Redmond Vocab - Chapter 17,section 2

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John Locke

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17th century Englishman whose theory of knowledge greatly affected 18th century intellectuals
said every person was born with tabula rasa - a "blank mind" and that people were molded by experiences through their senses from the surrounding world

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philosophe

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French for philosopher - intellectuals of the Enlightenment were known by this
writers, professors, journalist, economists, and social reformers affected by them
made up mostly of nobility and middle class
started the movement of intellectuals to the western world
each generation became more radical as they built contributions

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Montesquieu

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Charles-Louis de Secondat or Baron de Montesquieu who came from French nobility
tried to use the scientific method to find the natural laws that govern the social and political relationship of human beings
identified 3 basic governments
1) republics - suitable for small states
2) depotism - appropriate for large states
3) monarchies - ideal for moderate-size staets
believed England had 3 branches of government - executive (monarchy), legislative (Parliament), and judicial (the courts of England)

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separation of powers

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said that the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of government limit and control each other in a system later known as checks and balances

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Voltaire

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greatest figure of Enlightenment
real name was Francois-Marie Arovet (pen name = Voltaire)
wrote an endless stream of pamphlets, novels, plays, letters, and essays
criticized Christianity and had a strong belief of religious tolerance
championed deism

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Deism

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18th century philosophy based on reason and natural law
believed a mechanic (God) had created the Universe

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Denis Diderot

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person who went to the University of Paris
became a freelance writer to study and read many subjects and languages
made the "Encyclopedia", or "Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades" - which many people of the Enlightenment contributed to. 28 volume of knowledge that's purpose was to "change the general way of thinking"
First published in 1751, but was continually added on to

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laissez-faire

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doctrine that said the government shouldn't put regulations on the economy
means "to let (people) do (what they want)"

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Adam Smith

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made the best statement of laissez-faire in 1776 in his famous work "The Wealth of Nations"
said the government had 3 basic role - protecting society from mansion (army), defending the citizen from injustice (police), and keeping up certain public works, like roads and canals, that private individuals could not afford

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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philosophe who wrote "Discourse or the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind" - said people had adopted laws and government in order to preserve private property, becoming enslaved to the government
Wrote "The Social Contract" - which presented the concept of social contract and "Emile" - which was "on the education of a natural man" (says education should foster, not restrict, children's natural instincts

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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founder of modern European and American movement for women's rights
Talked about 2 problems with Enlightenment thinkers in " A Vindication of the Rights of Women"
1) Same people who said women must obey men also said that a government based on the arbitrary power of monarchs over subjects was wrong and
2) The Enlightenment was based on an ideal of reason in all human-beings. Because women have reason; they're entitled to the same rights as men

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London

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first daily newspapers were printed here in 1702
In England on the coast
west of Madrid, east of the Atlantic Ocean, and northwest of the Mediterranean Sea

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salon

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elegant drawing rooms of wealthy upper class great urban houses
invited guests talked about the new ideas of philosophes and the Enlightenment here, which caused them to spread