Reading 9/12 Pp38-70

Front 1

photosphere

Back 1

layer of the sun that radiates the most of the energy away

Front 2

nuclear fusion

Back 2

high temperatures and densities lead to the enrgy generating leading to this

Front 3

radiation zone

Back 3

where electromagnetic energy travels through outward from the core

Front 4

convection zone

Back 4

where electromagnetic energy passes through going from the core to the radiation zone, where upwelling of the solar gases transfers the energy to relatively thin solar surface

Front 5

limb darkening

Back 5

edges of the sun appear less bright than the center b/c temp adn density of photosphere increase with depth

Front 6

granules

Back 6

tops of convection cells that transport energy from base of photosphere to its suface

Front 7

sunspots

Back 7

dark regions on photosphere that last a few weeks or months

Front 8

insolatiojn

Back 8

how the earth's orbit around the sun and orientation with respect to incoming radiation influence t

Front 9

ecliptic plane

Back 9

imaginary surface that the earth rotates on

Front 10

perihelion

Back 10

point where the earth is closest to the sun

Front 11

aphelion

Back 11

point at which earth is farthest from the sun

Front 12

polaris

Back 12

the angle at which the earth always points to (north star)

Front 13

june solstice

Back 13

when the earth has its maximum tilt toward the sun

Front 14

december solstice

Back 14

when the sun has its smallest number of solar radiation

Front 15

march equinox

Back 15

intermediate between two solstices

Front 16

tropic of cancer

Back 16

23.5 degrees north

Front 17

tropic of capricorn

Back 17

23.5 degrees south

Front 18

solar declination

Back 18

latitudinal position fo the subsolar point

Front 19

how changing orientation fo earth with respect to the sun affects insolatin

Back 19

length of period of daylight during 24 period
angle at which sunlight hits the surface
amount of atmosphere that insolatin must penetrate before it reach's earth's surface

Front 20

beam spreading

Back 20

increase in surface area over which radiation is distributed in response to a decrease of solar angle

Front 21

absorption

Back 21

gases, particulates, adn droplets, all reduce intensity of insolation, energy transfer to the absorber

absorber gains energy adn warms
while amount of energy delivered to earth's surface is reduced

Front 22

reflection

Back 22

radiation making contact with some material is simply redirected away from the surface without being absorbed

Front 23

albedo

Back 23

percentage of visible light reflected by an object or substance,

Front 24

specular reflection

Back 24

light strikes a mirror, it is reflected back as a beam of equal intensity in a manner

Front 25

scattering

Back 25

when a beam is reflected from an object and a larger number of weaker rays( when one ray is reflected back as several) traveling in many different directions

Front 26

diffuse radiation

Back 26

scattered energy reaching the earth's surface

Front 27

rayleigh scattering

Back 27

performed by individual gas molecules in the atmosphere, scattering agents smaller than about 1/10th of incoming radiation, disperse radiation,

Front 28

mie scattering

Back 28

microscopic aerosol particles, larger than molecules, scatter sunlight

Front 29

nonselective scattering

Back 29

scattering by clouds, when water droplets drop through the clouds

Front 30

amount of solar radiation reaching the surface dpends on two factors

Back 30

amount of insolation available at the top of the atmosphere
and reduction in that amount due to absorption and backscattering

Front 31

planetary albedo

Back 31

The fraction of incident solar radiation that is reflected by the Earth-atmosphere system and returned to space

Front 32

atmospheric window

Back 32

wavelengths 8-12 microns- match those radiated with greatest intensity by earth's surface, not readily absorbed

Front 33

difference between absorbed and emitted longwave radiation is

Back 33

net longwave radiation

Front 34

difference between absorbed and emitted radiation

Back 34

net radiation

Front 35

free convection

Back 35

mixing process related to buoyancy

Front 36

forced convection

Back 36

occurs when a fluid breaks into disorganized swirling motions as it undergoes a large-scale flow

Front 37

sensible heat

Back 37

when energy is added to something, it is noticable that there has been an increase in temperature

Front 38

specific heat

Back 38

amount of energy needed to produce a given temperature change per unit mass of the substance

Front 39

two factors effecting magnitude of temperature

Back 39

specific heat
surplus of energy receipt depending on mass of a substance

Front 40

latent heat

Back 40

energy required to change the phase of a substance