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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sarah Hrdy
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- studies witnessed promiscuous behavior of female chips and monkeys
- animal infanticide is an "adaptation" so males can father lots of offspring - concealed ovulation prevents female infanticide |
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Robin Dunbar
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male gibbons are monogamous to prevent infanticide
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Wrangham
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the gorilla social system designed around the prevention of infanticide; for females there is safety in numbers
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Roger Short
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although gorillas are 4x the weight of chimps, chimps have testicles 4x the size
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Birkhead and Moller
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female birds benefit from being promiscuous because it allows mating with a mediocre husband and an affair with a genetically superior neighbor
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Nancy Burley
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- study with zebra finches show that attractive male make inattentive fathers
- women learned to be concealed ovulation because of painful childbirth |
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Baker and Bellis
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- amount of sperm retained in a woman's vagina after sex varies according to whether she had an orgasm, and how long since she had sex
- studies on people in Liverpool and rats |
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Robert Smith
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explanation for concealed ovulation: husband must stay around mate, which keeps him from mischief and makes sure he is there to help rear the babies
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Donald Symons
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- women use concealed ovulation to seduce philandering in exchange for gifts
- Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness |
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Benshoof & Thornhill
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concealed ovulation allows a woman to mate with a superior by stealth - it's a weapon in the adultery game
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Finns and Swedes
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in Bonfire of the Vanities, the mistress is fooled into thinking the male is unmarried
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Norwegians
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in Bonfire of the Vanities, the wife visits the mistress's nest to drive her away; men deceive their wives about affairs, not mistresses
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Jose Veiga
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study with sparrows revealed that senior wives do not stand for male polygamy because they need the husband's help to rear chicks
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Laura Betzig
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- analysis of medieval history suggests the begetting of wealthy heirs was the cause of church-state controversies
- men treat power as a means to sexual and reproductive success |
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Silverman & Eals
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men are better at direction because they used to be hunters; women are better at detail because they used to be gatherers
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Camille Paglia
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to believe in sexual equality is just; to believe in sexual identity is unfeminist and peculiar
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Gunter Dorner
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experiments on rats showed that the release of the luteinizing hormone was typical of female rats
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Nancy Thornhill
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- thought male and female preferences weren't universal
- invented by powerful men to prevent rivals form accumulating wealth |
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Buss
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experiment in 33 countries that showed preferences of women and men
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Bruce Ellis & Don Symons
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conducted questionnaire of sexual fantasies of 307 California students - romance novel and porn represent respective utopian fantasies of the two sexes
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Hurst & Haig
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gay genes survive because they sterilize males, our sexual instincts have evolved by natural instinct, and they're adaptive
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Sigmund Freud
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- people secretly desire incest which are repressed by societal taboos
- equates attraction/love with sexual attraction - assumes people have incestuous desires - universal human mental attributes; blames early nurture for nature |
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Edward Westermarck
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- people are rarely turned on by people they spent a lot of time with during childhood
- if incest were to occur, it would occur between father and daughter |
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Levi-Strauss
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taboos exist because then women can be used as bargaining chips between tribes
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Lorenz
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chicks and goslings imprint on the first thing they meet
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Smuts
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today thinness is a sign of wealth because rich women can afford diets, healthy food, and fitness plans
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Ronald Fisher
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men marry thin women to have thin daughters, who will marry well and bear more children, which will gave the male more grandchildren
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Singh
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- at age 10, a girl experiences changes in her waist to chest ratio
- a man will find almost nay women attractive as long as her waist is much thinner than her hips |
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Low
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men choose broad-hipped women because they are more able to give birth
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Galton
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merging several women's faces yields a more attractive one than the individual
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Bruce Ellis
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personality is important for females - they prefer dominant men
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Stephen Gay Gould
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- environmental as well as genetic differences can cause someone to have bigger wisdom teeth, and the same applies to aggression
- concept of neoteny - language may be by-product of neoteny |
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Emil Durkheim
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- founder of sociology
- assumes people are blank slates on which culture writes - assumptions: anything that varies between cultures must be culturally acquired, anything that develops instead of forming at birth must be learned, anything genetically determined must be inflexible |
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Kenneth Oakley
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man is a tool user and toolmaker, and he developed a big brain for that purpose
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Raymond Dart
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- rival to toolmaking theory
- lions and baboons hunt and gather too |
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Richard Alexander
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key feature of human environment is the presence of other humans
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Humphrey
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- intelligence is the ability to "modify behavior on the basis of valid inference from evidence"
- mankind uses his intellect mainly in social situations - humans need a "polytechnic school" |
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Leda Cosmides
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conducted experiments at Stanford with Wason test
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Cosmides & Gigerenzer
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people are treating the puzzles in the Wason test as social contracts, not logic
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Geoffrey Miller
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- intelligence is for sexual selection
- sexual selection makes survival problems worse - peahen plumage is parallel to desire for entertaining companions - people dare not step off treadmill of selecting creative, witty mates - Scheherazade Effect |
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Christopher Badcock
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neotenic traits are favored by female choice because younger males make more cooperative hunters
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Robin Fox
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anthropologist who believes that until proved otherwise, man must considered creature of his culture, not culture of man's nature
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Jane Goodall
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male chimps attack strange females with infants and kill the infants; they do not attack childless females
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Hill
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Ache People of Paraguay Study
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Graham Bell
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- Tangled Bank Theory
- Vicar of Bray theory - humans adapt to whatever conditions suit them |
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Richard Dawkins
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The Blind Watchmaker - the body is an evolutionary vehicle for the gene
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Jean Baptiste-Lamarck
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acquired traits are inherited
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Wynne Edwards
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we are not competing with other species, we are competing with our own
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John Maynard Smith
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- spreading a sexual gene means passing on twice as many genes on as rivals (advantage)
- wrote "The Evolution of Sex" |
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George Williams
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sex requires animals to ignore self-interest for a while for their species
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Van Valen
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extinction is random
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William Hamilton
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sex recycles
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Hickey & Rose
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discovered transposons
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Trivers and Willard
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parents in good condition have male-biased liters, and parents in poor conditions have female-biased litters
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Fisherian
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females choose males based on beauty so they can pass it on to their sons
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Good-Gene (Wallace)
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females like beauty because it's a sign of god genetic qualities like disease resistance, vigor, and strength
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Moller
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longest tails are symmetrical and best at securing mates
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