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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Out of human sources of petroleum into marine waters, what percentage is due to petroleum consumption, such as run-off from paved urban areas, individual car, boat, and watercraft owners and non-tank vessels
72%
Where did the largest human-caused oil spill occur globally, and what event caused this spill?
Persian Gulf, released deliberately during the Gulf War by the Iraqi Army
How much more oil was spilled in Persian Gulf compared to the Exxon Valdez spill off Alaska?
20 times more
Why didn't the 7.7 million gallon oil spill off Nantucket from the Argo Merchant cause a lot of damange to the animals living near or onshore Nantucket beaches?
The wind blew the oil directly away from the shore
What is "bioremediation" as it pertains to cleaning up after an oil spill?
the process of using micro-organisms to "eat" oil-primarily bacteria. These organisms can either be added to the spill directly, or the naturally occurring organisms can be given additional nutrients to encourage their growth.
How many hurricanes from the deadly 2005 huricane season reached category 5 intensity?
4
How high was Katrinas storm serge?
9 meters
During an El Nino, there is still algae available to the marine iguanas of the Galapagos Islands. So why do they shrink by as much as 20% during El Nino events?
The red and gren algae that they normally eat is replaced by brown algae, which is more difficult for them to digest.
Wht fish has been devastated by both repeated El Nino events and poor fisheries management?
Anchovies
What fish is gradually replacing anchovies, and what is a commercial advantage
Sardines, and the advantage is that people commonly eat sardines
What aspect of the water negatively affects coral reefs during an El Nino episode?
The water temperature rises
Sewage Sluge
Main type of marine pollution
What are primary and secondary treatments for sewage sludge?
primary is where solids are allowed to settle and dewater

secondary is where it is exposed to bacteria killing chlorine
Three things sewage sludge contains
oil zinc and copper
Since the 1960's , how many metric tons have been dumped in southern Cali and the NY bight
500 metric tons in Cali

8 million metric tons in NY bight
What is the Clean Water Act of 1972
prohibited the dumping of sewage into the ocean after 1981
Why is the NY bight so dangerous for sluge and what does it cause?
The water column between NY and Philly is so shallow that even the smallest amount reaches the bottom

This can reduce species and anoxia occurs
when were shallow water sites abandoned?
1986
When was the new program terminated?
1993, municipities had to dispose sewage on land
Why was the Boston Harbor considered one of the most polluted bays in the country?
Because until recently, 48 communities were using antiquated sewage system to dump sewage into Boston harbor and the tidal currents swept sewage back into bay
What was the Boston Harbor cleanup?
in the 1980's , it resulted in treatement facility at Deer Island and cost $3.8 million dollars

beaches re-opened, new sealife , clam diggers, etc.
Plastics
constitues the majority of marine debris and remains in the environment indefinitely because its biodegradable
Why do many sea organisms die from plastics?
ingestion

entanglement

starvation from ingesting too much

high affinity for non water soluble toxic compounds, which accumulated poision

Photodegrade- sun breaks plastics down into smaller pieces so even microscopic organisms can ingest it.
What are some adjective to describe plastics that are advantages and disadvantages?
Lightweight
Durable
Strong
Inexpensive
What are nurdles?
used to produce nearly all plastic products
Over a 6 week span, how many pieces of debris were found on Orange county beaches?
106.9 million
How many nurdles per square feet are in MV and Bermude?
16,000 in MV

10,000 in Bermuda
Where are plastics common in the ocean?
subtropic gyres
What percent of sharks are unable to hurt people?
80%
When do sharks eat and what is their primary food?
They eat periodically and their primary food is plankton and not humans
How many people survive shark attacks?
For every 100 shark attacks, 85 survive
What are the common targets?
Surfers (49%)
Swimmers (29%)
Divers (15%)
Kayakers (6%)
How many people do sharks kill in one year on average?
5-15
What is the cruising speed for a shark?
9 km/hour
can reach up to 37 k/hr though
Average number per year for killed by a shark and bitten by a shark
bitten=10

killed = .4
One case of killer whale killing a human...
1991, Keltie Byre slipped into killer whale pool, played with her for 10 minutes and then held her under water long enough to drown