Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
In the 19th Century population increased…
|
from 7.5m in 1781 to 18m in 1851 and cities became population centres.
|
|
|
Clear Class divides in 19th century between
|
Aristocracy (300 families) and gentry (10,000 families) / middle classes / working classes
|
|
|
Why change the system in 1830's?
|
Outdated, many unrepresented, land owners less important, bad economic situation, catholic emancipation shown reform without negative effects, division of tories, french revolution, poor were treated unfairly
|
|
|
Risk of revolution in 1830's?
|
Economic distress and swing riots, division in ruling class, well organised radical movement, influence of French revolution, but no radical leaders wanted revolution
|
|
|
Why oppose reform in 1830's?
|
small boroughs produced young politicians, upper classes experienced, virtual representation, anarchy would emerge
|
|
|
Constituency failures before 1832
|
56 borough with less than 50 voterrs, Lancashire had 1.3m but 14 MP's, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham and Bradford unrepresented
|
|
|
What was passed in 1829 by Wellington?
|
Catholic Emancipation split the Tory party
|
|
|
Unfair qualifications to vote in…
|
Potwalloper borough, burgage boroughs, freeman boroughs and coroporation boroughs
|
|
|
Whig MP…… said….?
|
Maucaulay said that the Whigs were trying to “reform that you may reserve” the aristocratic dominance.
|
|
|
What caused the first act to come to parliament?
|
William IV takes throne more open to reform, swing riots, economic recession, BPU formed in 1829
|
|
|
How was the 1832 bill passed after first rejection?
|
Early Grey dissolved parliament when HoL holds up, greater majority but 2nd bill defeated in HoL, Grey and Minister resign, William recalls Grey agrees to create peers but HoL passes it
|
|
|
Constituency problems post 1832…
|
60 constituencies had fewer than 300 voters while larger towns such as Doncaster and Loughborough had no representation.
|
|
|
Unfair representation distribution after 1832
|
English and Welsh counties had 57% of the population but 32% of seats
|
|
|
Contested seats post 1832
|
Percentage of contested seats increased from 30% to averaging 59%. Elections were open bribery and corruption was common
|
|
|
Percentage electorate who voted post 1832
|
The biggest increase was the % who actually voted, up from 17% in England to 59.6%.
|
|
|
Function of elections after 1832
|
Was to return a government not just MP's
|
|
|
Patronage post 1832
|
No limit on election expenses and in 1841 votes sold, 60 seats controlled by 42 aristocratic patrons
|
|
|
Class of MP's post 1832
|
Only 22% MP’s were middle class. 343 MP’s were closely related to peers, 240 gentry MP’s and no working class MP’s
|
|
|
Prime ministers after 1832
|
Of the next 8 prime ministers only Peel wasn't aristocratic. Grey said reform act "most aristocratic measure ever"
|
|
|
Crown's power after 1832…
|
Crown became a lot less important because Royal Patronage was less effective. Economical Reform since the 1780’s had restricted the spending of the monarch on patronage
|
|
|
What act of 1835 did what…?
|
Municipal Corporations Act (1835) abolished the closed corporations and created elected councils. The right to vote was given to all male ratepayers.
|
|
|
First Reform Act increased electorate….
|
from 478,000 to 800,000, still only 8% of adult population.
|
|
|
After first reform act voters were…
|
In boroughs a uniform £10 householder qualification. In counties 40 shilling free holders and tenant famers.
|
|
|
First Reform act changed constituencies by…
|
56 small boroughs lose both seats, 30 lose one seat and 41 new created in larger industrial towns.
|
|
|
What was needed after first reform act?
|
Registration of voters was now needed
|
|
|
Aims of chartism:
|
Universal male suffrage, secret ballot, equal constituencies, no property qualifications for MP's, payment for MP's, annual parliaments
|
|
|
Causes of Chartism's emergence:
|
Discontent with GRA, continuation of radical politics, Unstamped press, International revolutions, Discontent with whig social legislation, severe trade depression 1837-42, catholic emancipation
|
|
|
What whig legislation angered many?
|
Factor act of 1833 left working days at 15 hours and Poor Law Ammendment Act of 1834 (workhouses)
|
|
|
Who supported Moral force and who physical force?
|
Skilled artisans and Lovett were moral whereas handloom weavers and threatened occupations as well as O'Connor were physical force
|
|
|
LWMA formed…?
|
London Working Mans Association was formed in 1836 and drew up Charter in 1837
|
|
|
Where were meetings held to support charter?
|
Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds in 1838 and then National Chartist Convention but moral vs. Physical emerged
|
|
|
First Chartist petition
|
1839, rejected in Newport there was trouble when 5000 miners rioted, 500 arrested
|
|
|
Second Chartist petition
|
1842, rejected, led to plug riots in north, 100's arrested but by end of 1842 economy revived and Chartist support decline
|
|
|
Third Chartis petition
|
Revival due to bad economic situation; riots in birmingham and glasgow. Mass rally on Kennington common; 10,000 special constables recruited and petition rejected.
|
|
|
Major problems with 3rd petition
|
Massively exaggerated number of signaturies and many forgeries. O'Connor destroyed credibility
|
|
|
Chartist leaders
|
William Lovett (moral), Feargus O'Connor (physical), Hetherington (Poor Mans Guardian), Bronterre O'Brian (militant), George Julian Harney (general strike)
|
|
|
Was Chartism revolutionary?
|
Language and symbology, meetings show of strength, marx said so, riots, but worked within system, only radical aims, peaceful, democratic petitions
|
|
|
Why did Chartism fail?
|
Government efficiency (treated as revolutionary, government legislation, end to economic problems, division between leaders, violence gave government excuse
|
|
|
Why did economic improvement stop Chartism?
|
To some extent a social and economic movement with political aims as a way of gaining other help
|
|
|
In what ways did the government efficiently deal with Chartism?
|
Dispatched troops quickly, arrested leaders, Queen was evacuated from Londong in 1848, crushed violence
|
|
|
What government legislation stopped Chartism
|
Repeal of corn laws (1846), reform of poor law 1846 and 47 and public health act, 1848
|
|
|
What did Chartism achieve?
|
Working class culture, ex-Chartists became Liberals and led to 2nd Reform act, supported trade union movement
|
|
|
Why did demand for reform emerge in 1860's?
|
Population changes, radical pressure, trade unions, American civil war, reform league/union, Palmerstons death, conservatives accepted reform
|
|
|
Population changes since 1830's
|
Increase from 24m in 1831 to 29m in 1861 and carried on urbanising
|
|
|
Disraeli's motives:
|
more favourable electorate (no election win since 1846), made him Derby's successor, destory agitation and Gladstone, genuine belief
|
|
|
What had Gladstone tried to do in 1866?
|
Reduce £10 householders to £7 but Rob Love had opposed it
|
|
|
What agitation was there in 1860's?
|
In North and midlands and in Hyde Park rioters destroyed the railings in 1866 when Gladstone's bill rejected
|
|
|
Himelfarb felt that Disraeli
|
liked democracy and created popular conservatism
|
|
|
Treveylan felt
|
conservatives were just trying to stay in office.
|
|
|
Harrison felt
|
that Reform League pressure and popular agitation.
|
|
|
What did Disraeli do as the 2nd Bill was going through parliament?
|
Accepted almost any ammendments except Gladstones even compounder ammendment increasing electorate by 400,000
|
|
|
Second Reform act increased electorate…
|
from 1,36m to 2.46m. Increase 134% in boroughs and 46% in counties
|
|
|
After second reform act voters were…
|
In boroughs ratepayers/householders and £10 lodgers in residence for 12 months. In counties no real change still 40 shilling freeholders
|
|
|
Second reform act changed constituencies by…
|
52 seats redistributed to big towns but commission was Conservative and vast difference in size remained
|
|
|
Secret Ballot Act of…
|
1872 meant voting was conducted by secret ballot
|
|
|
Why did Gladstone bass act of 1872?
|
To appease John Bright, media report on 1868 election as violent and awful
|
|
|
What act and when attempted to stop corruption?
|
1883 – Corrupt Practices Act:Bribery, undue influence, assaulting, impersonating etc. were banned punishable with imprisonment, a fine and a ban from parliament. Limits set on campaign expenditure set.
|
|
|
Effects of 1883 act
|
In 1885 expenditure down 75% and petitions to parliament decreased from 28 in 1880 to 8 in 1885. Volunteers recruited through things such as Primrose league
|
|
|
Failings of 2nd Reform act
|
2/3 of MP’s were returned by ¼ of the electorate due to the unfair constituencies. County and borough voters different
|
|
|
How was Chamberlain inolved in 3rd act?
|
Organised People vs. Peers when HoL vetoed bill, was trying to become radical leader of Liberals
|
|
|
Why Reform in 1884?
|
Trade unions in counties agitated as their members couldn't vote but in boroughs could, Gladstone saw Liberal support. Little popular agitation
|
|
|
What happened to first bill in 1884?
|
HoL held it up when Salisbury who had resigned post 1867 notice potential benefit from 'Villa Toryism'
|
|
|
What compact waas involved in 3rd Reform act
|
The Arlington Street Compact was secret meetings between Gladstone, Salisbury and other leading figures
|
|
|
Constituencies changed in 1885 because?
|
Salisbury saw Villa Toryism and created single member class constitutencies to benefit conservatives
|
|
|
Third reform act voters were…
|
Uniform franchise for counties and boroughs of adult male occupying land worth £10 a year in rent.
|
|
|
Third reform act increase electorate…
|
from 3.5m to 5.5m. Increased 60% and to 60% of adult men who could now vote
|
|
|
Third reform act changed constituencies by…
|
142 seats redistributed, seats given to largest cities and counties. This was a radical redrawing making most constituencies single member.
|
|
|
Post 1885 largest constituency
|
was only 8 times the smallest as opposed to 250 times
|
|
|
Gladstone became more reforming because?
|
US Civil war and working class reaction, in 1883 to outdo Chamberlain and in 1872 to get John Bright, also Liberal potential in working class
|
|
|
Failings of 3rd Reform act…
|
7% votes were extra votes held by rich men and Irish constituencies had about half nuber of voters as english
|
|
|
Before 1832 parties were…
|
Fliud and informal. Many MP's independent and many candidates elected unopposed
|
|
|
1832 was what for parties according to who?
|
Gash said that it was "the point of departure for a new party system"
|
|
|
Political Clubs…
|
The Tories established their Carlton club in 1832 and Liberals had their Reform Club opened in 1836 allowed coordination of policy and strategy
|
|
|
Post 1832 Polarisation
|
in areas where dual votes were given before 1832 split voting occurred in 30-70% of cases but in 1841 it occurred in fewer than 10% of cases,
|
|
|
Soon after 1832 elections reported in…
|
Whig and Tory loss and gains
|
|
|
Tamworth Manifesto
|
1834. Peel accepted the Reform Act as a final settlement on constitutional matters but that he would accept cautious and limited Reform as long as it didn’t undermine stability
|
|
|
Why did Peel launch Tamworth Manifesto?
|
Needed to appeal to middle class enfranchised
|
|
|
The Whigs allied with
|
Irish MP’s and Radicals in the Lichfield House Compact of 1835
|
|
|
What happened for Conservatives in 1846?
|
Peel repealed the Corn Laws, 1846, then Peelites, 100 MP's, split from Conservatives. They loosely allied with Whigs
|
|
|
Formation of Liberal Party
|
In 1859 in the Willis Rooms coalition when Gladstone and Whigs formed together to defeat Lord Derby and support Italian Unification
|
|
|
national organisations
|
Conservative National Union (1867) and The National Liberal Federation (1877)
|
|
|
What did post 1832 party organisation focus on?
|
voter registration and attracting middle class
|
|
|
What stimulated the need for local Liberal organisation?
|
Chamberlain's Liberal Caucus which worked through efficient communication at local level
|
|
|
After 1867 Liberal's set up…
|
Working men's club which provided a social life in the community
|
|
|
The Conservatives create the Conservative National Union in
|
1867 and by 1871 had 791 affiliated associations.
|
|
|
Central party organisation was run by?
|
Proffessionals whose coordinated the local parties with the priority of voter mobilisation for elections
|
|
|
The Number of uncontested elections after 2nd reform act
|
fell from 194 to 39 between 1865 and 1885.
|
|
|
Daily Telegraph
|
By 1870 the Daily Telegraph sold 190,000 copies, this was vital in development of national politics.
|
|
|
Disrael and Gladstone became…
|
National leaders with national issues, in 1879/80 Gladstone even toured Midlothian and voters knew WHO they were electing
|
|
|
Post 1867 created
|
Clear two party system, national personalities, improved national and local party organisation
|
|
|
Post 1883 for parties…
|
volunteers had to be recruited, election expenditure refocused nationally, volunteers recruited through primrose league etc.
|
|
|
Even after after 1867 and 1885 who was in parliament
|
Aristocrats continued to dominate
|
