |
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'Could the emergence of national churches been avoided?' discussion
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1. establishment of evangelical churches from below obstructed by defeat in PW.
2. the non-participation of bishops that remained true to traditional church prevented reform within the episcopal framework (as in Scandinavia) Thus, in Germany, churches established along territorial lines |
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Luther communicated to Erasmus through....
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Georg Spalatin (1516), chaplain to Fredrick the Wise)
Communicated points of disagreement (eg, Romans) |
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When did Luther begin to see that he did not have such an ally in the humanists?
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Late 1516
Wrote to Johann Lang on this in Jan 1517. |
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Erasmus' letter to Albert of Mainz
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Oct. 1519, to plead for fair treatment of Luther
He communicated same ideas to Elector of Saxony after publication of 'Exsurge Domine" (1520) |
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Why did Erasmus say he did not want to support Luther when he asked?
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He felt 'lumped together' too closely; wanted to concentrate on scholarship
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Erasmus' gerneral view of Luther
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That he went too far and wanted everything at once
Attacked those from behind who wanted reform of church and theology but not a revolution. |
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Eransmus' response to Edict of Worms
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"the burning of his books will perhaps banish Luther from our libraries, whether he can be plucked out of men's hearts I am not so sure"
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Ulrich von Hutten and Erasmus.......over support of Luther
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Hutten attacked Erasmus for his unclear position (1523 - summer)
Erasmus responded (his 'Apology against Hutte') ....and withdrew to position of neutraility. (sept 1523) |
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Luther found Erasmus lacking especially.....
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in his notions of grace
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Erasmus and Luther "theology" titles
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Erasmus - Theology of Freedom
Luther - theology of the cross (over theology of glory) Luther criticized Erasmus for having a theology of glory......but Erasmus had a theology of freedom (man's work CAN BE GOOD because of God's grace which makes these works possible) Erasmus trusted in the inner reform of the church |
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Luther on will/freedom of man.....
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the human will is a beast with 2 riders (God or Satan) who directs it
We cannot decide who the rider is |
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Erasmus' worry of Luther's view of the human will
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that it would lead to moral laxity
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Erasmus on man and aiding in salvation
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Man CAN make a contribution toward his salvation
Election and the freedom to accept are two inseparable terms Man's truly free will needs God's grace still |
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Bondage of the Will
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Luther's reply to Erasmus' views on human will.
Calls Erasmus an Epicurean, hypocrite, atheist and sophist. Salvation wholly dependent on God |
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Erasmus' response to "Bondage of the Will"
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Hyperaspistes, Part II
Luther no longer responded |
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Why was agreement between Erasmus and Luther impossible?
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Luther no longer accepted church as arbiter in matters of truth -- needed firm anchor of the Bible.
Erasmus did not accept this exclusive norm. |
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Date of Diet of Speyer (1st)
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June 1526
The diet's ambiguous edict resulted in a temporary suspension of the Edict of Worms and aided the expansion of Protestantism. Held only in the Emperor's name The invading Turks drew the Catholics/Empire's attention away. These results were repudiated in the Diet of Speyer of 1529. |
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Date of 2nd Diet of Speyer
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April 1529
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Luther's doctrine of Lord's Supper
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The word of God constitute the Lord's Supper
God justifies man by means of the word because it creates faith. From 1518-1523, Luther gradually abandoned the catholic doctrine of teh sacraments....emphasizing sacrament as 'gift'.....no longer points to Christ but actually brings Christ |
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Luther's basis for his argument against catholic doctrine of transubstantiation
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criticised as an Aristotelian "pseudo-philosophy"
Defined by his understanding of the word of God....emphasizing the WORDS OF INSTITUTION ['this is my body'] (which clearly show the invisible presence of the flesh and blood of JC in the elements) |
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Date of Beginning of controversy with Zwingly and Swiss
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1526
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Luther's 'doctrine of ubiquity'
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ON VIEW OF PRESENCE IN LORD'S SUPPER
(Drawing on ideas of Ockham and Biel) Distinguished 3 modes of presence 1. Local presence 2. Presence in place without constraint (like soul in body) 3. Presence 'replative' - presence also outside an object - filling multiple places at one - typical of God alone During controversy with Swiss, he switched from 'personal presence' of Christ in elements to 'REAL PRESENCE' |
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Diet of Augsburg date
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1530
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Luther's final doctrine of Lord's Supper after Diet of Augsburg
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Lord's Supper as attaining a certainty of faith during temptation.
It is not the faith of the participants that qualifies the supper, but the proclamation of the word of God. The presence of Christ in the elements is communicated to the recipients in a hidden manner, not by reason. |
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Zwingli's view of Lord's Supper
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rejection of sacrificial character of Mass
Rejects Tran- and con-substantiation Draws on Plato of duality of material and spiritual - but the material can be used AS A SIGN of spiritual actions. Dutch platonist (Gansfort) agreed with Zwingli |
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Zwingli's primary concern in his view of Lord's Supper
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Soteriological
It is a meal of COMMEMORATION. Did not want the real event of Christ's death to be minimized, but wanted it to be remembered. The Lord's Supper brings about a 'transformation' of the BELIEVERS in as the body of Christ |
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Zwingli's concern with the second coming of Christ to the Lord's Supper and the presence of Christ
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In Zwingli's view, the bodily character of the coming kingdom of God is only guaranteed by Christ's human nature sitting on the right hand of the Father.
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Marburg Colloquy (definition and date)
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Attempt at the behest of Philip of Hesse to settle controversy between Lutheran and Reformed theologians.
Subject = real presence in Eucharistic elements Sept 30 - Oct 4, 1529. |
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Philip of Hesse's reasons for wanting to settle Lutheran/Reformed dispute at Marburg
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Political reasons....unify the Protestants.....in light of the immanent Diet of Augsburg.
Melanchthon was interested in preserving the toleration of the Lutheran Church by the Empire (however, this toleration from the Diet of Speyer, 1529, did not include sacramentarians which included the Swiss) |
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Suggestion for agreement on real pressence at Marburg Colloquy
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the substantial and essential presence
But Zwingli denied on theological grounds |
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Results of Marburg Colloquy
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15 Marburg Articles (drafted by Luther), Oct 4, 1529.
Agreement on 14 doctrinal issues: 1. Trinity and Creed of Nicaea-constantinople 2. Christology (incarnation and virgin birth) 3. Passion, death, resurrection, ascension (reference to Apostles Creed) 4. original sin 5. redemption thru faith 6. faith as God's gift w/o human cooperation 7. faith as only basis of righteousness 8. H. Spirit only operates thru Word 9.Baptism as sacrament 10. On good works 11. Penance only voluntary 12. Authorities and secular laws are justified (against some papists and anabaptists) 13. Ecclesial tradition - (under Word, peace, celibacy abolished, etc) 14. Acceptance of infant baptism 15. Lord's Supper |
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15th Marburg Article on Lord's Supper - 5 issues of agreement
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communion under both kinds
Mass is not a good work Lord's supper is a sacrament of the true body and blood of Jesus Christ Spiritual reception of body and blood necessary Sacrament instituted by God so that weak consciousness might be moved to faith in Holy Spirit |
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Luther and Zwingli's difference over 15th Marburg Article
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Luther = presence is SUBSTANTIAL
Zwingli = presence is SPIRITUAL |
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No eucharistic fellowship between Lutherans and Reformed until when?
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Leuenberg Agreement, 1973
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Schwabach Articles
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Summer 1529 (before Diet of Augsburg - 1530)
At behest of Margrave George of Brandenburg-Ansbach Joint confession of Ansbach and Wittenberg theologians in order to strengthen alliances between Lutheran princes against Emperor Charles V |
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Authors of Schwabach Articles
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Authors = Melanchthon and Luther
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Who accepted the Schwabach Articles and what did it lead to?
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Saxony and Brandenburg-Ansbach accepted it and......
this formed the basis for the Marburg Articles/ |
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Events leading up to Diet of Ausburg in Summer of 1529?
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Charles V ended wars with Pope Clement VII and with France in Peace Treaties of Barcelona and Cambrai (however still had Turkish threat from East)
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Agenda of calling Diet of Ausburg
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Repulsion of Turkish threat
and settlement of discord in hold faith (restoring union of all those under the church) |
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Torgau Articles
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Drawn up by Melanchthon for the Diet of Augsburg (LOST)
(doctrinal issues for the diet were based on the Schwabach Articles) |
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'Apology' for Saxony by Melanchthon
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Drawn up for the Diet of Augsberg
Luther (who did not attend since he was banned), said he totally agreed with Melanchthon's draft. |
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Base documents for the Augsberg Confession ('confession Augustana)
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Since disagreement, Melanchthon had to revise his document.
Based (now) on Schwabach, Marburg and Torgau Articles (as well as others) |
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Was the Augsburg Confession adopted by the Protestant states?
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Yes, by most.
Strasbourg, Constance, Lundau, and Memmingen submitted a 'Confession of the Four Cities' drafted by Bucer and Capio for their states. Zwingli (not present) made his ownown |
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The copies of the Augsburg Confession
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German and Latin copies.
Have been seen side-by-side and NEITHER is a copy of the other Caused later inner-Protestant controversies |
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Contents of Augsburg Confession
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28 Articles (in 2 parts)
Interesting ones: 4. Justification (through faith) Melenchthon deleted words 'alone' - which would seem problematic to catholics Only INDIRECTLY rejects that justification cannot be obtained thru works (Mel. criticized for this) 6. Of new obedience (melanchthon wants to stress that faith will produce works) 10. Lord's Supper (differences in Latin and German texts) 17. Millenarian expectations are condemned 18. that 'protestants are falsely accused of forbidding good works' - 'sola fide' explained 22. The laity are to be given both kinds of the Lord's Supper |
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Augsburg Confession on Lord's Supper - Differences in Latin and German versions
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Latin - 'the body and blood are TRULY PRESENT'
German - 'the body and blood are TRULY PRESENT.....under the FORM of bread and wine' |
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Reactions to Melanchthon's Augsburg Confession
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Justus Jonas = too soft ('the devil still lives') on topics of purgatory, adoration of saints, and the anti-christ [the pope]......and the priesthood of all believers was not mentioned.
Luther - said not to concede any more! But overall saw it in a positive light. |
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The Catholic reaction to the Augsburg confession
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more than 20 Catholic theologians commissioned to draft a rejection of the Lutheran confession.
Stages: 1. Reply to theological individual articles. 2. Rejection as being polemical 3. The last draft was said to be the doctrine of Early Church Drafted 1530; Not published until 1559 |
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Lutheran response to the Catholic Response to the Augsburg confession
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Delayed, some confusion.
The Apology was 'an intermediate status between a private treatise by Melachthon and an official commentary of the Augsburg Confession. Melanchthon was solely responsible. |
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End of the Diet of Augsburg
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Without agreement
The Elector of Saxony left on Sept 23 since no more opportunity to reach agreement. In practice, the diet aimed at religious and legal situation before 1521. |
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Later uses of the Augsburg Confession
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Diet planned as an apology of the Electoral Saxony, but turned into a confession of many Protestant estates and thus became a document of state.
Soon it was used as a DOCTRINAL NORM within Protestantism |
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Re-edition of Augsburg Confession
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Melanchthon released his 'Altered Augsburg Confession' in 1540.
This was an official re-edition. Due to changes in Protestantism and efforts of organizing religious colloquies with catholics. It was also meant as a revision of the confessional basis of the Schmalkaldic Leage (which he had made a draft for them in 1537) |
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Book of Concord - date
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1580
Doctrinal Standard of Lutheran Church |
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Later reaction to Re-edition of Augsburg Confession
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Melanchthon's theology became the object of controversies in the wake of the 'Interim' (1548) with the re-edition increasingly criticized.....therefore late 1500's, the Lutherans would generally only accepted the first edition of the Augsburg Confession
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Example of Reformation as Urban Event in Switzerland
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Evangelical movement thru work of preachers:
Basel: since 1518 Berne: since 1520 Strasbourg: since 1521 Most influential theologians = |
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3 Swiss Cities Political and population status
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Strasbourg 22,000
Basel 10,000 Berne c 5,000 All 3 were city republics Ruling councils were Increasingly controlled by economic oligarchy of merchants |
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Most influential theologians in the main cities of Switzerland (Basel and Strasbourg)?
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Oecolampadius and Bucer
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Oecolampadius
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AKA (Johannes Huschin)
Born: Weinsberg (1482) Studied: theology at Heidelberg (student of Humanist Jakob Wimpeling) MA Graduate: 1503 Then Studies law in Bologna Was a preacher (1510) 1513 - met Melanchthon in Tübigen |
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Oecolampadius and Erasmus
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Became ed. asst. and Hebrew consultant to Erasmus' 1st ed of Greek NT (1515/1516)
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Where does Oecolampadius finally reside?
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Resided in Basel (1522)
Public lectures at university Translated Church Fathers Took over Evangelical Movement in Basel Close friend of Zwingli |
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Reformed Church Order Implemented (date and describe)
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1529
After long delays and revolts (culminating in iconoclastic riots)......the city council finally implemented the Reformation (Reformed Church Order) |
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Oecolampadius and office of 'Presbyter'
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Oecolampadius created this office in 1530 in order to implement the controversial issue of church discipline.
Died in 1531 |
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Oecolampadius Death.
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1531 (end of)
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Oecolampadius' influence
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1. Theologian and widely published scholar (commentaries, systematic writings) widely read by Protestant theologians in 16th C.
2. Pastor and preacher: Reformation in Basel Admission of protestant refugees And prestige of the University 3. His 'Memorandum concerning the reorganization of the Church" (esp. concerning church discipline) influenced later Reformeds |
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Key Figure for Reformation in Strasbourg
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Martin Bucer
(Strasbourg, Cologne, England) |
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Martin Bucer
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Born: 1491
Holy Orders: 1515/1516 Studied: Heidelberg (1517) Met Luther at Heidelberg Disputation (1518) - won as adherent 1522/23 - Fled to Strausbourg during war of Franz con Sickingen against Trier. |
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Reformation in Strasbourg -- date
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1524
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What did Bucer help draft at Augsburg?
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the Confession of the 4 Cities
(with Capito) - 1530 |
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Intermediary between Swiss Reformation and German Reformation?
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Martin Bucer
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Wittenberg Concord (date)
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1536
Between Reformed and Lutherans defined the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist as the Sacramental Union and maintained the real eating of the body and blood of Christ by "unworthy communicants" |
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Deaths in Bucer's life
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1541 - wife and 5 of his children die in plague
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Bucer and Cologne
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helped in failed attempt at reformation in Cologne (1542-1547)
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Why did Bucer flee to England (1549)
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For signing the Interim in Augsburg (under pressure)....deposed in Strasbourg
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Death of Martin Bucer
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Died in Cambridge (become professor there in his exile)
Died 1551 Posthumous charge of heresy under Queen Marry (1556) and coffin burned in market square. |
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Bucer compared to Oecolampadius
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Bucer quickly forgotten after death....but more influential than Oecolampadius.
In Strasbourg since 1523: Leader in Evangelical Movement Speaker against secular powers, Catholic Church, and Anabaptists Influence spread in whole of Europe (particularly Hesse, Switzerland, England, and S. germany) |
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Bucer's work for unity
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Within Protestantism: Wittenberg Concord (1536)
(between Lutheran and Reformed - defined the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist as the Sacramental Union and maintained the real eating of the body and blood of Christ by "unworthy communicants") Between Catholics and Protestants: religious colloquies of 1540-41 |
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Bucer's emphases in theology
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1. stricter church discipline independent of secular authorities
2. Fought for improvement of personal lives of every Christian [thru whatever means necessary, even force] 3. Emphasized Holy Spirit (more than Luther) 4. Emphasized community 5. Emphasized IMPROVEMENT of Christian and the effect of Christian message on the believer (where Luther emphasized justification before God) |
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The beginning of the further stages of the Reformation in the 3 cities
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1523.....and many changes in 1524
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Alterations happening in 3 (Swiss) cities in 1524
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In all 3 cities many monks and nuns were leaving monasteries, even so many that some monasteries were forced to close.
Many priests were getting married (esp in Basel) |
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Changes in Cult in 1524 in Strasbourg
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German baptism introduced
Lord's Supper administered in both kinds Mass in German A table replaced the altar Sign of cross abandoned |
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Council decree in 1525 for Strasbourg, Basel, and Berne
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edicts obligating the preachers to only use the Bible as base for sermons
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Swiss Reformation began in.....
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Zurich (under Zwingli)
and later Basel |
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How did the evangelical-turn turn radical in Strasbourg?
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Against resistance of both clergy and authorities.
Iconoclasm. Exacerbated during the Peasants' War (until it was calmed down in the Anabaptist movement) |
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Calm in the momentum of the Evangelical movement in Basel and Strasbourg caused by.....
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Calm in 1526
The Baden Disputation (to try to keep spread of Protestantism in Switzerland.....John Eck lead the catholic side) |
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The peak of the dissenters (radical reformation, Karlstadt, Müntzer, ect)
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1520-1530
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What are other names for the Anabaptist movement?
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it was not coherent, therefore named also "radical Reformation" or "nonconformism" or "dissenters"
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What was the single common denominator of the Radical Reformation?
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opposition to the reformation being led by theologians and secular authorities (otherwise, there were many opinions).....spiritualist, apocalytics, etc..
Sprang up in many places at once (yet still contact between some leaders) |
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Historic influence of Radical Reformers
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For many it was medieval traditions.
Many (esp. Münster) was influenced by German Idealism |
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Andreas von Karlstadt
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Born: 1486
1510: Professor at Uni Wittenberg Studued: Augustine and mystics (esp TRAULER) Came to support Luther (focused on Augustine's theology of grace) |
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At Luther's return from Wartburg to Wittenberg (1522), what was the main disagreement between Karlstadt and Luther?
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The spread of the reform.
Luther wanted to persuade through preaching. Karlstadt wanted to change things (eg. abolish the Mass) first. |
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Karlstadt's main theology
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When he left Wittenberg, went to Orlamünde and became vicar and rector (1523/1524)
Rejected infant baptism Symbolic interpretation of words of Institution of Lord's Supper Devalued external word (even the Bible) (emphasized direct experience of HOLY SPIRIT) Spiritual marriage of the soul and God |
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Other important events of Karlstadt
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Expelled from Saxony 1524
Tried to mediate between parties in Peasants' War Then went to Zurich and then Basel (professor) where he died. |
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Thomas Münster
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Studied at Wittenberg with Luther (1517-1518)
Since 1520, his theology increasingly showed spiritualist andf apocalyptic elements |
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Mysticism
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Late Middle Ages (1300's)
Meister Eckhart John Trauler Others Individual devotion without becoming monks |
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Gallicanism
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church system within the national system
Roman power reduced; church seen as sort of parliament Seen esp. in French church system Similar to Nominalism |
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Luther becomes Doctor of Theology
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1512
Against his will Succeeded Staupitz The professorship would remain Luther's professional basis throughout his life. |
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Luther's reading of scriptural passages relating to self-humiliation:
2 views |
1. monastic piety aiming at mortification could help in the acquisition of grace
2. (more probable) as an effect of God's Word..........not condition of justification, but expression of faith |
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Luther as critic
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1516
began to criticize prevailing scholasticism and mysticism |
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Luther against the scholastics
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1517 directed against the 'pig theologians' (Duns Scot, Ockham, and esp. Gabriel Biel).....hence against Nominalists
According to Luther, the scholastics taught man's will could be enlightened and turn away from evil by itself to do good Man is given perpetual grace from God which frees man even from dependence on God Also in 1517 debate....argued against ARISTOTLE Luther: it is all a work of God God justifies man in this life Simultaneously just and a sinner |
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Luther critique against plenary indulgences
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Lent, 1517
of Pope Leo X |
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Luther's 'concupiscence
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took from Augustine
prisoner of evil desires |
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Luther's main question
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THE BASIS OF MAN'S RIGHTEOUSNESS
From Christ Participated in through faith (which is also from Christ) |
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Tower Experience
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From 'Table Talks'
New knowledge of justice of God Rom 1:17 - 'justice of God is revealed in IT (the gospel)..' EVEN THROUGH THE GOSPEL, but it is a passive justice He originally understood justice in a philosophical way After: 'I exalted the sweetest word of mine: the justice of God." The phrase for me was now 'the gate of paradise' Exact date of Luther's new understanding of the Gospel is not known: either 1514/15 or Spring 1518 |
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Indulgences History
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since 11th C., indulgences were a remission of a temporal penalty before God granted by the church for sins that had already been confessed and had therefore been forgiven.
Eventually extended to purgatory Increased by end of Middle Ages (with increasing fear of final judgment) to pay church expenses |
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New indulgence in 1506
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plenary indulgence which freed sinner from ALL temporal penalties to help rebuild St Peter's Basilica
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New indulgence in 1515
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Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz served as indulgence commissary would receive half of the income to pay his loans (had permission to combine several diocese into his possession)
John Tetzel preached the indulgence. |
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Luther's first actions against indulgences
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As pastor in Wittenberg
Letter to Archbishop (Oct 31, 1517) Indulgences could only save from temporal punishment the church had imposed Asking to preach in another manor |
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Date of 95 Theses
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Oct 31, 1517
Letter to Archbishop added to Theses |
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Reason luther had to post the 95 thesis?
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he wanted to discuss them at the University
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Heidelberg Disputation
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April 26, 1518
Defending the theses composed by Luther Contrasts his: Theology of Glory (find god in creation thru morality) Theology of Cross (thru suffering of Chrsit) Won him new adherents in Bucer and Brenz |
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When was Luther summoned to Rome?
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August 1518
Did not trust courts in Rome.....with help of Fredrick the Wise, he was examined in Germany |
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Delay in prosecution of Luther due to?
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Upcoming of election of new emperor in 1519
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Bull of excommunication date
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6 June, 1520
This remained the church's only doctrinal statement on Luther until the council of Ttrent |
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To Christian Nobility of German Nation .....Date
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Aug 1520
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Babylonian Captivity of Chruch.....Date
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October 1520
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Luther defended himself against the bull with......
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Luther received the bull 4 months later.....
Defended himself with "On the Freedom of the Christian" |
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Luther first calls pope heretic
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November 1520
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Luther burns the papal bull
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December 1520
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3 primary works of Luther
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1. To the Christian Nobility of a German Nation
2. Babylonian Captivity of the Church 3. On the Freedom of the Christian/Letter to Pope |
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Letter to Christian Nobility
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Socio-political reforms
Addresses emperor and Christian nobility 3 walls need to be torn down: 1. notion of 'spiritual power over secular' 2. pope's monopoly on scriptures 3. pop's right to summon council If Pope prevents reform, the church should turn to secular powers (emergency bishops) Here luther also develops his concept of 'priesthood of all believers' |
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Babylonian Captivity of the Church
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About sacraments held in captivity
1. Rejects transubstantiation 2. rejects sacraments as symbols 3. Mass as a good work FAITH ALONE Baptism - lasting and does not require further penance. Pennance |
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Luther on 'true sacraments
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1. Initiated by Christ
2. Have sign attached to them given by Christ Only 2 sacraments = eucharist and baptism |
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Christian Freedom/Letter to Pope
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Main thesis: christian is free, subject to none
Christian is most dutiful servant, subject to all. Justification as basis of Christian ethic: free from all authorities......servant of neighbor |
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Edict of Woms (date)
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1521
Luther excommunicated by pope, but Elector of Saxony made possible for Luther to be seen at Diet of Worms |
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Diet of Worms
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1521
Luther refuses to recant in front of Emperor (charles V) (perhaps miscommunication since emperor spoke only a little latin) |
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Luther saved from capture after diet of Worms
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through fake kidnapping
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Luther's translation of NT
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1522
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Luther returns to Wittenberg after hiding
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1523
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Luther's work on two kingdoms (date at contents)
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March 1523
"Temporal Authority: to what extent they should obeyed" the christian belongs to both realms Confusing the 2 kingdoms can only be prevented by preaching of gospel |
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Beginning of controversy with Andreas Karlstadt
Date and content |
1524
over images (karlstadt against) and over Eucharist as only 'commemoration service' |
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Münster's first relation to Luther
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was student of Luther's
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Controversy with Zwingli concerning Lord's Supper (date)
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1525-29
|
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Marburg Colloque (date and content)
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1529
About Lord's Supper |
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Luther married when and during whta?
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June 1525, during PW
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Beginning of Luther's illness
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1527
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Luther's Message "Man Before God"
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each person is in direct relationship before God and his salvation is dependent on this relationship
Self justification is the most serious expression of disbelief Distinction between law and gospel (word of god reaches man in these 2 forms, condemnation and mercy) |
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Luther rejects veneration of saints (date)
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1522.....stressing union with Christ alone
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Luther's view of history
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continual struggle between God and Satan
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Luther sees the Pope as antichrist (date)
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1520 because he drew up new articles in opposition to the scriptures
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Endtimes (Luther)
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Luther reject Millenarianism
Expectation for return of christ became more urgent after 1530 |
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Philipp Melanchthon
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University of Heidelberg, Tübigen
Studied humanism with Oecolampadius (also astronomy and Aristotle) |
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Melanchthon works
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EXTENSIVE
Grammars, textbooks, Theological Commentaries Physics, history, geography Poems' etc |
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Melanchthon Theology
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Much Like Luther
Trinitarian, Free Will, 3 laws Aims at creating trinitarian theology (church like grammar of divine word, not inventing new dogma) FREE WILL to choose evil (predestination only to general election) 3 modes of LAW: Civil use Theological use Law of the justified sinner (eternal will of God) |
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Melanchthon on justification
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imputative over effective
|
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Melanchthon on the church
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is the VISIBLE congregation of those called (rejected idea of invisible church)
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Melanchthon sacraments
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baptism, Eucharist and absolution
sees ordination as equal to sacrament |
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Melanchthon on presence in elements of Lord's Supper
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real presence (not in the bread but 'with the bread')
Rejected Luther's real presence (too close to catholic) |
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Melanchthon influence
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textbooks
His theological "Loci" was a model for later Lutheran and Reformed theologians Influenced ideas of natural law and reason and thus had impact on Enlightenment. |
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Johannes Bugenhagen
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Studied at Wittenberg (1521)
Town pastor at Wittenberg (1523) Friend of Luther Heled to spread Reformation to Scanidavian regions (north) Major role in translating bible into LOW GERMAN |
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Nicolaus von Amsdorff
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University of Wittenberg lecturer (1511)
One of Luther's closest associates Rejected any works (his 'basic experience') PIONEER OF LUTHERAN ORTHODOXY |
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Justus Jonas
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Studied law at Wittenberg (1511-15) where he came into contact with humanist circles.
Prof of theology in Wittenberg (1521) ASSISTED IN REFORMATION in the Duchy of Saxony by drafting its church order |