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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Out of human sources of petroleum into marine waters, what percentage is due to petroleum consumption, such as run-off from paved urban areas, individual car, boat, and watercraft owners and non-tank vessels
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72%
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Where did the largest human-caused oil spill occur globally, and what event caused this spill?
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Persian Gulf, released deliberately during the Gulf War by the Iraqi Army
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How much more oil was spilled in Persian Gulf compared to the Exxon Valdez spill off Alaska?
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20 times more
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Why didn't the 7.7 million gallon oil spill off Nantucket from the Argo Merchant cause a lot of damange to the animals living near or onshore Nantucket beaches?
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The wind blew the oil directly away from the shore
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What is "bioremediation" as it pertains to cleaning up after an oil spill?
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the process of using micro-organisms to "eat" oil-primarily bacteria. These organisms can either be added to the spill directly, or the naturally occurring organisms can be given additional nutrients to encourage their growth.
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How many hurricanes from the deadly 2005 huricane season reached category 5 intensity?
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4
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How high was Katrinas storm serge?
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9 meters
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During an El Nino, there is still algae available to the marine iguanas of the Galapagos Islands. So why do they shrink by as much as 20% during El Nino events?
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The red and gren algae that they normally eat is replaced by brown algae, which is more difficult for them to digest.
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Wht fish has been devastated by both repeated El Nino events and poor fisheries management?
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Anchovies
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What fish is gradually replacing anchovies, and what is a commercial advantage
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Sardines, and the advantage is that people commonly eat sardines
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What aspect of the water negatively affects coral reefs during an El Nino episode?
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The water temperature rises
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Sewage Sluge
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Main type of marine pollution
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What are primary and secondary treatments for sewage sludge?
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primary is where solids are allowed to settle and dewater
secondary is where it is exposed to bacteria killing chlorine |
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Three things sewage sludge contains
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oil zinc and copper
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Since the 1960's , how many metric tons have been dumped in southern Cali and the NY bight
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500 metric tons in Cali
8 million metric tons in NY bight |
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What is the Clean Water Act of 1972
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prohibited the dumping of sewage into the ocean after 1981
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Why is the NY bight so dangerous for sluge and what does it cause?
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The water column between NY and Philly is so shallow that even the smallest amount reaches the bottom
This can reduce species and anoxia occurs |
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when were shallow water sites abandoned?
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1986
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When was the new program terminated?
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1993, municipities had to dispose sewage on land
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Why was the Boston Harbor considered one of the most polluted bays in the country?
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Because until recently, 48 communities were using antiquated sewage system to dump sewage into Boston harbor and the tidal currents swept sewage back into bay
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What was the Boston Harbor cleanup?
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in the 1980's , it resulted in treatement facility at Deer Island and cost $3.8 million dollars
beaches re-opened, new sealife , clam diggers, etc. |
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Plastics
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constitues the majority of marine debris and remains in the environment indefinitely because its biodegradable
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Why do many sea organisms die from plastics?
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ingestion
entanglement starvation from ingesting too much high affinity for non water soluble toxic compounds, which accumulated poision Photodegrade- sun breaks plastics down into smaller pieces so even microscopic organisms can ingest it. |
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What are some adjective to describe plastics that are advantages and disadvantages?
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Lightweight
Durable Strong Inexpensive |
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What are nurdles?
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used to produce nearly all plastic products
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Over a 6 week span, how many pieces of debris were found on Orange county beaches?
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106.9 million
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How many nurdles per square feet are in MV and Bermude?
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16,000 in MV
10,000 in Bermuda |
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Where are plastics common in the ocean?
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subtropic gyres
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What percent of sharks are unable to hurt people?
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80%
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When do sharks eat and what is their primary food?
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They eat periodically and their primary food is plankton and not humans
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How many people survive shark attacks?
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For every 100 shark attacks, 85 survive
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What are the common targets?
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Surfers (49%)
Swimmers (29%) Divers (15%) Kayakers (6%) |
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How many people do sharks kill in one year on average?
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5-15
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What is the cruising speed for a shark?
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9 km/hour
can reach up to 37 k/hr though |
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Average number per year for killed by a shark and bitten by a shark
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bitten=10
killed = .4 |
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One case of killer whale killing a human...
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1991, Keltie Byre slipped into killer whale pool, played with her for 10 minutes and then held her under water long enough to drown
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