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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
66 Three main parties of the Church of England by the 19th century
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Broad Church, Low Church, High Church
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66 “High Church” also called
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Anglo-Catholicism, “The Oxford Movement”, and the Tractarians
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66 “The Oxford Movement” also called
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Anglo-Catholicism, “High Church”, and the Tractarians
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66 The Oxford Movement began
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in the first half of the 19th century
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66 Published “Tracts for the Times”
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The Oxford Movement or Tractarians, high church branch of the 19th century Church of England
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66 Aspect of the High Church
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yearning for tradition, beauty, and mystery in worship – incense, vestments, candles, etc. An attempt to “unProtestantize” the Anglican Church.
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66 Important figure in the Oxford Movement who eventually left the Anglican Church
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John Henry Newman
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66 John Henry Newman century
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19th
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66 John Henry Newman wrote
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Apologia Pro Vita Sua, explains the steps he took as he moved from Protestantism into Catholicism
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66 Apologia Pro Vita Sua
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John Henry Newman
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67 Preacher at Metropolitan Tabernacle in England
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Charles Haddon Spurgeon
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67 Charles Haddon Spurgeon known as
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great doctrinal preacher, defender of The reformed faith against Arminianism, The protestant faith against resurgent Catholicism, and The evangelical faith against “The Downgrade Controversy” where he fought for Baptists not to abandon Calvinism and Orthodoxy
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68 Major developments in Scottish Presbyterianism in the 19th century
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missions (Alexander Duff and Robert Murray McCheyne), birth of The Free Church of Scotland arising out of “The Disruption” of 1843 which took about 1/3 of members to the new Free Church
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68 First Scottish Presbyterian missionary
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Alexander Duff, 1829 missionary to India
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68 After him missions began to be a part of the regular work of the Church of Scotland
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Alexander Duff to India in 1829
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68 Emphasized missions abroad and godliness at home – prayed at length on Saturdays before he preached on Sundays
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Robert Murray McCheyne
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68 Major year in Scottish Church history because of climax of discord “Ten Years Conflict” resulting in “The Disruption”
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1843
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68 The Free Church of Scotland born this year
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1843
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68 The Free Church of Scotland left the main church over
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a form of Erastianism that denied the true gospel.
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68 Thomas Chalmers
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helped lead the beginnings of the Free Church of Scotland, ordained minister in the state church before he was converted reading Pascal and Wilberforce
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68 Free church leaders
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Chalmers, William Cunningham, “Rabbi” John Duncan, Horatius Bonar
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68 In Scotland, by 1929
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most of the Scottish Presbyterians came back together in the Church of Scotland
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69 19th century revival in Europe took place in
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Switzerland, France, Germany, Holland, and the Netherlands
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69 Revival in Switzerland outline
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theology at Calvin’s Academy had turned Unitarian with philosophy of Enlightenment. Robert Haldane was a Scot who came to Geneva a taught through Romans from his hotel room with a group of students. d’Augbigne was influenced by Haldane and wrote History of Reformation. Gaussen was also influenced by Haldane and wrote on inerrancy of Scripture in work called Theopneustia. Eventually d’Aubigne and others formed Free Church in Geneva.
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69 Name associated with revival in Switzerland
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Robert Haldane
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69 Revival in France outline
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Similar to Swiss revival. 1802 Reformed churches are once again legalized in France after over 100-year persecution after Revocation of Edict of Nantes. Frederic and Adolph Monod lay preachers whose work, along with that of Haldane who traveled to France, resulted in The Free Reformed Church in 1849
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69 Names associated with Revival in France
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Frederic and Adolph Monod, Robert Haldane (who traveled to France from Switzerland)
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69 Revival in Germany outline
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revival based on bible study, spiritual life, and confessional orthodoxy in both Lutheran and Reformed camps. Leaders – Neander, Tholuck, Schlatter
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69 Names associated with Revival in Germany
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Neander, Tholuck, Schlatter
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70 Revival in Netherlands outline
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Enlightenment thought called “Revolutionary” thought. Important names Bilderdijk, Prinsterer. Two main secessions – “The Secession” Reformed Church and the “Doleantie”
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70 Revival in Netherlands names
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Bilderdijk and Prinsterer
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70 Two main secessions in Netherlands
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“The Secession” Reformed Church and the “Doleantie”
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70 1892 in Netherlands
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churches of the Doleantie and The Secession merge to form the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands. Abraham Kuyper instrumental.
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70 He was instrumental in the 1892 merger that formed the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
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Abraham Kuyper
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71 Abraham Kuyper dates
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1837-1920
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71 Kuyper was
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pastor, newspaper editor, educator, theologian, prime minister
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71 Kuyper’s lectures at Princeton Seminary
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The Stone Lectures
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71 Stone Lectures topics
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Calvinism as relates to Life, History, Religion, Politics, Science, Art, and the Future
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71 Neo-Calvinism
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sometimes used to describe Kuyper’s movement. Brought Calvinism and the Reformed World and Life view back into a country that once knew them well.
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71 The Stone Lectures
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Kuyper’s lectures on Calvinism given at Princeton Seminary in 1898
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71 Stone Lectures year
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1898
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72 J. (John) Gresham Machen was born on
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July 28, 1881.
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72 Machen’s father was
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prominent Baltimore lawyer, who instilled in his son an interest in legal reasoning, logic and classical literature.(
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72 Machen's mother
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also exerted a strong influence on her son, in obtaining a thorough knowledge of the Bible and the Westminster Catechism.
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72 Machen’s upbringing
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Machen enjoyed a rather privileged up bringing. He attended a local private academy and received a classical education.
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72 Machen got his undergraduate degree at
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JHU
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72 After his undergraduate degree, Machen went to
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Princeton where he completed seminary and got a degree in Philosophy
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72 Machen ordained in
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1914 and promoted to assistant professor the same year
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72 Machen considered himself
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and consciously chose the title of Calvinist, an adherent of the Reformed faith, in the tradition flowing from the Word of God through Paul, Augustine, Calvin, and in America in the noteworthy and great tradition represented by Charles Hodge, B.B. Warfield, and the other representatives of the "Princeton School,"
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72 Machen’s view of the fundamentalist-modernist controversy
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opposed the union because it would unite in one body, denominations that had significant theological differences
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72 Founded Westminster Seminary
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J Gresham Machen
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72 New Testament professor at Princeton since1906
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J Gresham Machen
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73 Thesis of Machen’s Book Christianity and Liberalism
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liberalism is a different religion from Christianity
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73 Wrote Christianity and Liberalism
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J. Gresham Machen
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73 Themes in Machen’s Christianity and Liberalism
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Doctrine, God and Man, The Bible, Christ, Salvation, The Church
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74 Fundamentalism is
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a conservative theological movement in American Protestantism that arose to national prominence in the 1920’s in response to “modernism”
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74 Fundamentalism is rooted in
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a theological concern for apostolic and Reformation doctrine growing out of American revivalism
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74 Fundamentalism should be understood primarily as
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an attempt to protect the essential doctrines of the Christian faith from the eroding effects of modern thought.
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74 The roots of fundamentalism
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go back into the nineteenth century when evolution, biblical criticism, and the study of comparative religions began to challenge old assumptions about the authority of biblical revelation.
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74 Fundamentalism in 1920
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Curtis Lee Laws and others form a group within the Northern Baptist Convention adopted the name “fundamentalist” during a conference held in Buffalo, NY.
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74 Curtis Lee Laws and the original group of fundamentalists were
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moderate conservatives committed to upholding the fundamentals of the Gospel, and were not identified with dispensationalism or a crusade against evolutionary teaching, as would characterize fundamentalists later.
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74 Fundamentalism among Presbyterians
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Among Presbyterians, the conservative position was championed by J. G. Machen. Out of this movement the Orthodox Presbyterian and Bible Presbyterian churches were born.
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74 Gradually, “fundamentalism” came to be used loosely for
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all theological conservatism, including militants, moderates of the Laws type, and a scholarly type represented by Machen.
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74 Due to the tactics of certain leaders, the fundamentalist image eventually became stereotyped as
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close-minded, belligerent, and separatistic.
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75 Sometimes called the Father of modern theology
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Friedrich Schleiemacher
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75 Brought up among the Moravians. Influenced by the Enlightenment at University so that he developed a rational, critical view of Scripture, but also strongly influenced by Romanticism
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Friedrich Schleiemacher
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75 Wrote On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers
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Friedrich Schleiemacher
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Schleiemacher famous book in which he sought to find some way to make Christianity relevant again to people who had seemed to have given up on it in the university world
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On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers
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75 Solution of On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers
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What one feels deep within his or her own being is the essence of religion. That feeling of being in relation to God is the heart and soul of religion.
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75 On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers written
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1799 by Friedrich Schleiemacher
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75 Schleiemacher dates
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late 18th early 19th century.
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76 Theological modernism was based largely on the work
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of Schleiemacher and Ritschl
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76 Theological modernism attempted to
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reconstruct the Christian faith along largely ethical lines in accordance with “modern findings” of science and history, and to understand the progress of the kingdom of God simply in terms of social and political betterment.
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76 Attempted to reconstruct the Christian faith along largely ethical lines in accordance with “modern findings” of science and history, and to understand the progress of the kingdom of God simply in terms of social and political betterment
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theological modernism
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76 Movements that fought the influence of modernism
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Tractarianism, the “downgrade” controversy among British Baptists, and American fundamentalism
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76 Probably the most important indictment of modernism from the standpoint of the historic Reformed faith
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J. G. Machen’s Christianity and Liberalism (1923)
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76 Brought about the decline of modernism in its “classic form”
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Karl Barth and the rise of the Biblical Theology movement
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77 Neo-orthodoxy is
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teaching and preaching the Christian Faith, but it wasn’t liberalism or orthodoxy.
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77 Neo-orthodoxy name
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Karl Barth
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77 Karl Barth life
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1886-1968
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77 Karl Barth background
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member of Swiss Reformed Church, trained as liberal, faced pastoral crisis “what am I going to say to my people?” Discovered that critical knowledge of the bible was not something he could preach, returned to old reformed orthodoxy, though he doesn’t go completely back to orthodoxy or scripture
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77 Commentary on Romans
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Karl Barth wrote.
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77 Barth always appears contradictory partly because
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he uses a dialectical method to try to find truth by posing questions.
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77 Three serious problems in Barth
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saw scripture as veiled in human language and not inerrant. doubted the historical accuracy of the bible, had a pretty universalistic view of election
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Good in Barth
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directed many theologians and people back to the Reformation traditions, grace, redemption, etc.
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78 Vatican I dates and issue
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1869-70, Papal infallibility
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78 Vatican II dates and issue
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1962-65, aggiornamento (updating) of church, new openness toward “separated brethren”, continued commitment to power of pope
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78 Response to Vatican II by Catholic Church
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variously, dismay, evangelicalism, modernism
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78 Italian word meaning “updating” or “modernizing”
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aggiornamento
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79 Distinctives of Eastern Orthodoxy
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Infallibility resides in the Church, theosis (deification) is chief goal, beauty in liturgy, mystery (Apophaticism)
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79 Eastern orthodox word for deification of human nature or oneness with God
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theosis
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79 Greek orthodox word for “the dark” or mystery
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Apophaticism
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80-100 Daniel Baker
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19th cent. evangelist and itinerant preacher who saw tremendous blessing and periods of revival occur under his ministry. Traveled primarily in the southern, southeastern, and eastern states.
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19th cent evangelist and itinerant preacher in southern and eastern states
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Daniel Baker
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80-100 Timothy Dwight
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Late 18th, early 19th century congregational theologian and educator. President of Yale who reformed the school and tripled enrolment.
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Revival took place under his preaching, which by 1802 saw 1/3 of the students of Yale converted
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Timothy Dwight
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80-100 18th/19th cent. President of Yale who reformed school and tripled enrolment
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Timothy Dwight
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80-100 Asahel Nettleton
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early 19th century evangelist who involved local pastors in his awakening work, emphasizing the need to teach and nurture any who were converted. Meetings were dignified and subdued.
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80-100 His revival meetings were dignified and subdued
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Asahel Nettleton
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80-100 Early 19th cent. evangelist who stressed shepherding of new converts
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Asahel Nettleton
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80-100 David Livingstone
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19th century Scottish Missionary doctor/explorer, to Africa, sent by the London Missionary Society. Published Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa.
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80-100 Wrote Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
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David Livingstone
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80-100 Livingstone was from
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Scotland
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80-100 Henry Martyn
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Early 19th cent. Anglican missionary to India, inspired by David Brainard's journal and wrote his own journal, which became one of the great devotional and missionary books of the 19th century.
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80-100 Early 19th century Anglican missionary to India
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Henry Martyn
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80-100 Inspired by David Brainard’s journal and later wrote his own, which became one of the great devotional and missionary books of the 19th century
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Henry Martyn
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80-100 Adoniram Judson
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19th century American Congregationalist missionary sent to India in 1812 by American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Became Baptist after studying his bible on the boat on journey over. Baptist Mission Board started to support foreign missions. Became famous missionary to Burma.
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80-100 19th century Congregational missionary to India who became Baptist on the boat on the way over
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Adoniram Judson
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80-100 Baptist Mission Board started to support him
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Adoniram Judson
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80-100 Became famous missionary to Burma
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Adoniram Judson
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80-100 Thomas Chalmers
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19th century professor at St. Andrews whose evangelical influence led to the Church of Scotland dedicating itself to mission work. Latter leader of the new Free Church of Scotland, the most evangelical of Scottish denominations.
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80-100 19th Cent. professor at St. Andrews who led Church of Scotland to dedicate itself to mission work
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Thomas Chalmers
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80-100 Leader of the new Free Church of Scotland
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Thomas Chalmers
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80-100 The most evangelical of Scottish denominations
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the Free Church of Scotland
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80-100 Mary Slessor
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Late 19th/early 20th cent. Scottish United Presbyterian Church missionary to Africa who lived like a poor African. Became one of most knowledgeable people on African Law in all the church.
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80-100 She became one of the most knowledgeable people on African Law in all the church
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Mary Slessor
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80-100 Scottish United Presbyterian Church missionary to Africa who lived like poor African
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Mary Slessor
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80-100 Alexander Duff
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19th cent. first foreign missionary of Church of Scotland. Missionary to India. Left to become part of the Free Church of Scotland at the time of the Disruption in 1843. Student of Thomas Chalmers. Moderator of general assembly in 1851
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80-100 First foreign missionary of the Church of Scotland
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Alexander Duff, to India
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80-100 Scottish missionary to India who left to become a part of the Free Church of Scotland at the time of the Disruption
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Alexander Duff
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80-100 Year of “The Disruption”
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1843
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80-100 Student of Thomas Chalmers who was moderator of general assembly in 1851
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Alexander Duff
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80-100 Archibald Alexander
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l8th/19th century. Presbyterian theologian and educator. President of Hampden-Sydney College, then first professor at the theological seminary at Princeton.
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80-100 18th/19th century. Presbyterian theologian and educator. President of Hampden-Sydney College
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Archibald Alexander
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80-100 First professor at the theological seminary at Princeton
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Archibald Alexander
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80-100 Charles Hodge
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19th century leading American theologian. Instructor at Princeton for most of his life. Rigorously defended biblical inspiration.
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80-100 Charles Hodge Famous writings include
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Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans and Systematic Theology.
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80-100 He served as moderator of the general assembly (old school) in 1846
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Charles Hodge
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80-100 Opposed the New School views of doctrine and policy and supported division over the Old School, New School controversy
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Charles Hodge
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80-100 Charles Simeon
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18th/19th cent. vicar of Holy Trinity church in Cambridge, inspired his students (including Henry Martyn) with a zeal for missions.
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80-100 Charles Simeon writings
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Horae Homileticae is book of his sermon outlines from Genesis to Revelation.
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80-100 Charles Simeon was part of
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the Clapham Sect – outstanding lay Christians who were people of influence and power and prestige in the London area who dedicated themselves to putting evangelical life into practice and determined to take the truth of the Bible and apply it to social conditions in England.
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80-100 Outstanding lay Christians who were people of influence and power and prestige in the London area
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the Clapham Sect (included Charles Simeon and William Wilberforce)
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80-100 William Wilberforce
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18th/19th cent. most famous member of The Clapham Sect. A Member of Parliament at age 21. Abolition of slave trade and reformation of conduct of England (to see true Christianity practiced among the middle and upper classes of England again) were his two great missions.
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80-100 William Wilberforce writings
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A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians, in the Higher and Middle Classes in this Country, Contrasted with Real Christianity (1797)
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80-100 Member of Parliament who stirred the consciences of thousands of people who saw what real Christianity was for the first time
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William Wilberforce
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80-100 Abolition of slave trade and reformation of conduct of England were his two great missions
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William Wilberforce
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80-100 Soren Kierkegaard
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19th cent. “The Melancholy Dane” Saw need to reintroduce Christianity into his own Christian country. Sometimes called the first existentialist because he insisted we can’t do anything to bring God down to our level.
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80-100 The Melancholy Dane
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Soren Kierkegaard
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80-100 Called all the popular enlightenment thoughts delusions, because they failed to address the reality of death in its optimistic evolutionary humanism
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Soren Kierkegaard.
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80-100 Friedrich August Tholuck
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19th century German Protestant theologian. Converted under Pietist influences and turned to the study of theology. Professor of theology at Halle for forty-nine years. Connected with revival movement. Opposed rationalism.
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80-100 Professor of theology at Halle in 19th century
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Friedrich August Tholuck
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80-100 19th cent. German Protestant theologian who opposed rationalism
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Tholuck
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80-100 Adolf Schlatter
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19th/20th century Swiss NT Scholar. Ecumenical in outlook, and concerned to mediate between liberals and Pietists. Historian who stressed theology.
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80-100 Historian who stressed place of theology in history
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Adolf Schlatter
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80-100 B.B. Warfield
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1851-1921 American Presbyterian scholar. Succeeded A.A. Hodge as professor of theology at Princeton. Vigorously defended biblical inerrancy.
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80-100 B.B. Warfield Books
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An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the new Testament, The Lord of Glory, The Plan of Salvation, The Acts and Pastoral Epistles, and Counterfeit Miracles.
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80-100 Succeeded A.A. Hodge as professor of theology at Princeton
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B.B. Warfield
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80-100 Charles Finney
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19th century American lawyer turned revivalist whose “New Measures” influenced the course of revivalism and American History
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80-100 Finney’s “New Measures”
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revivalism as an organized plan.
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80-100 Finney’s theology
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Reformed and Calvinistic theology abandoned for Arminian/pelagian theology.
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80-100 John Henry Newman
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19th century Tractarian and cardinal. Raised in an Evangelical home, gradually moved toward High Church at Oxford. Eventually received into the Roman Church.
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80-100 Wanted to show via media of Church of England but eventually resigned his vicarage there and was received into the Roman Church. Eventually made a cardinal
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John Henry Newman
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80-100 John Henry Newman’s Writings
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Development of Christian Doctrine, Apologia Pro Vita Sua, Grammar of Assent.
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80-100 Richard and Reinhold Niebuhr
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20th cent. brothers who were neo-orthodox theologians.
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80-100 20th cent. brothers who were neo-orthodox theologians
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Richard and Reinhold Niebuhr
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80-100 Richard Niebuhr was
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scholarly, taught at Yale, known for writings exploring the relationship of faith and civilization.
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80-100 Richard Niebuhr Wrote
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Social Sources of Denominationalism, The Kingdom of God in America, The Meaning of Revelation, Radical Monotheism and Western Culture, and Christ and Culture.
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80-100 Reinhold Niebuhr taught
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at Union Theological Seminary. His theology united pragmatism and Christian Orthodoxy to effect a theology that accepted God’s sovereignty and encouraged men to reform institutions.
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80-100 Reinhold Niebuhr Wrote
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Christian Realism and Social Problems, Moral Man and Immoral Society, Faith and History, and The Nature and Destiny of Man
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80-100 Wrote Christ and Culture
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Richard Niebuhr
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80-100 Known for writings exploring the relationship of faith and civilization
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Richard Niebuhr
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80-100 Known for his theology, which united pragmatism and Christian orthodoxy and encouraged reform while acknowledging God’s sovereignty
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Reinhold Niebuhr
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80-100 James Henley Thornwell
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19th century Presbyterian minister and scholar. President for a brief time at what would become the University of South Carolina, then became professor of systematic theology at Columbia Theological Seminary. Founded The Southern Presbyterian Review and helped to establish the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States during the Civil War.
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80-100 Helped establish the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States during the Civil War
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James Henley Thornwell
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80-100 President for a brief time at what would become the University of South Carolina, then became professor of systematic theology at Columbia Theological Seminary
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James Henley Thornwell
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