• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/72

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

72 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
9. Protection-Motivation Theory
Protection-Motivation Theory:

(Rogers): The Protection Motivation Theory proposes that the intention to protect one self depends upon four factors

1) The perceived severity of a threatened event (e.g., a heart attack)

2) The perceived probability of the occurrence, or vulnerability (in this example, the perceived vulnerability of the individual to a hear attack)

3) The efficacy of the recommended preventive behavior (the perceived response efficacy)

4) The perceived self-efficacy (i.e., the level of confidence in one’s ability to undertake the recommended preventive behavior)


SO: Appeal to fear would facilitate attitude change under all the following conditions EXCEPT: when the person's convinced the danger is inevitable.
11. Elaine Hatfield:
1.Passionate love is characterized by intense emotions, sexual attraction, anxiety, and affection. 6 and 30 months.

2. Companionate love is characterized by mutual respect, attachment, affection, and trust.

3. Agape love: Selfless love of one person for another without sexual implications
17. Reciprocal socialization
1. Reciprocal socialization is a socialization process that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children
20. Seymour Epstein
Seymour Epstein: Showed that personality measurements can be strengthened by applying traditional psychometric principles.

SE: Found that aggregating observations across different situations and occasions STRENGTHENS support for different personality traits.
Rules of language:

1. Prescriptive:
2. Descriptive:
3. Orthographic
4. Pragmatic:
5. Semantic:
Rules of language:

1. PRESCRIPTIVE: can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used. These rules can cover such topics as standards for spelling and grammar or syntax; or rules for what is deemed socially or politically correct.

2. Descriptive: Observes and records how language is used in practice. Eschews value judgments and makes no recommendations.

3. Orthography: of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific writing system to write the language

4. Pragmatic: Pragmatics is the study of the ability of natural language speakers to communicate more than that which is explicitly stated.

5. Semanticists: differ on what constitutes meaning in an expression.
32. What's...

a. Contextual retrieval?
b. Retroactive interference?
c. trace decay?
d. Retroactive interference?
Cognitive:

a. Contextual retrieval cues: Being in a context that helps you remember stuff.

b. Retroactive interference: learning NEW things somehow overwrites or obscures existing knowledge.

c. trace decay: Forgetting (retention loss) refers to apparent loss of information already encoded and stored in an individual's long term memory. It is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage.

d. Proactive Interference: Proactive interference is when old information interferes with new information. Trying to remember one phone number isn't (too) hard, but the second one will be harder, and the third even worse. Old info builds up static that messes up your newer memories.
Classical Conditioning...

When a tone elicits salivation, then a light is paired with the tone (without food). The light elicits salivation because of...

What's...
1. Second-order conditioning?
2. Sensory preconditioning?
3. Chaining?
Classical conditioning:

1. Second-order conditioning: The use of a previously successfully conditioned stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

2. Sensory preconditioning: An association between stimuli established prior to the beginning of conditioning.

3. Chaining: It involves reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior. It is frequently used for training behavioral sequences (or "chains") that are beyond the current repertoire of the learner.
35. What usually emerges in development at the same age as two-word sentences?
What usually emerges in development at the same age as two-word sentences?
Pretend play!!
39. Complex representations of an activation pattern of many individual units that have simple on-off functions. This theory re: memory is...

(what's connectionism? What's activation? Spreading activation?)
Complex representations of an activation pattern of many individual units that have simple on-off functions. This theory re: memory is...
1. Connectionism: The central connectionist principle is that mental phenomena can be described by interconnected networks of simple units.
i. Activation: In most connectionist models, networks change over time. A closely related and very common aspect of connectionist models is activation. With neurons, the activation could represent the probability that the neuron would generate an action potential spike.
ii. Spreading activation: spreading activation model, then over time a unit's activation spreads to all the other units connected to it. Spreading activation is always a feature of neural network models, and it is very common in connectionist models used by cognitive psychologists.
What's the...

1. Information-Processing model?

2. Atkinson-Shiffrin Model:

3. Encoding Specificity Model
1. Information processing: Like the computer, the human mind is a system that processes information through the application of logical rules and strategies. Like the computer, the mind has a limited capacity for the amount and nature of the information it can process.
Featuring: role of change mechanism in development, Development is driven by self-modification.

2. Atkinson-Shiffrin model, Multi-store model or Multi-memory model: A proposal for the structure of memory. It proposed that human memory involves a sequence of three stages:

1. Sensory memory (SM)
2. Short-term memory (STM)
3. Long-term memory (LTM)

3. Encoding Specificity Model: encoding specificity principle states that memory will be best when the context during encoding matches the context at retrieval.
42. Bystander Effect
Bystander Effect: When someone is less likely to intervene in an emergency situation when other people are present and able to help than when he or she is alone.
(aka diffused responsibility)
44. What is TRUE about Alfred Binet's questions for his first test of intelligence?
A. Binet's first test of intelligence: Discriminated among children of different chronological ages.
47. Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis: Speculation that schizophrenia is associated with abnormal brain development.
52. Naloxene is good for studies re: the role of endogenous opiates in the nervous system because it...
Naloxene: Competes with morphinelike substances for receptor sites.
53. The more time you spend in the dark, you ability to detect really dim lights... (the relationship of intensity at threshold to time in dark)
OK, this is pretty hard.

The intensity has to be HIGH first (with a little bit of time spent in the dark), but pretty much the more time spent in the dark, the less the intensity has to be.
55. What's iconic and echoic memory?
55. Iconic and Echoic memory: The VERY brief storage of events at the SENSORY level.
56. What's linguistic and communicative competence?
56. Chomsky...

1. Linguistic competence:The ability of a speaker-hearer to speak and understand language in a grammatically correct manner

2. Communicative competence: The use of social language rules.
59. Walter Mischel said what against trait theories of personality?
Walter Mischel said what against trait theories of personality...

Said we should focus on COGNITIVE processes underlying social behavior.
63. What's true about split-half AND inter-item consistency methods for test reliability?
63. Split-half AND inter-item: They're both determined from ONE administration of a test ;)
65. Piaget said the major cognitive attainment of the sensorimotor period is..
Piaget said the major cognitive attainment of the sensorimotor period is..

Mental representation.

Here's a very rough stage review of attainments:

1. Sensorimotor: primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions: They consist of the same “making interesting things last” cycle, except with constant variation (ex. hit the table, the dad, the drum...), mental representation.

2. Preoperational (2-7): Symbols, creative play, egocentric, centration.

3. Concrete Operations (7-11): operations (refers to logical operations or principles we use when solving problems), Conservation (refers to the idea that a quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance), classification and seriation

4. Formal Operations: hypothetical thinking, experiments.
67. Vygotsky (vs. Piaget) put greater focus on...
Vygotsky (vs. Piaget) put greater focus on...

the CAUSAL role of social factors. ;0

Vygotsky: Cognitive development, zone of proximal development.
70. Spreading activation
70. Spreading activation: ex. "a canary is a bird" after verifying that a "robin is a bird." Spreading activation best accounts for priming.

Spreading Activation: The search process is initiated by labeling a set of source nodes (e.g. concepts in a semantic network) with weights or "activation" and then iteratively propagating or "spreading" that activation out to other nodes linked to the source nodes.
71. Study a list of unrelated nouns, then get a 30 second distractor, then a free-recall test. What's going to happen?
71. The recency effect will be significantly diminished but the primacy effect won't be.
82. A (n= 10), Sleep: 7.6
B (n= 30), Sleep: 7.7
C (n= 50), Sleep: 7.0
D (n= 10), Sleep: 6.4

What do we need to say before we can talk about a positive correlation between sleep and grades?
82. The relationship appears to be nonlinear.
87. There's two tests for "feelings of nostalgia." You're trying to analyze a pattern of correlation among those 2 tests and some others to see whether the two tests actually measure "Nostalgia."

What type of validity is that?
87. Construct Validity: Construct validity refers to the degree to which inferences can legitimately be made from the operationalizations in your study to the theoretical constructs on which those operationalizations were based.

Construct Validity: related to theoretical ideas behind the personality trait under consideration.


(there's also...
1. Predictive Validity: The extent to which your test predicts scores on some criterion measure.

Predictive Validity: The agreement between results obtained by your test and results obtained from more direct and objective measurements.

2. Content Validity: Extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given social concept.

Content Validity: The extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content.
89. What's the actor-observer effect?
89. The actor-observer effect: Although we tend to attribute others' behavior to personal or dispositional factors, we typically attribute our own behavior to situational factors

The Actor-Observer Effect: We also tend to see ourselves as being less stable and predictable, whilst others are assumed to be more one- dimensional, with less possible behaviors.
93. What's Bartlett's schema-based model of memory
93. Bartlett's schema-based model of memory said...

We remember by a process of reconstruction, using our experiences and expectations.

Bartlett: We use schemas as well as content to remember stories
95. Measured reaction times and nonsense words:

4 letters: 400 millisecond RT, .07 error rate
5 letters: 500msec. RT, .04 error
6 letters: 600msec. RT, .01 error.

You concluded that it takes an extra 100 millisecond to process every extra letter in a word string. What's the problem?
95. There's also a speed/accuracy trade-off
98. What transformations can you do on ratio-scaled data? (without changing the ratio characteristics?)
98. Multiplying all the scores by a positive constant.
103. A patient has impaired performance on a working memory task. What's the LEAST likely cause of his impairment?
103. Use of stimulants. That makes sense.

Prefrontal cortex: A store of short-term memory

Korsakoff: A memory disorder which is caused by a deficiency of vitamin B1, also called thiamine.

Alzheimer: Early in the disease, Alzheimer's pathology is first observed in the hippocampus, the part of the brain important to memory, and gradually spreads to the cerebral cortex.

Acytelcholine neurotransmitter system in the basal forebrain: attention and memory.
106. What supports the argument that kids don't learn language STRICTLY from imitating others?
106. The linguistic generativity shown by young kids: Spontaneously making up new words.
109. "Sham Rage" experiments (where the cerebral cortex is removed) suggest...
The cortex INHIBITS aggressive behavior. I actually got this one right...
116. The same people were tested at 55, 65, and 75. Which ability got worse?
Motor performance under time pressure gets worse with age.

(not sensory memory capacity)
122. When you're checking for validity and you compute a correlation coefficient, most likely you're calculating it between...
When you're doing a correlation coefficient measure for VALIDITY, you would be calculating it between: Your test and a criterion measure.
115. How would an INFORMATION- PROCESSING theories explain that performance on memory tasks improves with development?
Information Processing would say: As kids develop, the acquire and use a greater variety of memorization strategies.

Information received from external or internal stimuli is inputted through the senses and transformed by a variety of mental operations (including representation by symbols). It receives attention through the perceptual processes and is stored in either short-term or long-term memory, where it interacts with previously stored information to generate a response, or output. These stages may take place in a number of different arrangements.
123. Notions of the "looking glass self" and "reflected appraisals" suggest that self-concept comes from your...
1. Looking Glass Self (Cooley): Society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

2. The term refers to a process where we imagine how other people see us. In many instances, the way we believe others perceive us is the way we perceive ourselves.

SO: LGS and Reflected Appraisals: Say your self-concept comes from your perceptions of the opinions of others.
124. If an undesirable behavior doesn't happen any more often in a minority group than it does in a majority group, people are still going to associate it with minority status...

What's that about?
124. Illusory Correlation: is the phenomenon of seeing the relationship one expects in a set of data even when no such relationship exists. When people form false associations between membership in a statistical minority group and rare (typically negative) behaviors, this would be a common example of illusory correlation.
128. What do Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka have in common?
Gestalt! (they cofounded it)

1. Max Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka.
132. What's the "magic number" of number 7±2 mean?
The "Magic Number" is George A. Miller's: 7 CHUNKS is working memory's capacity.

It's the number of item that can be repeated without error IMMEDIATELY after hearing them.
134. Size Constancy says we perceive:
134. Size Constancy: We perceive the DISTAL stimulus is unchanging in size despite changes in viewing position.
136. Who developed the phrase "Stream of Consciousness"?
136. William James= stream of consciousness.
137. What's George Kelly's view on personality?
137. George Kelly: People construe the world and act accordingly.

George Kelly: The "individual as a scientist:" People devise and test predictions about the behaviors of significant people in their life.

Psycotherapy according to Kelly: The process of insight where you can get new construct that'll allow you to successfully predict bad events. You direct the new constructs onto already existing ones.
138. The ratings of personality traits tend to intercorrelate in consistent ways, even when people rate others whom they barely know.

Broken down, what's the implicit theory of personality, and who's Solomon Asch?

What's the finding support?
138. Implicit Theories of Personality: The general expectations that we build about a person after we know something of their central traits, for example when we believe that a happy person is also friendly, or that quiet people are shy.

Individuals hold a network of assumptions that are based around relationships among various traits, and behaviors. Individuals who identify that there is one particular trait associated with someone will also assume that the individual possesses other character traits, which may or may not be true.

Implicit theories are also important with regard to prejudice and social identity issues.

Solomon Asch: (1946) first discovered that the presence of one trait often implies the existence of other additional traits.
Asch: Also noted that certain traits can be characterized as central traits, meaning that they imply the presence of other traits and exert a powerful influence on final impressions
138. Part II

Whats' the five factor theory of personality?

What's social facilitation?

What's the longitudinal stability of personality traits?

What's delayed impression formation?
138. Personality Theories II

1. Five Factor Theory by L.L Thurstone: The five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN, or CANOE).

2. Social Facilitation: It's something unrelated. Social facilitation is the tendency for people to be aroused into better performance on simple tasks (or tasks at which they are expert or that have become autonomous) when under the eye of others, rather than while they are alone

3. Longitudinal Stability of Personality Traits: Related to Kelly. They found neuroticism and extroversion are stable.

4. Impression Formation: mpression formation n. The rapid creation of a unified perception or understanding of the character or personality of another person on the basis of a large number of diverse characteristics
139. Most people have a 24 hour cycle of wakefulness and sleep, even under constantly lightning and temperature. Why is that?
139. Cycles of activity generated in the HYPOTHALAMUS keep you on a 24 hour sleep cycle.
144. Which of the following creates creates a loss of postural muscle tone in which of the following?
144.
a. REM sleep: Intense dreaming occurs during REM sleep as a result of heightened cerebral activity, but paralysis occurs simultaneously in the major voluntary muscle groups, including the submental muscles (muscles of the chin and neck).

b. Psychogenic fugue: It's dissociative fugue.
145. What's a "receptive field"
145. Receptive Field: An area of the retina or any other receptor surface that when stimulated increases or decreases the propensity of a neuron at a higher level in the sensory system to discharge a nerve impulse, the receptor area thus being the receptive field of that neuron.

"Receptive Field:" It's the portion of a sensory field to which a cell responds.
146. Suppose that a kind of contrast effect were to occur when a stimulus is presented to one eye and a different stimulus is presented simultanously to the other eye.

What would that support?
146. Contrast Effect: is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition and related performance as a result of IMMEDIATELY PREVIOUS or SIMULTANEOUS exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.

SO: A contrast effect from different stimuli in different eyes at the same time means... Sensory information processing occurs in the CNS.
147.
What's a pathogonomic symptom?

What's an accessory symptom?
1. Pathognomonic symptom: A symptom that, when present, points unmistakably to the presence of a certain definite disease.

2. Accessory symptom: A symptom that usually but not always accompanies a certain disease
155. What's sensory transduction?
Sensory transduction: When external events trigger neural events.

Transduction: When environmental energy is transformed into electrical or neural energy. Receptor cells produce an electrical change in response to a physical stimulus.
156. Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion?

James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
156.

Facial Feedback Theory of Emotion:
emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles.

James-Lange: An event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal
161. What's an F-Ratio a ratio of?
F-Ratio:

For ANOVA: Analysis of variance for more than two groups. ANOVA: Estimates how much group MEANS differ from the within-groups variance.

F ratio: [between-groups variance estimate] ? [within-groups variance estimate].

F-Ratio: A ratio of variance estimates.
162. bell, dog, dog comes to bell salivating, dog gets food.

Which question is best for figuring out if this is Operant (instrumental) or Classical Conditioning?
162. Did the presentation of the food depend on the dog's behavior?
163. ANOVA in a 3x3 (so: two factors, each with three levels), and one independent variable.

What's the total number of interaction items?
163. One (I guess cause there's ONE IV?)
165. Study of retroactive interference: Learn List 1, learn list 2, recall list 1.

What's wrong with this picture?
165. Retroactive Interference: Occurs when later learning interferes with previous learning

Why was there a problem? Cause there was no CONTROL group that didn't do an interfering activity.
160. Job Selection Test: If it's the only thing used, minority hiring is 20% lower than majority hiring.

What's wrong with the test?
166. The test has an adverse impact: Basically to do with discrimination and hiring. When something has a disproportionately negative effect on a MINORITY group.
169. Research on gender comparisons in nonverbal communication typically shows that...
Research on gender comparisons in nonverbal communication typically shows that...Women are better at decoding facial expressions.
174. A picture of a pencil is shown in the RIGHT hemisphere of a split-brain patient who has left-hemisphere dominance.

Most likely the patient will...
174. Use his left hand to select a pencil from a group of hidden objects.

A patient with a split brain, when shown an image in his or her left visual field (that is, the left half of what both eyes see), will be unable to name what he or she has seen. This is because the speech-control center is in the left side of the brain in most people, and the image from the left visual field is sent only to the right side of the brain. (Those with the speech control center in the right side will experience similar symptoms when an image is presented in the right visual field.) Since communication between the two sides of the brain is inhibited, the patient cannot name what the right side of the brain is seeing. The person can, however, pick up and show recognition of an object (one within the left overall visual field) with their right hand, since that hand is controlled by the left side of the brain.
179. Animals were exposed to a series of learning skills that required overlapping skills. Regardless of the sequence of presentation, learning was considerably FASTER on the LAST problem.

What were they trying to investigate?
179. Learning Set Acquisition: a process whereby problem solving becomes essentially complete in a single trial of training. Harlow described that process as one that freed his primates from arduous trial-and-error learning.

Learning set: "learning to learn."
175. What's INCORRECT about postnatal neuronal development in mammals?
175. The organism has a full complement of synapses soon after birth. That ain't true.

What IS true is:

1. Dendrites can grow new branches and withdraw old ones
2. Large numbers of neurons die during neural development
3. Inappropriate synapses may be replaced with appropriate ones in the course of neuronal development
4. Adulthood: Synapses can degenerate, but new synapses continue to form.
172. On a first date, Bill and Sue go see a scary movie and Bill falls helplessly in love with Sue. What explains this?
Excitation Transfer Theory: Zillman. * The arousal caused by one stimulus can be transferred to another.
* The cognitive interpretation of the arousal's origins determines the nature of the response.
172. Love Theories II

a. Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
b. Altman and Taylor's Theory of Social Penetration
172. Love Theories II

a. Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love: Love is Passion, Intimacy, Commitment.

b. Altmans and Taylor's Theories of Social Penetration: as relationships develop, communication moves from relatively shallow, nonintimate levels to deeper, more personal ones.
179.

What's negative transfer?

What's Proactive Interference?
179.
a. What's negative transfer? The interference of previous learning in the process of learning something new, such as switching from an old manual typewriter to a computer keyboard.

b. Proactive Interference: When current information is lost because it is mixed up with previously learned, similar information. For example, you could have trouble learning the contents of this chapter because it conflicts with preconceived notions in your mind regarding the same topic.

Negative transfer relates to a detrimental effect of prior experience on the learning of a new task, whereas proactive interference concerns a detrimental affect of prior interference on the recall of a second task.
181. Judgment by a human learner about the material that will be easiest to learn and remember relate to what?
181. Judgments by a person about the materials that'll be easiest to learn and remember are associated with what?

Metamemory.
184. An animal researcher wants to do a study about how to MINIMIZE the effects of individual differences within a given species. What's best?
184. inbreeding.
192. Robber's Cave was to study?
192. Robber's cave studied: Prejudice (aka inner-group conflict).
193. When you're sensitive to the reactions of others, and modify your own behaviors according to your perception of the social situation, what's that? (according to Mark Snyder?)
193. Self-monitoring: The theory refers to the process through which people regulate their own behavior in order to "look good" so that they will be perceived by others in a favorable manner. It distinguishes between high self-monitors, who monitor their behaviour to fit different situations, and low self-monitors, who are more cross-situationally consistent.
192/ 193.

Hedonic bias?
Ingratiating Behavior
192 and 193.

Hedonic Bias: I'm responsible for my successes, someone else caused my failures.

Ingratiating means kissing ass.
196. If you want to find if your test is GENERALIZABLE (measured divided attention in college students).
196. Generalizability is least effected by...
The data being analyzed by a different team ( I guess that makes sense, also it's the only one that uses the original experiment without replicating something).
199. Compared to nondepressed people, people with depression are more...
199. Realistic.
201. When you're proud of your mom for getting an award, it's...
201. Psychodynamic perspective says it's IDENTIFICATION.
208. Hans Selye: The adaptation of responses to stress in the general adaptation syndrome is..
208. The General Adaptation Syndrome: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.