Reconstruction

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Reconstruction

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1865-1877
:Policies of the U.S. government toward the South after the Civil War
*Affects modern racism and civil rights

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Lost Cause

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The phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil War defeat.
* Viewed war as noble cause
* Defeat was temporary setback
* "The South will rise again!"

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Freedman's Bureau

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Agency established by Congress in March 1865 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves.
*Lasted seven years
*Greatest success was in education

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Field Order No. 15

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Order by General William T. Sherman setting aside abandoned lands on the Atlantic coast to freedmen
*"40 acres and a mule"
* Rescinded by Pres. Johnson later that year.

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Southern Homestead Act

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Largely unsuccessful law passed in 1866 that gave blacks preferential access to public lands in five Southern states.

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Sharecropping

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Labor system that evolved during Reconstruction wherby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm equipment and animals, and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the labors' crop.
*Laborers often cheated by landowner.

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Black Codes

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Laws passed by states denying many rights of citizenship to free blacks before the Civil War; laws during Reconstruction era passed by newly elected southern legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment.

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Thirteenth Amendment

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Emancipation for slaves.

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Fourteenth Amendment

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Grants all citizens equality before the law; addressed civil rights and voting.

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Fifteenth Amendment

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Passed by Congress in 1869 guaranteed the right of American MEN to vote, regardless of race.

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Congressional Reconstruction

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Name given to the period 1867-1870 when Republicans dominated Congress and controlled Reconstruction era policy.
*Known as Radical Reconstruction

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Tenure of Office Act

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Passed by Republican-controlled Congress to limit presidential interference with its policies.
*Deliberately violated by Johnson
* Resulted in Johnson's impeachment

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Scalawags

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Southern whites who supported the southern Republican Party during Reconstruction era
*Pejorative term

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Carpetbaggers

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Pejorative term to describe northern transplants to the South who took advantage of cheap land.
*Many were Union soldiers who remained in the South after the war.

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Union League

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A Republican Party organization in northern cities that became an important organizing device among freedmen in southern cities after 1865.

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Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

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Prominent vigilante group that terrorized black people in the South during the Reconstruction era.
*Founded by Confederate veterans in 1866

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Redeemers

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Southern Democrats who took control of government in the former Confederacy from Republicans often through electoral fraud and violenece

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Compromise of 1877

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The congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed (Repub) Rutherford B. Hayes as president and gave Dems. control of all state governments in the South.
*Ends Reconstruction

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"This Republic of Suffering"

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by Drew Gilbin Faust
*DEATH and the American Civil War
*2.5% of population dead
*More died from disease than combat
*All other fatalities in US wars is fewer than the Civil War.

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Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction

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10% plan
"With malice toward none and charity for all"

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Johnson's Plan for Reconstruction

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Rebellious states never left the Union
Granted pardons and restoration of property to those who took the Iron Clad Oath.

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Thaddeus Stevens

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Ran against Ulysses S. Grant for president
Believed in racial equality
Had a black housekeeper who was rumored to be his mistress

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Literacy Tests;
Grandfather Clause;
Poll Tax

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Black codes used to keep black men from exercising their right to vote.
:You have to pass a literacy test to vote (10% literacy)
:If your grandfather was registered to vote, you don't have to take a literacy test.
: You have to pay to vote.

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De Jure Segregation

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Jim Crow laws which mandated segregation by law. Separate but "equal."

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De Facto Segregation

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Segregation by comfort and culture

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Panic of 1873

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Recession/Depression
Causes loss of focus on Reconstruction