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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Institutes of the Christian Religion:
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• 1536 Calvin’s book
• Second most popular book at this time |
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The Ecclesiastical Ordinances of 1541:
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• Says how Geneva should be ran under Calvinism
• Outlines that there were various offices which had different jobs • The church is completely part of the citizen’s lives; the church has the ultimate authority |
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Covenant:
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• Calvinists believe deeply in the notion of covenant
• The notion that you have made these really high stakes, personal and emotional commitment with God and that you must behave in a particular way |
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TULIP:
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• Outlines the ideas of Calvinism
• Basically explains predestination and that the elect are freed of sin • Total human depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints |
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The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism:
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• By Max Weber 1904
• Made an argument that theologically Calvinism worked to support the engines of capitalism • Weber made the argument that Calvinists began to believe that work is sacred so everyone worked hard for the grace of God |
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Religion and the Rise of Capitalism:
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• By RH Tawney
• A follow up to Weber’s book • Basically had the same ideas |
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Philip II:
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• Charles V’s son
• Inherits Spain • Has one mission to spread Catholicism • Marries Bloody Mary |
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Affair of the Placards:
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• Begins in France
• King Francis wakes up one day and there are all these placards everywhere, including his bedroom door • Saying a clear Angelical Calvinist message: trying to get rid of the smells and bells of the church; critiques the validity of transubstantiation and the mass • Not led by Calvin • After this is when King Francis starts burning heretics and when Calvin flees |
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Francis II:
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• Son of Catherine de Medici and gets the throne when he is 15, so his mother is his regent
• Married to the Bourbon family o If you side with the Bourbons, which economic class are you coopting? You’re making a deal of siding with the merchant class, which was growing at great power in this time period |
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House of Guise:
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• Very Catholic and very vengeful
• They would love it if they inherit the throne and that they could impose a very traditional conservative monarchy on France: there would be a massive burning of the Protestants in France • Have power in the North East of France |
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House of Valois:
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• The Valois family was for the most part, in the middle of the road of all of this. They would like to exterminate Protestantism but are not fanatical about it
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House of Bourbon:
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• A protestant branch of the Valois family
• They were Huguenots • They were flirting with Calvinism |
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The Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day:
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• August 24th, 1573
• Somewhere between 10-15,000 Huguenots are killed in one day • The Catholics are killing the Huguenots • There is the idea that Catherine sanctions this and allows this to happen • There is the idea that the Guise were behind this, while people also believe that Catherine sanctioned it (probably not but she also did not stop it…) |
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War of the Three Henri’s:
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• 1588
• Henry of Navarre, Henri of Valois, and Henri of Bourbon: all want the crown • Henri of Guise sends an assassin out to kill Henri of Valois • Henri of Valois sends an assassin out to kill Henri of Guise • They both succeed! • The Guise family is now out! The Valois family is suddenly without an heir to the throne! • Henri IV of Novar gets the throne! (Cousin of the Bourbon family) • He is a Huguenot! |
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Henri of Navarre:
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• “Paris is Worth a Mass”: Paris is worth the conversion to Catholicism
• Henri becomes Catholic in order to be king; he is the ultimate opportunist • He also is a new person, he is an amazing person because he is an example of someone who is a: politique- in 1594 he converts o A politique: someone for whom politics takes primacy over religion- he doesn’t much care about what you think about a mass because he wants to be king. He is willing to surrender his Huguenot beliefs because he wants to be King; he does not care about the reformed religion and is suddenly a Catholic. • He promulgates the Edict of Nantes • He is stabbed to death by a monk |
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The Edict of Nantes:
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• April 13th, 1598
• Says to leave peacefully • Says that you can practice a religion but not in Paris or in a certain amount of Paris • The religion of France is Catholicism, but says that you can practice in your own cities outside the countryside/ if you’re a Calvinist you must observe Christmas, Easter, the other saints day • You can build your own places of worship for the Calvinists: you have freedom of the press as long as it’s not in Paris • This is extremely progressive! Especially in Western Europe- there is nowhere that is this amazingly tolerant! o The Edict of Nantes is extremely important! |
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John Wycliffe:
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• 1320-1384
• Had serious reservations about the church • Against papal authority, focuses on predestination, believes a focus on royal authority was wrong, attacks monasticism, believes there should be a vernacular bible, that scripture should be the basis for all things religious: but he is much earlier than Luther or Calvin • He taps into a very deep English resentment of Rome • Declared a heretic, his body was dug up and burnt at the stake • His followers were called Lollards |
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English resentment of Rome:
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• Goes back to the time of King John
• The Pope placed England under the interdict that says that any sacraments in England are not valid • King john was forced to give England to the pope as a benefice, and then the pope gave England back to John as a fief, and that England must forever pay Peter’s Pence • People in England hate Rome and Italians in particular because they were in charge of all the banks |
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Lollards:
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• Followers of Wycliffe
• A religiously powerful group prior to the reformation • Veering into Anabaptism: they were very radical |
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A Defense of the Seven Sacraments:
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• 1521; written by Henry VIII and Thomas Moore
• The pope received an award for this as Defender of the Faith • Henry was a good catholic and was proud of this faith |
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Cardinal Wolsey:
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• The Cardinal of the church, the bishop of York, and the Lord Chancellor of England; he is one of the people who chooses the Pope
• He was politically corrupt, wore fine garments, and even had a wife • Henry turns to Wolsey over trying to divorce Catherine of Aragon, and Wolsey is convinced that he can convince the pope to grant the annulment • Wolsey starts a campaign for the annulment: writes to the pope, Charles, etc. offering money, title, political connections • Henry loses patience with Wolsey and has him arrested for treason; along the way he dies |
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William Tyndale:
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• Publishes an English bible
• Begins spreading protestant ideas in England |
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Thomas Cromwell:
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• A mercenary for the Spanish and French crown, can read many languages, a lawyer and merchant; after Henry is the richest man in England
• Henry turns to him for the annulment and he decides he can accomplish it through using money and politics • He makes Henry the richest man in England by stealing monasteries • He write a series of laws that give Henry his annulment |
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Thomas Moore:
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• A Catholic, writes Utopia
• Generally known as the smartest man in England • A humanist, genius • He was Lord Chancellor: but he gave this position up after the Act of Supremacy • He is convicted and executed after refusing to sign the Act of Succession |
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The Act of Supremacy:
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• 1534
• Makes Henry in charge of the church • It does not make Henry sound like he is above the church, it’s just legitimizing his power • Written by Cromwell • Moore signs it but takes away his Lord Chancellor chain • Now the King of England looks similar to the King of France and the Anglican Church |
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Act of Succession:
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• 1534
• Says that the Pope is just the bishop of Rome; denying the Pope’s authority • Says that Mary Tudor (daughter of Catherine and Henry) is a bastard and that their only legitimate heir is Elizabeth and that Henry and Catherine were never legitimately married • Catholics would not want to sign this, Moore won’t sign this |
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The second Act of Succession:
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• Ann was convicted of adultery, makes Elizabeth a bastard
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The Ten Articles:
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• 1536
• Outlines what the church is becoming • Is trying to ‘create unity among us’ and almost looks like a compromise • Seems pretty Catholic so that the people following this religion won’t have to change much |
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Thomas Cranmer:
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• Appointed archbishop of Canterbury
• He had fled England during the period of the questions over religion, lived in Germany, was influenced by Luther, and later comes back to England and hides his wife • He starts making the Church of England more protestant • Writes the Book of Common Prayer: which guides the church • Cranmer has made the church Protestant: believes first and foremost in justification by faith and scripture |
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The Marian Injunctions:
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• Basically brings the church back to being Catholic with saying that priests cannot have wives
• Under Bloody Mary • She wants everything to go back to how it was • If you don’t go along with the Marian Injunctions, Mary is willing to have you executed |
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Thirty-nine articles:
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• Promulgated by Elizabeth
• Says that the Bishop of Rome does not have jurisdiction in England; Elizabeth is a protestant |
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Mary Stuart:
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• Cousin of Elizabeth
• Mary Queen of Scots • She has a claim to the throne if Elizabeth dies without an heir • Raised in France, part of the Guise family: she is a huge catholic! • She returns to Scotland at 19 and is Queen • She murders her husband, flees to England, Elizabeth puts her in jail and eventually cuts off her head |
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Philip II:
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• The son of Charles V; Spanish, unmarried
• Dutch perceive him as a foreigner, his home is Madrid • Obsessive Catholic and sees it even more so to restore Catholicism • Married to Mary (bloody Mary) and proposes to Elizabeth with the idea that an alliance between England and Spain; wants to stamp out Protestantism in England • He is not a politique! • He is very violent, does not know how to handle politics and religion • Institutes the Edict of 1555 |
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Edict of 1555:
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• Philip II
• In Spain, bans all works of Luther, Calvin, etc. • People uneducated in theology shall not read the scripture • Clearly anti-protestant! |
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William of Orange:
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• Emerges as the leader of the nobles in the Netherlands who makes the argument that it is in his best interest to revolt against Philip
• Prince of Nassau |
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Council of Troubles:
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• 1567; Philip decides to send the Duke of Alba north to begin a series of trials
• Also called the Council of Blood • The Duke of Alba winds up overseeing a huge series of repressive trials and inquisitional trials against Dutch Protestants • Thousands of people are tried and burnt at the stake; their property also seized |
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Francis Drake, John Hawkins, Walter Rowley:
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• Attacks Spain ships off the coast of San Francisco
• Through Drake and the sea dogs, they end up enriching England, weakening Spain, and taking treasures from the Spanish |
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The Invisible Fleet:
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• 1588
• Philip puts together the largest fleet assembled in Europe to this date • He wants to invade England and take over; Philip hates Elizabeth at this time because of geopolitical and religious reasons • The English hears that the Spanish are building their ships, so they start a series of look out towers; the English decide to use smaller ships to attack the big Spanish ships and then to quickly get away • The Spanish lose, they also tried going all the way around Europe to go home, but these are chopping waters, the Spanish lose more than 2/3 of their ships |
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The United Countries of the Netherlands:
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• 1581: the Netherlands claim that it is a nation
• Philip does not accept this sovereignty, but then after the loss of the Armada 7 years later, Philip does not have the means to claim sovereignthy • -> Kingdom of the Netherlands • Bordered by the HRE, France to the south, essentially cuts off Spanish influence • 1602- Dutch East India Company formed |
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Dutch East India Company:
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• 1602
• The Netherlands’ influence now goes to Japan, China, India, Arabia • They bring slaves to America, are the economic powerhouse by the 17th century • They don’t however have a powerful army or leader and which is why they do not remain a powerhouse! |
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Savonarola:
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• 1452-1498
• says that the church is corrupted, is a tremendously charismatic preacher, Dominican • He begins a sermon that takes the Old Testament and he goes to the Ecclesiastes, and he finds very great meaning and says that what he sees happening in Florence is vanity; people are willing to spend hundreds of thousands of florins to buy art, the people of Florence start listening to him • He tells people to bring their clothes, art, etc., and burns it in the central lot in Florence; the Bonfire of Vanities • Kicks the Medicis out of Florence, establishes a theocracy with himself as the head as Dominican/ Theocracy/ Dictatorship • The pope is not happy! • The Florentines get sick of this, revolt against Savanarola, and burn him! |
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The Polyglot Bible:
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• In a university in Spain, they create these bibles
• If the bible and scripture is the word of God, what you have got is people who decide that you have to take the entire bible and provide it in Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin • A really intense study of scripture |
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Pope Paul IV:
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• He decides that there are a few things they can do to respond to Luther
• Index Librorum Probitorum: Paul says that heresy is spread like a disease from the printing press, so his solution is to create a list of books you cannot read! • Created the Holy Office of the Inquisition |
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Index Librorum Probitorum:
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• 1559
• By Pope Paul IV • A list of books that you cannot read, says that you have to get rid of theologically dangerous positions • The list first starts with banning things theological, then works its way to political, and then to sex |
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Spanish Inquisition:
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• Their idea was to combat heresy
• The Spanish Inquisition is most liked with terror; it is against Jews and Muslims who had converted (Conversos) in 1492 • The Spanish government saw it in their political interests to weed out who falsely converted to Catholicism • Spain turns into 99% Catholic because everyone else was killed off or exiled? • Inspires the Roman Inquisition of the Vatican |
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Holy Office of the Inquisition:
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• 1572
• The idea was to combat heresy • They move from what was a legalistic approach to an inquisition that was associated with torture • They followed legal guidelines, there are lawyers/ notaries who wrote everything down |
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Galileo:
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• He wrote books on the heavenly bodies
• He got in trouble because he said that the earth spins, this went against Christian theology that said that the world is fixed and is the center • He was put on trial in the Inquisition • He recants, and is put under house arrest • After his trial, the universities in the South of Europe become known as places where if you wrote what you thought, you could go to jail; so the intellectual locust of Europe shifted from Padua and Bologna, to Oxford and Cambridge |
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Council of Trent:
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• Meets off and on from 1545-1563
• Is the pope’s ideas of how to respond to the questions of Lutheranism • The Council of Trent is called in Trent, because it is on the border of Italy and is right next to the Holy Roman Empire; it is a way of proposing a type of compromise • The purpose: to clarify doctrine • They invite Protestants, but say that they cannot vote (was an attempt at a compromise, but clearly is not a real one) • The Agenda: Eucharist (christ is present and bread/wine turn into body and blood), works (works with justification by faith get you into heaven), scripture, sacraments (there are 7), relics, saints, purgatory (it exists), church authority, mass, celibacy, indulgences, benedictus deus • Benedictus deus: says that the church authority lays within the pope, not the general council or bishops • Protestants/ Lutherans say that nothing has changed, there has been no compromise • This will be the official position of the church from this date until 1962 |
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Ignatius Loyola:
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• 1492-1556
• Born in Spain; is a knight • Converted by Saint Paul; walks to Jerusalem barefoot but the Franciscans kick him out • Writes a book about the visions he sees, Spiritual Exercises, that is essentially a self help book |
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Jesuits:
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• “To the Greater of God”
• They will emerge as the great school masters • Believe in Missionaries • The stereotype of being really bad people, who want control of the American government • They become a preaching order |
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Saint Theresa of Avalia:
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• 1515-1582
• Has visions: angels, devil and God • Interested in personal purity • Being married to church and Jesus • Theresa has visions of losing her virginity to an angel • St. John of the Cross 1542-1591 |
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Counter Reformation and the Arts:
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• Really strict, must be approved by the bishop
• Affects Michelangelo: the Last Judgment, Happy Jesus • The Protestants removed things lustful and profane, the Catholics did the complete opposite- busy, emotional, and personal • Mystical |
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Thirty Years’ War:
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• 1618-1648
• Happened after the Peace of Augsburg 1555, but starts in 1618 after the defenestration of Prague; Catholic embessaries are thrown out of a window • Is essentially going to be protestant versus Catholic • Catholic side: Spain, Papal states, the Catholic princes in the HRE • Protestant side: Catholic France (political reasons), Denmark, Sweden, HRE Protestant princes • Thirty years of violent battle, Germany was the ultimate loser because it was on their land; German population reduced by 40% • -> Brothers Grimm (hunger, violence) |
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The Peace of Westphalia:
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• Ends the Thirty Years War in 1648
• It basically is the Augsburg Confession plus Calvinism |
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Richelieu:
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• In charge of Louis VIII’s foreign policy
• Is a politique, very brilliant • Enters France on the side of the Protestants in the Thirty Years’ War (fear of Habsburg encirclement) • Sieges the city of La Rochelle because of the Huegenots, but leaves them alone after |
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The Civil Constitution of the Clergy:
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• Passed during the French Revolution
• Going to seize church lands, monasteries, abolish the tithe, and have the priests swear an Oath to the state- or else kill them |
