Reading Hospital A&p 1 - Chapt 1 - 2006

Front 1

What is Anatomy?

Back 1

study of internal and external structures

Front 2

What is Physiology?

Back 2

how living organisms perform vital functions

Front 3

Structure vs. Function

Back 3

Structure dictates Function

Front 4

Atoms

Back 4

1) smallest stable units of matter
2) building blocks for everything

Front 5

Molecular Level

Back 5

1) atoms join to form molecules
2) functional properties are determined by shape (chemical)

Front 6

Cellular Level

Back 6

smallest living structural and functional unit of the body

Front 7

Tissue Level

Back 7

groups of cells working together to perform specific functions

Front 8

Organ Level

Back 8

2 or more tissues organized to perform several functions

Front 9

Organ System Level

Back 9

interaction of organs and tissues for a common purpose

Front 10

Whole Organism

Back 10

1) human being
2) needs all 11 systems working for life and health

Front 11

7 Levels of Organization

Back 11

Atoms, Molecular Level, Cellular Level, Tissue Level, Organ Level, Organ System Level, Whole Organism

Front 12

11 Organ Systems

Back 12

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Front 13

Integumentary System

Back 13

protection from enviroment, regulates temp, sensory info
ex: skin, hair, nails

Front 14

Skeletal System

Back 14

support and protect, mineral storage
ex: bone, cartilage, ligaments

Front 15

Muscular System

Back 15

movement, protection and support, body temp
ex: muscles and tendons

Front 16

Nervous System

Back 16

coordinates organ systems, response to stimuli
ex: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Front 17

Endocrine System

Back 17

coordinates organ systems, metabolic activity and development
ex: pituitary gland, sex glands

Front 18

Cardiovascular System

Back 18

distributes blood
ex: heart, vessels, blood

Front 19

Lymphatic System

Back 19

retains fluid, immune system
ex: spleen, lymph nodes

Front 20

Respiratory System

Back 20

provides O2 to blood, communication, balance pH
ex: lungs, trachea

Front 21

Digestive System

Back 21

digests food, absorbs nutrients
ex: stomach, liver, intestines

Front 22

Urinary System

Back 22

removes waste, controls water loss

Front 23

Reproductive System

Back 23

male - produce sperm & male hormones ex: testes
female - produce egg, female hormones, support infant
ex: ovaries, uterus

Front 24

Homeostasis

Back 24

1) existance of a relatively stable internal enviroment
2) specialized cells working in harmony, to maintain homeostasis, in spite of internal or external changes

Front 25

Autoregulation

Back 25

occurs when a cell or system adjusts its activites automatically

Front 26

Extrinsic Regulation

Back 26

when the nervous or endocrine systems cause a change in activities

Front 27

Disorder

Back 27

any abnormality of structure or function

Front 28

Disease

Back 28

a disorder charactorized by a set of signs & symptoms

Front 29

What regulates Homeostasis?

Back 29

nervous & endocrine systems

Front 30

Receptor

Back 30

senses a change in a particular parameter, stimulus

Front 31

Control Center

Back 31

receives & processes information from receptor, directs a change

Front 32

Effector

Back 32

responds to command, can oppose or enhance stimulus

Front 33

Negative Feedback

Back 33

1)stimulus produces a response that opposes or stops original stimulus
2)tends to minimize change
ex: temperature, blood sugar, most systems

Front 34

Positive Feedback

Back 34

1) stimulus produces a response that increases or enhances orginal stimulus
2) tends to produce extreme responses
ex: child birth, blood clotting

Front 35

Dynamic Equilibrium

Back 35

1)body is continually adapting and adjusting
2) requires coordinated efforts of multiple systems

Front 36

Anatomical Postition

Back 36

palms forward
(remember the cross)

Front 37

Sagittal

Back 37

vertical cut from to back (anterior to posterior)

Front 38

Frontal or Coronal

Back 38

cut from side to side

Front 39

Transverse or Cross

Back 39

horizontal cut

Front 40

Superior

Back 40

above

Front 41

Inferior

Back 41

below

Front 42

Anterior

Back 42

front, forward

Front 43

Posterior

Back 43

back, backward

Front 44

Cranial

Back 44

head, cephalic

Front 45

Caudal

Back 45

toward tail

Front 46

Dorsal

Back 46

back

Front 47

Ventral

Back 47

front

Front 48

Proximal

Back 48

toward and attachment
ex: elblow to shoulder

Front 49

Distal

Back 49

away from
ex: elbow to fingers

Front 50

Medial

Back 50

middle, toward the midline

Front 51

Lateral

Back 51

from side to side, away from the midline

Front 52

Ipsilateral

Back 52

same side

Front 53

Contralateral

Back 53

opposite sides
ex: left, right

Front 54

Bilateral

Back 54

both sides
ex: left and right

Front 55

Serous Membrane

Back 55

lines cavities
ex: parietal, visceral

Front 56

Parietal Serous Membrane

Back 56

lines body wall

Front 57

Visceral Serous Membrane

Back 57

lines organs

Front 58

Serous Fluid

Back 58

within the cavities, viscera lubricant

Front 59

Thoracic Cavity

Back 59

above the diaphram
heart, lungs

Front 60

Pleural Cavity

Back 60

houses the lungs

Front 61

Pericardial Cavity

Back 61

houses the heart

Front 62

Pericardium

Back 62

surrounding the heart

Front 63

Diaphragm

Back 63

seperates thoracic & abdominal cavities

Front 64

Abdominal Cavity

Back 64

house all abdominal organs

Front 65

Peritoneum

Back 65

lines abd cavity

Front 66

Pelvic Cavity

Back 66

houses bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

Front 67

Costal

Back 67

posterior ribs

Front 68

Lumbar

Back 68

posterior low back

Front 69

Gluteal

Back 69

posterior butt

Front 70

Flank

Back 70

side

Front 71

Axilla

Back 71

arm pit

Front 72

Pectoral

Back 72

anterior chest

Front 73

Abdominal

Back 73

anterior belly

Front 74

Groin or Inguinal

Back 74

between hip & pubic area

Front 75

Brachium

Back 75

upper arm

Front 76

Antebrachium

Back 76

forearm

Front 77

Cubital

Back 77

posterior elbow

Front 78

Antecubital

Back 78

anterior elbow

Front 79

Calf

Back 79

posterior leg

Front 80

Popliteal Region

Back 80

posterior knee

Front 81

Plantar

Back 81

sole of foot, ventral

Front 82

Prone

Back 82

face down

Front 83

Supine

Back 83

looking up