Reformation Key Terms

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Christian Humanism

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mphasizes the humanity of Jesus, his social teachings and his propensity to synthesize human spirituality and materialism.

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Desiderius Erasmus The Praise of Folly

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In Praise of Folly is an essay written in Latin in 1509 by Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam and first printed in 1511. The essay was inspired by De Triumpho Stultitiae, written by the Italian humanist Faustino Perisauli, born at Tredozio, near Forlì.

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Thomas More's Utopia

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In 1516 Sir Thomas More wrote the first 'Utopia'. He coined the word 'utopia' from the Greek ou-topos meaning 'no place' or 'nowhere'. But this was a pun - the almost identical Greek word eu-topos means a good place.

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Pluralism

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the practice of holding more than one office or church benefice at a time.

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The Imitation of Christ

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by Thomas à Kempis is a Christian devotional book. It was first composed in Latin ca.1418-1427. It is a handbook for spiritual life arising from the Devotio Moderna movement, of which Kempis was a member

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Oratory of Divine Love

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a Catholic brotherhood formed in 1497 by an man called Ettore Vernazza. It was first set up in Genoa, Italy but soon spread across the country. It main aims were to help the country from disease and poverty and spread the word of God. It nurtured many leaders and diplomats which were to take an active role in the Catholic Reformation

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Martin Luther

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German friar, priest and professor of theology who was a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Initially an Augustinian friar, Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

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The Sacraments

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a religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that is regarded as an outward and visible sign of inward and spiritual divine grace, in particular.

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Justification by faith

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God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of sin

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Priesthood of all believers

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Protestants believe that through Christ they have been given direct access to God, just like a priest. God is equally accessible to all the faithful, and every Christian has equal potential to minister for God.

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Johann Tetzel

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a Roman Catholic German Dominican friar and preacher. In addition, he was a Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland, and later became the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany.

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Ninety-Five Theses

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Were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the initial catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

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Edict of Worms

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decree issued on 25 May 1521 by Emperor Charles V, declaring: For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther.

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Peasants War

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was a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.

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Transubstantiation

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the conversion of the substance of the Eucharistic elements into the body and blood of Christ at consecration, only the appearances of bread and wine still remaining.

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Protestant minister and family

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a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches.

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Charles V

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Holy Roman Emperor. He expanded Spain's territories in the New World and responded to the Protestant Reformation by summoning the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

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Pole Clement VII

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Pope (1523-1534) who refused to grant the divorce of Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon and was unable to stop Henry's break with the Roman Catholic Church.

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Suleiman The magnificent

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(1520-1566) who established a code of laws, was a patron of the arts, and led the Ottoman Empire to the height of its military and political power.

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Peace of Augsburg

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was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, on September 25, 1555, at the imperial city of Augsburg, now in present-day Bavaria, Germany.

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Ulrich Zwingli

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Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531)

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Anabaptists and the city of Munster

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Christians who believe in delaying baptism until the candidate confesses his or her faith. An independent city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

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Millenarianism

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belief in a future golden age of peace, justice, and prosperity.

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Menno Simons

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an Anabaptist religious leader from the Friesland region of the Low Countries. Was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and his followers became known as Mennonites.

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Henry VIII

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was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was Lord, and later assumed the Kingship, of Ireland, and continued the nominal claim by English monarchs to the Kingdom of France.was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. After divorce from Catherine of Aragon, the first of his six wives, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church.

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Act of Supremacy

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legislation in 1534 that granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England. It is still the legal authority of the Sovereign of the United Kingdom.

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Book of Common Prayer

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The official service book of the Church of England and, with some variation, of other churches of the Anglican Communion. It was compiled by Thomas Cranmer and others and first issued in 1549.

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Edward VI and "Bloody Mary"

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King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine.Mary I was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her executions of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet "Bloody Mary".

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John Calvin

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was an influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation

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Predestination

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the divine foreordaining of all that will happen, especially with regard to the salvation of some and not others. It has been particularly associated with the teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo and of Calvin.

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Geneva

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A Swiss city

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Puritan

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a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.

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Catholic Reformation

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the reform movement of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th and early 17th centuries considered as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation

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Ignatius Loyola

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Saint 1491-1556.Spanish ecclesiastic who founded the Society of Jesus and was a leader of the Counter Reformation.

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Jesuits

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a member of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order of priests founded by St. Ignatius Loyola, St. Francis Xavier, and others in 1534, to do missionary work. The order was zealous in opposing the Reformation. Despite periodic persecution it has retained an important influence in Catholic thought and education.

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Francis Xavier

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avarrese Basque Roman Catholic missionary, born in Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre, and a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.

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Pope Paul III

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Pope (1534-1549) who initiated the Counter Reformation and approved (1540) the founding of the Society of Jesus.

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Council of Trent

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(Roman Catholic Church) the council of the Roman Catholic Church that met between 1545 and 1563 at Trent in S Tyrol. Reacting against the Protestants, it reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs and formulated the ideals of the Counter-Reformation

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Huguenots

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a French Protestant of the 16th–17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, thet suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

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Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

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in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion.

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Henry Iv and the Edict of Nantes

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Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (1056-1106) who struggled for power with Pope Gregory VII. Twice excommunicated, Henry appointed an antipope (1084) to crown him emperor, invaded Italy, and was dethroned by his sons.the law granting religious and civil liberties to the French Protestants, promulgated by Henry IV in 1598 and revoked by Louis XIV in 1685.

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Politiques

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the practice and theory of influencing other people. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, particularly a state

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Philip II

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King of Spain (1556-1598), of Naples and Sicily (1554-1598), and of Portugal (1580-1598) as Philip I. His reign was marked by colonization of the Philippine Islands (which were named for him) and the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) after an unsuccessful attempt to invade England.

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The Netherlands

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A country of northwest Europe on the North Sea. Inhabited by Germanic tribes during Roman times, the region passed to the Franks (4th-8th century), the Holy Roman Empire (10th century), the dukes of Burgundy (14th-15th century), and then to the house of Habsburg.

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Union of Utrecht

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s a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain.

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Elizabeth I

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Was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.

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Francis Xavier

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avarrese Basque Roman Catholic missionary, born in Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre, and a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.