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115 Cards in this Set
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Lutheranism |
-Protestant Reformation* -Baptism & Eucharism were the only sacraments -All faithful were equal -sola fide |
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Calvinism |
-strict and simple -started by John Calvin -strived to become recognized as an official religion |
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Thirty Year's War* |
1618-1648* -most important conflict in all of European history -Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French-Swedish periods -started religious, ended political -Holy Roman Empire center of conflict -ended by Treaty of Westphalia(copy of Peace of Augsburg*) |
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Protestant Reformation |
1517-1650 -sparked by Martin Luther's* 95 Theses -Lutheranism; broke away from Catholic church -anti-indulgences |
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tenet |
doctrine held as true by members of a movement |
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sectarianism |
excessive devotion to a particular sect, such as religion |
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vernacular |
the language of the common people |
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Thomas à Kempis |
summarized the philosophy of the Brothers of Common Life in "Imitation of Christ" |
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ecclesiastical |
clergical; not secular |
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benefice |
position or post granted to an ecclesiastic that guarantees a fixed amount of property or income |
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canon |
body of ecclesiastical law |
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Martin Luther |
1483-1546 -lawyer turned monk -against indulgences -posted 95 Theses, sparking Protestant Reformation* -believed in sola fide -argued with Zwingli; said Christ was bodily present |
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justification |
state of being justified |
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sola fide |
justification on faith alone |
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indulgences |
remission of temporal penalty imposed on penitents by priests as a "work of satisfaction" for their confessed mortal sins |
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95 Theses |
article posted by Martin Luther on the door of Castle Church in Wittenburg saying all the things wrong with the church |
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Pope Leo X |
r.1513-1521 -revived Jubilee Indulgence to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome -corruption; sold indulgences |
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John Tetzel |
-famous indulgence preacher -manipulated people into buying indulgences -especially hated by Martin Luther |
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Eucharist |
sacrament of Holy Communion; the bread and wine |
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transubstantiation |
changing of one substance into another; the body and flesh of Christ |
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Charles V |
-too busy fighting the Ottomans to deal with Protestant Reformation* -did not want to upset the 7 electors so that his son could be elected after him -Catherine of Aragon's nephew |
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Frederick the Wise |
Luther's lord and protector |
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Marburg Colloquy |
place where Phillip of Hesse wanted to unite Swiss(Zwingli) & German(Luther) protestants; failed |
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canton |
state |
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Ulrich Zwingli |
1484-1531 -leader of Swiss Reformation -humanist; credited Erasmus over Luther -argued with Luther; said Christ was spiritually present |
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Phillip of Hesse |
wanted to unite Swiss(Zwingli) & German(Luther) protestants; failed |
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Anabaptists |
-believed in adult baptism -separated from society |
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Conrad Grebel |
-performed the first adult baptism in 1525 -was co-worker of Zwingli's |
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theocracy |
form of government where God or a diety is the supreme civil ruler |
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antitrinitarians |
-did not believe in Holy Trinity -Michael Servetus |
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Michael Servetus |
1511-1553 -executed in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity" -John Calvin present at execution |
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predestination* |
-path already chosen by God(God's elect); nothing could change it -doing good deeds could show one was an elect -hope |
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John Calvin |
1509-1564 -Calvinism; strict & simple -believed in predestination -of the Protestant faith |
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Augsburg Confession |
moderate statement of Protestant beliefs spurred by emperor at Diet of Augsburg |
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Schmalkaldic League |
Lutherans response to Charles V ordering all protestants to revert to Catholicism |
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Schmalkaldic Articles |
1538 -Luther's more strongly worded Protestant confession |
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Christian II |
r.1513-1523 -introduced Lutheranism to Denmark |
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Peace of Augsburg* |
1555 -the ruler of a region would determine its religion |
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Henry VIII* |
r.1509-1547 -had 6 wives -wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon & marry his mistress Anne Boleyn -needed pope to annul marriage; captured by Charles V -Parliament made him supreme head of Church of England (Act of Supremacy) -English Reformation* |
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Act of Succession |
made Anne Boleyn's children legit heirs to the throne |
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Act of Supremacy |
Henry VIII declared the supreme head of the Church of England by Parliament |
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Ursulines |
Idk |
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Jesuits |
-society of Jesus -founded by Ignatius of Loyola |
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Ignatius of Loyola |
1491-1556 -founded Jesuits -devote all authority to God |
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Council of Trent |
1545-1563 -called by Pope Paul III -met in 3 sessions |
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utilitarian |
pertaining to or consisting in utility |
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disparity |
lack of similarity or equality; difference |
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Miguel de Crevantes Saavedra |
1547-1616 -wrote the "Don Quixote" |
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William Shakespeare |
1564-1616 -married to Anne Hathaway -playwright, actor, owner of theater -wrote tragedies, histories, romantics -Hamlet, Romeo & Juliet, Richard III |
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Counter Reformation |
-Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation -baroque art style (dark and religious) |
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baroque |
-successor to mannerism -dark and religious -grandiose life -3D raw energy display |
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skepticism |
questioning |
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relativism |
theory holding criteria of judgment are relative |
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individualism |
all individuals matter |
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politique |
ruler that puts their nation or country before themselves and their religion -Elizabeth I*, Henry IV |
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Huguenot |
French protestants |
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Henry II |
-Valois -killed in jousting tournament accident -European balance of power shifts from France to Spain |
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Guises |
-most powerful family in France -competed with the Bourbons |
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Catherine de Medici* |
1519-1589 -politique -regent for Charles IX -unsuccessfully tried to unite Protestants and Catholics -issued January Edict -switched sides from Protestants to Guises -supported the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in a panic |
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regent |
one who would rule or govern in place of someone who was too young or unable |
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January Edict |
Protestants were given freedom to publish publicly outside of towns |
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Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre |
-August 24, 1572 -supported by Catherine de Medici -failed plot to assassinate Coligny -20,000 Huguenots killed -united Protestants & Catholics* -Henry of Navarre declares himself Catholic to survive; "Paris is worth a mass" |
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Henry of Navarre |
-aka Henry IV (Bourbon);politique -"Paris is worth a mass" -portrayed Catholic, truly Protestant -publicly converted to Catholicism (1593) -passed Edict of Nantes (1598) -ended Spanish interference in France |
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The Edict of Nantes |
1598 -granted religious rights to Huguenots; not for all -created states within a state |
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Philip II |
r.1556-1598 -son of Charles V -greatest enemy of Elizabeth I -sent out the Spanish Armada |
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William of Orange |
1533-1584 -"the Silent" -placed political autonomy & well-being of Netherlands above religion -leader of broad movement for independence of the Netherlands from Spain |
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Duke of Alba |
-dispatched by Philip II to suppress revolt -army of 10,000 marched north from Milan in 1567 |
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Mary Tudor I |
r.1553-1558 -"Bloody Mary"; crazy -political marriage with future Philip II of Spain |
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Elizabeth I |
r.1558-1603 -daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn -half-sister of Mary I -Protestant; best politique -worst enemy was Philip II -issued Thirty-Nine Articles |
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Anglican Church |
resulted from centralized episcopal system that Elizabeth firmly controlled with a broadly defined Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic |
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Thirty-Nine Articles |
1563 -made moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England |
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Presbyterians |
governed alternative national church of semiautonomas congregations |
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Congregationalists |
more extreme Puritans |
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Mary Queen of Scotts |
1542-1587 -stuart; Catholic -assassination attempts on Elizabeth -executed by Elizabeth, sparked the Spanish Armada* |
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abdication |
renunciation |
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Spanish Armada |
1588 -130 ships, lost 50 ships; "English Wind" -defeated by English; Spain never fully recovered |
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Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II* |
-Bohemian period (1618-1625) -basically started the Thirty Year's War -ascended to Bohemian throne (1618) -determined to restore traditional faith to eastern Habsburg lands -revoked religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants |
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Defenestration of Prague* |
Ferdinand's councils were thrown out a 100ft high window by Protestant nobility; survived |
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Frederick V* |
r.1616-1623 -declared king by Bohemians |
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French Wars of Religion |
1560s-1648 -Guises vs Bourbons -Catherine de Medici -St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre -Henry IV |
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Christian IV |
r.1588-1648 -Danish period (1625-1629) -eager to extend Danish influence over coastal towns of North Sea -picked up Protestant banner if resistance -humiliated by Maximilian in 1626, forced to retreat to Denmark |
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Gustarus Adolphus II |
r.1611-1632 -Swedish period (1630-1635) -king of unified Lutheran nation -new leader of Protestant forces within empire -Beitenfield 1630; most decisive engagement of long conflict* |
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Swedish-French Period |
1635-1648 -French enters war -completely political at this point |
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Treaty of Westphalia* |
1648 -ended the Thirty Year's War & all hostilites within the Holy Roman Empire -basically a copy of the Peace of Augsburg* |
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Diet |
the general assembly of the estates of the former Holy Roman Empire |
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stadtholder |
hereditary chief executive |
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Dutch East India Company |
-displaced Portuguese dominance in spice trade with East Asia |
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Dutch Golden Age |
-7 provinces -economic prosperity & decline -republic -religious toleration |
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parliamentary monarchy |
European political development in England |
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political absolutism* |
European political development in France |
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autocracy |
government or power of an absolute monarch |
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divine right |
doctrine that says the right of rule derives from God |
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James I |
-aka James IV; son of Mary Queen of Scotts -king of Scotland since 1562 -succeeded Elizabeth as king James I of England -strong believer in divine right - |
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Charles I |
r.1625-1649 -needed to consult with Parliament to grant him funds; sign Petition of Right -called Parliament to have them fund him against the Scottish rebellion; refused, so he dissolved it -invaded Parliament (1642), then left London to raise an army |
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forced loan |
tax theoretically repaid |
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Petition of Right |
-Parliament would grant Charles I funds if he recognized it -couldn't impose taxes/forced loan without their consent, imprison without cause, or quarter troops in private homes |
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William Laud |
he and Charles I tried to impose an English episcopal system and identical Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Scotland |
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Scottish Rebellion of 1640 |
Scotland rebelled after Charles I & William Laud tried to impose an English episcopal system and identical Anglican Book of Common Prayer on them |
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Short Parliament |
-April-May 1640 -Charles asked to be funded by Parliament to suppress the Scottish Rebellion; they refused, so he dissolved the Parliament |
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Long Parliament |
-acted with widespread support & general unanimity when convened in November 1640 -House of Commons impeached and executed Strafford & Laud -Parliament divided over religion -moderate & extreme Puritans wanted to abolish bishops & Book of Common Prayer |
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Puritans |
Presbyterians |
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Militia Ordinance |
Parliament authority to raise their own army |
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Cavaliers |
king's supporters during the civil war in England (1642-1646) |
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Roundheads |
the parliamentary oppostion in the civil war in England (1642-1646) |
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Oliver Cromwell* |
1599-1658 -dominated Enlgand as a Puritan republic (1649-1660) -disbanded Parliament when they tried to disband his army of 50,000 in 1653 -ruled as Lord Protector -same as Charles I |
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Lord Protector |
-title of Oliver Cromwell after disbanding Parliament |
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Charles II* |
r.1660-1685 -England returned to hereditary monarchy -secretly Catholic & favored religious toleration -pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism; never did -issued Declaration of Indulgence (1672) -no male heir** |
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Clarendon Code |
a series of laws from which ultra royalists in Parliament excluded Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, & Independents from official religion & political life of the nation |
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Treaty of Dover |
1670 -alliance of England and France against the Dutch |
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Popish Plot |
innocent people tried and executed after Parliament believed a lie from Titus Oates |
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James II |
r.1685-1688 -repealed Test Act -issued 2nd Declaration of Indulgences; suspended all religious tests & allowed free worship (1687) -imprisoned 7 Anglican bishops who refused to publicize it -fled to France when William III of Orange showed up |
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William III of Orange & Mary* |
-Glorious Revolution -proclaimed new monarchs by Parliament (1689) -recognized English Bill of Rights |
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English Bill of Rights |
-signed by William III of Orange & Mary -limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed civil liberties of English privileged classes |
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George I (of Hanover) |
r.1714-1727 -Elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain at Anne's death from the Act of Settlement (1701) |
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Sir Robert Walpole |
1676-1745 -took over helm of government -ascendancy from 1721-1742 based on royal support, ability to handle House of Commons, and control of government patronage |
