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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prokaryotic Cell includes
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(Bacteria, Archaea) Ribosomes, chromosomes, no nucleous so DNA is in the nucleoid region but no membrane bound organelles, all material in the plasma membrane is cytoplasm, has cytosol
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Eukaryotic Cell includes
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(Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi) Ribosomes, Chromosomes, plasma membrane, cytosol, Nucelus which holds the chromosomes in a membrane bound organelle, which is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) much larger that Prokaryotic cells, cytoplasm contains membrane bound organelles and cytosol.
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Which is larger e cells or p cells?
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e cells
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Nucleoid
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a region in a p cell that has DNA but is not separated by a membrane
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nucleus
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only in e cells, a membrane bound organelle that contain chromosomes and has three parts: nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus.
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cytosol
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semifluid medium in cell and makes up cytoplasm
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cytoplasm
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region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
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Bacteria and Archae consist of Prokaryotic cells or Eurkaryotic cells
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Prokaryotes
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Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi consists of Prokayrotic cells or Eurkaryotic cells?
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Eukaryotic cells
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Bound and enclosed by a plasma membrane are in P cells, E cells or both?
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both
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what is inside a plasma membrane?
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cytosol
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what is cytosol?
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a semifulid medium
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Where is cytoplasm located in a Eukaryotic cell?
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Between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of the cell
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What does cytoplams of a E cell consist of?
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cytosol and membrane-bound organelles
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what does cytoplams of a P cell consist of?
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all the material within the plasma membrane of the P cell.
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membrane bounded organelles are abset in?
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P cells.
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Is it P or E cells that are generally much larger?
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E cells
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Chromosomes do what with genes?
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carry genes
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Ribosomes do what with genes?
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make protiens according to instructions from genes
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cell increases in size the V. . . .
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increases faster than it's surface area
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smaller objects have a greater
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ratio of S.A to volume
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what is a selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes for the whole volume of the cell?
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plasma membrane
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The volume of _______ determines the need for the exchange of materials (oxygen, nutrients, wastes) in the cell.
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cytoplasm
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T/F Larger organisms have larger cells than do smaller organisms
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F Larger organisms have more cells not larger cells.
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A cell must have enough DNA to control the cell's
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metabolism
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what must a cell have to sustain it's metabolism repair and reproduction
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must have enough ribosomes, enxymes and other cell components
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extensive and elabroate parts of the E cell which partition the cell into compartment
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internal membranes
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E cell relationship of volume and SA to P cells
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E cell is a 1000X greater Volume but only 100X greater SA.
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what vastly increases the membrane SA to vlume ratio for E cells?
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internal membranes
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smallest cells in bacteria are called?
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mycoplamsmas between 0.1 and 1.0 microns
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what participate in metabolims because many enxymes are built into membranes?
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internal membrane
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How does an internal membrane put the cell into compartments
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The barriers created by membranes provide different localized conditions that facilitate specific metabolic functions
Some metabolic functions are antagonistic or are incompatible with each other. |
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T/F Mitochondira contain genes in an E cell?
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True
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T/F Chloroplasts contain genes in an E cell?
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True
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What contains the most genes in an E cell?
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Nucleus
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nucleus is separated from the cytoplams by a double membrane . .. . . .
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nuclear envelope
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where the double membranes are fused together, what allows large macromolecules like mRNA and protiens and other materials to pass into and out of the nucleus
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nuclear pores
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E cells have more than one nucleus
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Multinucleated within the nucleus the DNA and proteins are organized into a fibrous material called chromatin.
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When the cell prepares to divide, the _______ fibers coil up to be seen as separate structures called chromosomes.
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chromatin
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T/F more advanced organisms have more chromosmes
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False there is no obvious pattern
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In the nucleus what is synthesized and assembled with proteins from the cytoplams
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rRNA ribosomal RNA.
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the _____ subunits pass from the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm where the subunits combine to form _______.
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ribosomal, ribosomes
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subunits for ribosomes are produced where?
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nucleus
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subunits for ribosomes produced int he nucleus are made of what? and what happens to them?
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rRNA (produced in the nucleus) and various proteins (transported into the nucleus from the cytoplasm through nuclear pores.
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T/F When the subunits for ribosomes are put together in the cytoplasm the ribosome can reenter the nucleus through nuclear pores
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False
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T/F Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
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True
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How do nuclear genes direct protein synthesis?
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by synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA)
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what type of RNA travels to the cytoplasm and combines with ribosomes to translate it's genetic message into the primary structure of a specific polypeptide
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mRNA
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what is composed of two subunits that combine to carry out protein synthesis?
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ribosomes
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T/F cless that synthesize large quantities of proteins have smalll numbers of ribosomes and prominent nuclei
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false
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What type of ribosome is suspended in the cytosol and synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol.
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free ribosome
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what type of ribosomes is attached to the outisde of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope?
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bound ribosome
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free ribosomes are located where in the cell?
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suspeneded in the cytosol
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bound ribosomes are located where in the cell?
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in the ER and the nuclear envelope
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free ribsoomes do what?
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synthesize proteins that function within the cytosol
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bound ribosomes do what?
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synthesize protiens that are included into membranes or exported from the cell
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T/F ribsoomes shift from free and bound states
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true
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what is included in an endomembrane system?
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nuclear envelope
ER golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles plasma membrane |
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what plays a key role in synthesis and break down of macromolecules in the cell?
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endomembrane system
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If a membrane of the endomembrane system is in indirect contact with other membranes then what is happennig?
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membranes are connected by vesicles which are membrane sacs.
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what accounts for half the membranes in the cell?
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ER
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what is made up of cisternae?
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ER
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In the Golgie Apparatus, what do you call the flattened or tube like sacs in a cell?
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cisternae
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what are cisternal spaces?
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fluid filled spaces inisde the tubes or flattened sacs
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with continuously flows between the nuclear envelope and the ER?
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cisternal space
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Why does smooth ER look smooth?
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lacking in ribosomes
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Rough ER looks rough because. . .
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it has ribosomes attached to the outside of the ER membrane.
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what type of ER is rich in enzymes?
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smooth
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smooth ER enzymes synthesizes what?
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lipids, oils, phospholipids, steroid (sex hormones)
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smooth ER enzymes also catalyzes what. . . .
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a key step in mobilization of glucose from stored glycogen in the liver.
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which ER contains enzymes that can detoxify drugs and points? How do they do this?And where in the body does this especially occur?
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smooth ER, by adding hydroxyl groups to the toxin and making them more soluble so it is easier to flush out of the body. occurs in liver.
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What type of body cells pump calcium ions from the cytosol to the cisternae? What happens when this occurs?
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muscle cells, when nerve impulses stimulates a muscle cell calclium leaks from the cells ER into the cytosol, triggering contraction. After contraction enxymes pump the calcium back into the ER readying the cell for the next stimulation.
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which ER manufactures secratory proteins and membranes?
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rough
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What do proteins in rouch ER do?
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proteins are threaded through the memrbane into the cisternal spaceinside the rough ER.
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proteins that are threaded through the nuclear envelope membrane into the cisternal space inside the rough ER are called
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glycoproteins
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how does a rough ER protein depart from the cisternal space?
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leaves ER inside a transport vesicle.
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Many transport vesicles from the ER travel to the . . . .
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golgi apparatus.
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what is the center of manfacturing warehousing sorting and shipping of materials for secretion in a cell?
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golgi apparatus
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the cis side of a golgi is what?
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the side the receives material by fusing with vesciles from ER
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the trans side of golgi is what?
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the side that buds off vesicles that travel to other sites.
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what carries out the digestions of materials in a cell?
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lysosomes
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what is a membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest macormolecules?
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lysosomes
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T/F lysosomes are partly produced by the golgi app.?
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true
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Lysosomes include:
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protease, nucleases, carboyhdrases and lipases
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lysosomes work best at what pH? is it acidic or basic?
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pH 5 which is acidic
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how do the hydrolytic enxymes become active?
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proteins in the lysosomal membrane pump hydrogen ions from the cytosol to the lysosomes
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what is autolysis?
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the rupture of many lysosomes within a cell that can destroy the cell
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The rupture of many lysosomes within a cell that can destroy the cell is?
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autolysis
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T/F lysosomal enxymes and membrane are synthesized by rough ER and then transferred to teh Golgi
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true
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what is intracellular digestion?
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phagocytosis, eat by engulfing smaller organisms or other food particles
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what is formed by phagocytosis and then fuses with a lysosome whose enxymes digest the food?
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food vacuole
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how is recycling done within a cell?
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a lysosome can fuse with another organelles or part of the cytosol, digesting it which renews the cell
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what is form of autolysis and lysosomes play a critical role in destruction of cells?
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apoptosis
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what is from phagocytosis and fuses with lysosomes?
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Food vacuoles
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what is found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell?
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Contractile vacuoles
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what is found in many plants cells but not in animal cells?
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Central vacuoles
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what is the membrane surrounding the central vacuole?
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tonoplast
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Functions of the central vacuole are?
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stockpiling proteins
inorganic ions depositing toxic metabolic byproducts storing pigments storing defensive compounds against herbivores increasing the surface to volume ratio of the cell |
